• ALGAE
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2012

Water motion is one of the main drivers in morphological variability in species within de order Laminariales, and most of our current knowledge is based on subtidal populations. $Eisenia$ $arborea$ is a dominant kelp species in the North Pacific, widely distributed along the Baja California Peninsula from mid intertidal down to subtidal areas. This species presents great variability in the intertidal zone but it has not been yet evaluated such variability according to wave exposure. The present work also identifies the spatial / temporal variation, particularly respect to the presence of stipes without medulla (hollow stipes) a feature common among other brown seaweeds. We evaluated the effects of wave action in morphological variation of intertidal $Eisenia$ $arborea$ (Laminariales, Ochrophyta) at Punta Eugenia. The spatial and temporal variation sampling was surveyed between February, May, July, and August 2004 in the intertidal of Punta Eugenia, Baja California Sur. Our results have shown that exposed sites correlate with increased length and width of stipes as compared to more protected sites. Hollow stipes frequency changed more in association with temporal variation than with spatial heterogeneity suggesting nutrient limitation for thalli development. Our results suggest that $Eisenia$ $arborea$ compensate by morphological modifications the stress of living in the intertidal zone by showing larger stipes. Hollow stipes might be are also a mechanical adaptation to increase survival in high energy environments.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.87-101
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• 2014

Recently, more attention has been paid to the geomorphological changes in the Nakdong River Estuary, because those changes are caused by artificial activities including weirs, reclamation and construction. In order to analyze quantitatively the recent geomorphological variability in the Nakdong River Estuary, we surveyed the depth and elevation of submarine topography near Jinwoodo and Sinjado from March 2007 to February 2012. A statistical method (based on Digital Shoreline Analysis System) and an Empirical Orthogonal Functions method were used to evaluate the morphological changes. According to the statistical variables (DCE, NDC, EPR, LRR), the highest amount and rate of accumulation were recorded around the Gadeokdo whereas the greatest amount of erosion appeared around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado. In particular, a dynamic variation of morphology was clearly observed in the vicinity of the sub-tidal channel located between Jinwoodo and Sinjado, which seems to be attributable to channel migration. As a result of the EOF method, the first mode (48.7%) is most closely related to the pattern of morphological variability that might be associated with the westerly movement of sediment by longshore current. The spatial variability of the second mode (16.6%) was high in the shoreface of Sinjado, showing a 4-year periodicity of temporal variability. The strong correlation (coefficient 0.73) between the time coefficient and suspended sediment discharge from Nakdong River emphasizes the role of sediment discharge to deposition in this area. The spatial variability of the third mode (11.3%) was distributed mainly around the coast off the eastern part of Sinjado, which is related to the movement of the coastline of Sinjado. Based on the last 5 year's data, our results suggest that the study area is characterized on the whole by a depositional pattern, but the extent of sedimentation is different locally.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.106-111
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• 2007

Increasing genetic variability with mutagenic agents has been broadly employed in plant breeding because it has the potential to alter one or more desirable traits. In this study, a molecular analysis assessed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms(AFLPs) and a morphological analysis based on seedlings subjected to aluminum stress were compared. Also, an analysis of allelic frequencies was performed to observe unique alleles present in the pool. Genetic distances ranging from 0.448 to 0.953 were observed, suggesting that mutation inducing was effective in generating variability. The genetic distances based on morphological data ranged from 0(genotypes 22 and 23) to 30.38(genotypes 15 and 29). In the analysis of allelic frequency, 13 genotypes presented unique alleles, suggesting that mutation inducing was also targeting unique sites. Mutants with good performance under aluminum stress(9, 15, 18 and 27) did not form the same clusters when morphological and molecular analyses were compared, suggesting that different genomic regions may be responsible for their better performance.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.303-316
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• 2009

Genetic variation among the base isolates and monosporidial strains derived from these isolates of Tilletia indica- the causal agent of Karnal bunt (KB) in wheat, was analyzed by morphological, growth behaviors and RAPD-ISSR based molecular polymorphism. Genetic make up of fungal cultures vary among each other. The magnitude of variation in KBPN group is less (narrow genetic base) when compared to the other groups KB3, KB9 and JK (broad genetic base) reflecting that variability is a genetically governed process. The generation of new variation with different growth characteristics is not a generalized feature and is totally dependant on the original genetic make-up of the base isolate generating new monosporidial strains. Thus, it can be concluded that monosporidial strains derived from mono-teliosporic isolate, consists of genetically heterogeneous population. The morphological and genetic variability further suggests that the variation in T. indica strains is predominantly derived through the genetic rearrangements through para sexual means.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.17-35
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• 1969

This work concerns morphological studies of the Japaness jack mackerel, Trachurus japonicus(Temminck & Schlegel). A total of 48 random samples consisting of 2669 fish is examined, representing three geographic regions, namely, Kamakura, Nagasaki, and Tottori. Preservation affects length and weight of fish considerably, but the variability after 10 days is shown to be negligible. The variability in measuring the morphometric characters due to different measures and orders is found to be significant. They are relatively small, however, compared to the variability in mean length to be expected in samples drawn from the population. Two meristic characters, namely, anal and second dorsal fin rays and three morphometric characters, namely, head length, first and second dorsal insertion distances are chosen for the study. Results of the statistical analysis reveal that differences in the selected meristic characters among samples within and between regions are found to be significant. In general, it is reasonable to state that the jack mackerel collected in Nagasaki region, on the average, have greatest number of anal fin ray and second dorsal fin ray followed by Kamakura, and Tottori regions in that order. It is found that although no significant differences in the slope of regression line are noticed, the mean differences of the selected morphometric measurements in relation to fish length are found to be significant among samples within each region. Differences in the regression coefficients as well as the adjusted sample means are found to be significant between regions. The analysis suggests that samples from Nagasaki region, on the average, have longest head length and greatest distances from snout to the insertion of first dorsal and second dorsal fins followed by Kamakura, and Tottori regions in that order.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-74
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• 2013

Post-modern society leads us to accept diversity and variability instead of pursuit of the absolute truth, beauty or classical value systems, thus leading to hybrid phenomena. The purpose of this study is to analyze characteristics and expressive effects of hybrid expressions through which to provide conceptual bases for interpreting expanded meanings of fashion illustrations that express aesthetic concepts of hybrid culture. Hybrid refers to a condition on which diverse elements are mixed with each other, so any one element can not dominate others. It is often used to create something unique and new by a combination of unprecedented things. Hybrid can be classified into four categories: temporal hybrid, spatial hybrid, morphological hybrid and hybrid of different genres. Temporal hybrid from a combination of past and present in fashion illustration includes temporal blending by repetition and juxtaposition. Spatial hybrid shows itself in the form of inter-penetration and interrelationship by means of projection, overlapping, juxtaposition and multiple space. Morphological hybrid expresses itself through combination of heterogenous forms and restructuring of deformed forms. Hybrid of different genres in fashion illustration applies various graphic elements or photos within the space, and represents blending of arts and daily living. Such hybrid expressions in fashion illustrations reflect the phenomena of diversity and variability of post-modern society. Hybrid expressions in fashion illustrations predict endless possibility of expressing new images through combining various forms or casual elements and can develop toward a new creative technique.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.672-675
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• 2006

In order to determine the morphological variations of the Japanese swimming crab, Charybdis japonica, we conducted morphological analysis of five populations that are relatively abundant in Korea and Japan. Abdominal sternite for individuals of the Tean population showed significantly short when compared to those of other populations. Principal component analysis demonstrated that morphological differentiation was due to differences (A/Q, B/M, D/P, F/O, J/K), and effectively discriminated each others. The first two components accounted for 40.9% and 60.7% of the variation, respectively. The dendrogram showed three distinct groups, Tokyo population, Taean population, and the other populations.

• ALGAE
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2018

Alaria is the second largest genus of the Laminariales, which is distributed far into the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Due to its high morphological plasticity, over 100 specific and sub-specific names have been used in Alaria, this has been tailored down to the present 17 species through morphological revision and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Endemic species of Alaria from Russian Far East have not been thoroughly revised since their original description, and few of them were confirmed using molecular data until recently. We carried out morphological and molecular studies on A. paradisea which is an endemic species distributed on the Kurile Islands, first described by Miyabe and Nagai in 1932 as Pleuropterum paradiseum. The range of morphological variability and its distribution was re-evaluated using the type specimen as well as other specimens. Analyses of partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer sequences showed that A. paradisea nested within the genus Alaria, but differs morphologically from any other Alaria species in having additional sporophylls with a central midrib (${\beta}-sporophylls$). Our results showed that A. paradisea clearly belongs to the genus Alaria based on DNA data, although the key morphological character that was used to include this species to the genus Pleuropterum, ${\beta}-sporophylls$, is stable and distinguishes it from other Alaria species.

• ALGAE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.89-101
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• 2015

Ecklonia cava Kjellman is a common kelp found in shallow subtidal in warm-temperate waters in the northwest Pacific Ocean. This species has shown substantial morphological variation along with subsistence in different locations and local environments. We quantified the magnitude of morphological variation of E. cava from six populations along ~700 km of coastline from Jeju Island to Dokdo in Korea. In addition, we examined genetic distance among the populations using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Most morphological characteristics investigated were significantly different among locations. Multivariate analyses indicated two phenetically distinct groups (nearshore, sheltered vs. offshore, exposed), indicating wave exposure with turbidity are presumably major factors for the separation. With RAPD data, results of Nei's diversity (H) and AMOVA showed considerable variations in within- and between-populations. Pairwise ${\Phi}_{ST}$ and $N_m$ values indicated moderate gene flow between the six locations. Results of Nei's analysis revealed three genetically distinct groups, not consistent with the morphological groupings, indicating that a time gap may exist between morphological and genetic variations. This study also suggests dispersal distance of this kelp may be longer than what is commonly thought and genetic similarity in the populations was largely reflected by the direction of ocean current rather than just geographical distance.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.29-43
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• 2015

This study investigates transformable designs in contemporary fashion. In contemporary society, designs are accompanied by various changes such as transformation of shapes or variation of material beyond the certain form of dress. As a result of having interest in transformable designs with the various attempts on the overall design, transformable design is being suggested as an attempt as the new manner, radical concept, or alternative of multi-purpose lifestyle. With the constant research and collection presentation by the designers of empirical disposition, transformable dress has been evolving gradually. The feature of transformable design appeared in dress is considered as 'variability' which changes in the flow of time. Furthermore, the morphological variability and variability of material have been examined as visual stimuli and conversion of material. By analyzing and assorting diverse transformable dresses comprehensively, it could be divided into technique-oriented transformable design and transformable design with a wearer's intervention. The technique-oriented transformable design is subdivided into the conversion of material and the conversion of form; the transformable design with a wearer's intervention into the conversion of functional frame and the conversion of aesthetic feature.