• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2000

Effects of high fat diet and/or endurance exercise training on hepatic total and phospholipid(PL) fatty acid compositions were evaluated in rats fed one of the following diets for 31 days. control diet(CD, 5 wt% corn oil) or high fat diet(HFD, 35 wt% corn oil). Half of the rats in each group were exercise-trained regularly on a treadmill for 90 minutes/day during the entire feeding period. Total and PL fatty acid compositions of hepatic lipid extracts were determined by a gas-liquid chromatograph),. Endurance exercise training did not change the daily food intake, but significantly reduced body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio of rats, which were most prominent in animals fed HFD. Exercise training did not significantly change the percentages of ∑saturated fatty acids (SFA) and ∑polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUEA), but decreased the percentage of ∑monounsaturated fatty acids(MUFA) in hepatic total fatty acids, which might be associated with the decrease in (equation omitted) 9-desaturation index of hepatic total fatty acid metabolism. Exercise training significantly lowered the percentages of 16 : 0 and 22 : 5$\omega$3, and increased the percentages of 20 : 1 and 20 : 3$\omega$3 in both total and PL fatty acid compositions in rat liver. Both total fatty acid and PL fatty acid compositions of rat liver responded more sensitively to changes in dietary fat content than to endurance exercise training in this study. Feeding HFD, whoch contains high level of linoleic acid(LA, 18 : 2$\omega$6), significantly decreased the percentages of ∑SFA and $\Sigma$MUFA, and increased the percentages of ∑PUFA and ∑$\omega$6 fatty acids of hepatic total fatty acids. Hepatic total fatty acid composition was affected by dietary fat content and dietary fatty acid composition more sensitively than those found in hepatic PL fatty acid composition. HFD significantly decreased most of desaturation indices, while exercise training significantly decreased elongation index(20 : 5$\omega$3⇒22 : 5$\omega$3) of hepatic total and PL fatty acid metabolism in rats. (Korean J Nutrition 33(1) : 13-22, 2000)

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.245-251
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the fatty acid composition, aroma pattern, color, and oxidative stability of M. longissimus from 28-mon-old Hanwoo steers with different raising altitude (100, 200, 300, 400, 700, and 800 m above sea level). The samples were stored at $2{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$ for 9 d. Meat from 700 and 800m had lower palmitic acid, saturated fatty acids and higher oleic acid, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than that from 100 m (p<0.05). There was no positive discrimination of the aroma pattern of meat among all groups. There were no significant difference in TBARS values of beef among all groups at 6 and 9 d of storage. At 9d of storage, meat from 700m showed the highest MetMb concentration and the lowest a* value among all groups. However, the differences in Mb concentration and color among groups were not linear to the difference in raising altitude. Consequently, the difference in raising altitude at 100-800 m affected the fatty acid composition of meat from Hanwoo steers; the higher the raising altitude, the higher the MUFA concentration. The difference in fatty acid composition among them didn't affect the aroma pattern and oxidative stability.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.455-464
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate meat quality traits, proximate composition, fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of pork produced under free-range and semi-intensive pig rearing systems. Longissimus dorsi muscles from pork carcasses were taken just after the slaughtering of finishing pigs reared under semi-intensive and free-range systems to test the meat quality parameters (pH, color, water holding capacity, and cooking loss), proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, and ash) and fatty acid profile. Furthermore, the organoleptic properties were evaluated using 30 untrained panelists. The results revealed that the system of rearing did not affect (p > 0.05) the proximate composition, water holding capacity, color, pH and cooking loss of pork along with the fatty acid composition except for vaccenic acid (p < 0.05). The monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content was affected (p < 0.05) by the rearing system while no effects were observed on the unsaturated fatty acid: saturated fatty acid ratio and omega-six to omega-three fatty acids ratios (p > 0.05). No difference was observed (p > 0.05) concerning the sensory attributes although pork obtained from the free-range system had the highest scores. In conclusion, the system of rearing did not show a significant effect on the meat quality parameters, composition and sensory attributes of pork obtained from cross-bred pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.7 s.221
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• pp.85-98
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of dietary and serum phospholipid fatty acids composition and serum lipid levels in postmenopausal women. Data about anthropometry, dietary intake, physical activities, serum lipid profile and serum phospholipid fatty acid composition were collected from eighty-five postmenopausal women. The subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia (NC), moderate hypercholesterolemia(MC) and phyperchollesterolemia(HC) according to their serum total cholesterol (TC) levels based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia set/published by The Committee for Hyperlipidemia in Korea. The results were as follows. Total energy intake and the ratio of energy intake to energy expenditure were positively related, while dietary fiber intake was negatively related, with serum TC level. Dietary fat intake was positively related with serum LDL-C level. Dietary cholesterol, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) intake and the ratio of ingested saturated fat and cholesterol to calories (RISCC) were positively related, while the P/S ratio of dietary fat was negatively related, with serum TC and LDL-C levels. Serum phospholipid fatty acids composition was not significantly different among the three groups. SFA of serum phospholipid fatty acids was positively related, while P/S and M/S ratios of serum phospholipid fatiy acids were negatively correlated, with serum TC and LDL-C levels. We recommend that the dietary P/S ratio of postmenopausal women is increased by reducing their dietary SFA intake. With these changes in the diet, serum phospholipid fatty acid composition could be also changed, and serum lipids levels could be improved.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.779-784
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• 2016

We evaluated seasonal variations in the proximate, fatty acid and total amino acid compositions and mineral content of the muscles of wild and cultured Korean bullhead Pseudobagrus fulvidraco. The wild and cultured samples showed a significantly higher proportion of crude lipids than other components. Crude lipid content was highest in May in wild fish but lowest in May in cultured fish. We found no significant difference between wild and cultured samples in terms of fatty acid and total amino acid compositions and mineral content. The levels of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) as well as n-6/n-3, were higher in the muscles of wild fish compared with those of cultured fish. However, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) levels were higher in cultured fish. Both wild and cultured fish were good sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosa hexaenoic acid (DHA). In wild fish, the Mg and Zn contents were highest in August, while the Ca, P, Na, K, Fe, and Cu contents were highest in May. However, the mineral content of the cultured fish did not exhibit significant seasonal variation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.184-194
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• 2016

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) gene plays an important role in the biosynthesis process controlled by a number of fatty acid transcription factors. This study investigates the relationships between 130 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the $PPAR{\gamma}$ gene and the fatty acid composition of muscle fat in the commercial population of Korean native cattle. We identified 38 SNPs and verified relationships between 3 SNPs (g.1159-71208 A>G, g.42555-29812 G>A, and g.72362 G>T) and the fatty acid composition of commercial Korean native cattle (n = 513). Cattle with the AA genotype of g.1159-71208 A>G and the GG genotype of g.42555-29812 G>A and g.72362 G>T had higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids and carcass traits (p<0.05). The results revealed that the 3 identified SNPs in the $PPAR{\gamma}$ gene affected fatty acid composition and carcass traits, suggesting that these 3 SNPs may improve the flavor and quality of beef in commercial Korean native cattle.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.129-146
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• 1998

Fatty acid compositions of seventy-two species of Korean fish muscle, 59 species of sea water fish and 13 species of fresh water fish, were studied. Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) was the richest fatty acid group in all fish samples, accounting for $38.0\pm10.3\%$ of total fatty acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids $(MUFA,\;31.4\pm9.67\%)$ and saturated fatty acids $(SFA, 30.5\pm3.81\%)$ showed a similar level. There was a positive correlation between the total lipid content and MUFA (r=0.7788, p<0.001) and a negative correlation between the total lipid content and PUFA (r= -0.7786, p<0.001) while there was no correlation between the total lipid content and SFA. The proportion of n-3 PUFA and n-6 PUFA was $29.7\pm8.73\%$ and $6,48\pm3.70\%$, respectively, in all fish samples. The n-3 PUFA was rich in sea water fish while n-6 PUFA was rich in fresh water fish. The migratory fish contained the highest level of the n-3 PUFA $(1.82\pm1.01g/100g\;muscle)$, followed by the fresh water fish $(1.09\pm1.04g/100g\;muscle)$, the reef fish $(0.90\pm0.60g/100g\;muscle)$ and the demersal fish $(0.77\pm0.38g/100g\;muscle)$. There was a positive correlation between the total lipid and n-3 PUFA content, $y=0.2083\times+0.05 (r=0.9352,\;p<0.0010)$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.375-386
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the changes in energy substrates, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA), and fatty acid compositions in serum, following physiolgical stress in rats fed diets containing various fatty acids. Forty two Sprague-Dawley strain male rats, weighing 108$\pm$2.1g, were fed 3 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets were composed of 105 fat(w/w) of either corn oil(CO;18:2 n6:57%), plant perilla oil(PO;18:3 n3:59%), or tuna fish oil(FO;20:5 n3:17%%, 22:6 n3:19%). After 4 weeks of feeding, each group wa subdiveided into (a) control, (b) 2 min swim in ice-cold water. Animals wer decapitated 20min after commencing the swim; trunk blood, brain, liver and epididymal fat pad were obtained. The levels of serum corticosterone, glucose, NEFA, triglyceride, fatty acid compositions, brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined. Basal levels of corticosterone na NEFA of serum were significantly lower in fish oil fed animals than those of any other oil fed animals. Compared to either perilla oil-fed or corn oil-fed rats, cold swim stress in fish oil fed rats produced significantly smaller NEFA and larger corticosterone responses. However, there was no significant difference in basal levels of serum glucose. Stress increased serum glucose levels slightly, and the amount of increment was larger in fish oil rats than those of any other oil fed rats than those of any other oil fed rats, although all the values were normal level. Dietary fats and stress did not affect serotonin metabolism. In additions, the composition of fatty acids in serum was significantly affected by the dietary compostion of fatty acids and stress. Stress induced decreases in monounsaturated fatty acid and non-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in either perilla oil fed or fish group, but did not in corn oil fed group. Stress resulted in changes in fatty acid metabolism similar to that associated with essential fatty acid(EFA) dificiency, when feeding animals n-3 fatty acids in diet. In conclusion, feeding fish oil was more effective to decrease NEFA in serum than feeding perilla oil or corn oil and improved lipid metabolism, when the rats were maintained in normal or exposed to stressful environment. However, the fact that feeding diet containing n-3 fatty acids decreased EFA status under stress suggests that the requirement of n-6 PUFA should be increased in these groups.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.119-126
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• 2021

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of dietary supplement of rubber seed oil on production performance, egg quality, and yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens during a 16-week feeding trial period. Methods: Forty-eight 25-week-old laying hens of Hy-Line Brown were randomly divided into three groups. Each group comprised four replicates and each replicate had four birds. Rubber seed oil was incorporated into a corn-soybean meal basal diet by 3.5% (group I), 4.5% (group II), or 0 (control group) and equivalent nutrition was supplied for the test groups and the control group. The performance related values were determined using standard or well established methods. Results: No significant difference was found in the production performance, the egg quality, the composition of saturated fatty acids, and the content of cholesterol and monounsaturated fatty acids in the yolk within the three groups. Interestingly, both test groups achieved a significantly higher content of linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid and a significantly lower content of arachidonic acid (p<0.05) compared with the control group. With the increased level of dietary rubber seed oil, there was an increasing trend in the content of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-3 PUFA and total PUFA, but a declining trend in the n-6/n-3 ratio. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the rubber seed oil supplemented diet effectively improved the total PUFA content in eggs without impairing the layers' production performance and the egg quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.831-836
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• 2001

Little information on the cholesterol content and the fatty acid composition of avian species other than chicken is available. This study was conducted to compare the yolk cholesterol content and the fatty acid profiles of some wild birds maintained in captivity on commercial grain-based chicken diets. The concentration of cholesterol/g of yolk as well as the total yolk cholesterol per egg varied among species. Yolk cholesterol concentration, expressed as mg/g of yolk, was highest in chukar, followed by pheasant, guinea fowl and quail, while total yolk cholesterol in an egg was highest in guinea fowl, followed by pheasant, chuckar and quail. An inverse relationship between yolk cholesterol concentration and egg weight was observed among species with an exception of quail. Although major fatty acids of egg yolk were oleic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid and stearic acid in all birds, the composition varied among species. Chukar and quail showed higher oleic acid content than pheasant and guinea fowl, while showing lower linoleic acid. Fatty acids of chukar and guinea fowl eggs were more saturated than those of pheasant and quail. Chukar and especially quail had higher monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) than pheasant and guinea fowl; in quail egg 51.6% of total fatty acids were MUFA. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), essential fatty acids (EFA) and the ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acid (P/S ratio) were higher in pheasant and guinea fowl than in chukar and quail. Differences in fatty acid profile of triglyceride (TG) among birds were largely similar to those of total lipid. In comparison to TG, phosphatidyl choline (PC) was low in MUFA while high in saturated fatty acids (SFA), PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA. PC was most saturated in guinea fowl egg yolk, followed by chukar, quail and pheasant. PUFA, P/S ratio and EFA in PC were highest in pheasant followed by chukar, guinea fowl and quail. PE was distinguished from PC by its high contents of stearic acid, eicosapentenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexenoic acid (DHA) while low in palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. In egg yolk of all birds MUFA was significantly lower in PE than in PC except in quail. Compared to other species, quail had a considerably higher content of MUFA in PE at the expense of SFA and PUFA.