• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.93-118
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• 1988

Systematic Training for Effective Parenting, developed by Dinkmeyer and McKay, is a parent education program that emphasizes social-emotional development. The present research studied the applicability of STEP to Korean mothers by examining changes in mothers' self-concept, mother's child-rearing attitudes, and children's behavior. The subjects of this study were 43 mothers of a kindergarten in Chonju City. 25 mothers were assigned to the control group and 18 mothers to the experimental group. Primary observes, consisting of 43 fathers of kindergarten children, and secondary observers, consisting of 43 Woosuk University students observed mothers' child-rearing attitudes and children's behavior. Instruments included the self-concept test by Jung Woonsik, Schaefer's Maternal Behavior Research Instrument, O Kiseon's Parent Child Relationship Test, Fear's parent questionnaire, and McKay's Adlerian Parental Assessment of Child Behavior. The mothers' child-rearing attitudes and the children's behavior are recorded by the observers and were compared with mothers' responses. The data were analyzed by MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance), and ANOVA (analysis of variance). While the MANOVA showed no significant difference between the control and the experimental groups in changing the mothers' self-concept, differences in 5 of the 8 subfactors showed that STEP implemented positive change in the self-identity, self-satisfaction, self-behavior, personal self and family self in the experimental group. The MANOVA showed a significant difference between the two groups in changing the mothers' child-rearing attitudes. That is after participating in the STEP program, the mothers of the experimental group showed more significant progress than those of the control group. Mothers' observations of positive change in children's behavior agreed with those of the primary and secondary observers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.97-113
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• 2008

In order to examine the antecedents of socially reticent, solitary passive and solitary active behaviors in preschoolers, 38 2 year olds were observed in Kagan's(1989) traditional behavioral inhibition paradigm and thereafter, at age four, in a same age, same sex quartet of peers. Correlation analysis revealed the independent and unique nature of solitary passive, solitary active and reticence behaviors at age 4 suggesting the heterogeneity of the three forms of solitude during the preschool period. Regression analysis indicated that associations between 2 year old inhibition and shyness and 4 year old reticence were positive when mothers demonstrated a high frequency of over protectiveness; similarly, associations between 2 year old inhibition and shyness and 4 year old solitary active behavior were significant and positive when mothers demonstrated high frequencies of authoritarian behavior.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.101-113
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the relations between parenting behaviors, adolescents' attachment toward parents and peers, and adolescents' self-esteem. The differences in parenting behaviors and adolescents' attachment and self-esteem as a function of parent and adolescent gender are also examined. Participants were 405 high school students (Mage = 16.3, SD = 0.71) who completed questionnaires regarding parenting behavior, parent and peer attachment, and self-esteem. Results show that girls perceived a higher maternal behavioral control and peer attachment, whereas boys perceived a higher parental psychological control. The relative contributions of peer attachment and parenting differed depending on the adolescent's gender. Peer attachment was the only variable to predict boys' self-esteem, but mothers' behavioral control is also important to predict girls' self-esteem. The results underscore the importance of parenting behaviors and adolescents' attachment toward parents and peers in predicting an adolescent's positive self-esteem.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.233-241
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of parental stress, social support, and coping behavior on burnout among mothers caring for children with cerebral palsy. Methods: Participants in this cross-sectional, descriptive study were 185 mothers who completed a self-report structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation and multiple linear regression analyses with IBM SPSS Win 22 program. Results: Parental stress and coping behavior were strong predictors of burnout among mothers of children with cerebral palsy. These variables explained 50.0% of the variance in burnout. Social support was not a predictor of burnout. A higher level of burnout was associated with higher levels of parental stress and lower levels of social support and coping behavior. Conclusion: Mothers of children with cerebral palsy are vulnerable to burnout. These results show that effective strategies for reducing parental stress and improving positive coping behavior are needed to reduce burnout in these mothers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.53-75
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate the "Authentic Parental Competence Scale" for mothers with school-age children. Based on a literature review, the study found that 'authentic parental competence' could be divided into parenting comperence, self-system competence, and social competence. In addition, the scale comprised three factors consisting of 43. The study collected data through behavior event interview(BEI), focus group interview(FGI), and three times Delphi investigation. The scale for mothers of school-age children consisted of a total of 129 items, which included three different dimensions (knowledge, skill, and attitude), and four factors were extracted from factor analysis following a survey of 362 mothers. The factors were labeled as "ability of developmental positive parenting," "ability of playing a role as a citizen and making social contributions," "ability of self-understanding and interpersonal relations," and "ability of self-growth and self-determination." In addition, the results revealed that the "Authentic Parental Competence Scale" showed an appropriate level of construct validity, reliability of the scales, distribution of item response, and item discrimination.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.12
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• pp.234-245
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• 2020

This study examined the developmental trajectories of parenting efficacy of mothers of multicultural families and how these trajectories differentiate perceived mothers' career-related behaviors as well as the socio-psychological and academic characteristic of their children in the first grade of high school. The latent class analysis (LCA) and BCH method were applied by using data drawn from the 4th to 10th graders in 2011-2017 from the Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS). Results showed that the latent profiles were classified into four groups based on the developmental trajectories of parenting efficacy of mothers of multicultural family: 'high level increasing-decreasing', 'above average increasing-decreasing', 'average unchanged', and 'below average unchanged'. As for demonstrated outcomes, the high parenting efficacy group increased when children were in elementary school but decreased when children were in middle school. At the same time, the low parenting efficacy group did not show much change during these periods. Next, parenting efficacy was a significant determinant of perceived mothers' career-related behaviors and socio-psychological and academic characteristic of their children who attend high school. Based on these results, this study implies a theoretical foundation for developing policies to encourage parenting efficacy of mothers of multicultural families and may result in positive socio-psychological and academic characteristics of their children in high school.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.107-119
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• 2012

This study examined the mediating effect of maternal abuse and neglect on the relationship between socioeconomic status and preschoolers' social behavior. A total of 702 mothers with 3-year-olds(353 boys and 349 girls) and the children's teachers, all of whom reside in Seoul, participated in the study. Socioeconomic status was measured by maternal educational level and monthly household income. Maternal abuse and neglect were assessed by asking mothers to complete the Parent-to-Child Version of the Conflict Tactics Scales. Both mothers and teachers completed the Preschool Social Behavior Scale in order to evaluate prosocial behavior and aggression. The results indicated that both socioeconomic status and maternal abuse and neglect were significantly associated with preschool children's prosocial behavior, and socioeconomic status was significantly and negatively related to aggression. Furthermore, a structural equation model confirmed the mediating effect of maternal abuse and neglect on the relationship between socioeconomic status and preschool children's prosocial behavior, suggesting the need for interventions focusing on improving positive parenting and decreasing negative parenting to promote prosocial behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.143-156
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• 1999

This study examined the role of maternal attribution in Parenting behaviors. Using an attributional model, it assessed whether maternal attributions about children's knowledge, capacity, expectation, and responsibility for behavior problems have effects on maternal behaviors of affect and authoritarian control. The sample consisted of 297 mothers who have first-and forth-grade children. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that matemal attribution about children’s knowledge for misconduct had positive influence on maternal affect and negative influence on authoritarian control behaviors, and that maternal attribution of expectation negatively influenced the behaviors of authoritarian control. In addition, such background factors as child age, gender, family income, family type, maternal education, and self-esteem were significant predictors for maternal attributions. In regard of mothering behaviors, child age, maternal age, and self-esteem were related to maternal affect, while family type and maternal self-esteem were related to authoritarian control. The findings suggest the importance of matemal attributions in parenting for better child development.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.29-47
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• 2001

In this study of 79 3- and 4-year-old children, behavioral inhibition was assessed by their preschool teachers; mother-child attachment was assessed by the researchers in home visits; and mothers reported on their parenting and their child's emotionality at 6-12 months of age. Findings were that insecure attachment was related to high child's distress reactions to limitations (negative emotionality) in early infancy and to strong maternal rejection/hostility. Higher maternal sensitivity to child's inhibition was related to more secure attachment. Girls were more highly inhibited than boys. Smiling and laughter (positive emotionality) in early infancy was negatively related to child's inhibited behavior. Maternal sensitivity to child inhibition was positively related to child's inhibited behavior. Findings are consistent with Engfer's (1993) theory of gender differences in developmental paths into behavioral inhibition.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2007

Mothers of Children with Disabilities have many difficulties in parenting because of their children's disabilities. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a Group music psychotherapy programs on parenting stress and self efficacy, and to explore the experiences of the mothers who participated in the program. Twenty mothers of children with disabilities participated in this study. These twenty mothers were divided into 10 mothers of each group. The Experimental group participated in the Group music psychotherapy programs, while the control group did not. The Group music psychotherapy program was implemented for 8 weeks. To prove the effects of the program, pretest-posttest control group design was applied. The differences between pre-test and post-test of two groups were analyzed using independent t-test. The quantitative results of the study were as follows: First, a significant differences was found between the experimental group and control group in parenting stress level. Second, a significant differences was found between the experimental group and control group in self-efficacy level. From the qualitative analyses, four themes emerged from the decrement of parenting stress; Positive change of recognition about their children, Getting rid of stress, Keeping their composure, and Sharing of their emotions. And three themes emerged from the increment of self-efficacy; Discovery of oneself, New stimulus, and Mental support. All the result described above shows that group music psychotherapy program gives positive effect to decrease in parenting stress and also to increase in self-efficacy. And new possibility and effectiveness can be proposed in the music therapeutic approach to the parents of children with disabilities.