• 음성과학
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.35-46
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• 2006

This study investigated whether there are differences between Korean-English bilingual and Korean monolingual children on phonological awareness skills. Participants were 11 Korean-English bilingual children and 12 Korean monolingual children. The children's ages ranged between 6 and 7 years. The results were as follows. First, the bilingual children significantly outperformed monolingual children on overall phonological awareness tasks. The bilinguals performed significantly higher than monolinguals on all three types of phonological awareness tasks (segmentation, deletion, and blending). Second, there was a significant difference between the groups with respect to phonological units of the tasks. The bilinguals performed significantly better than monolinguals on the phonemic unit tasks, but two groups did not differ significantly on syllabic unit tasks. There was an interaction effect between unit size(syllables and phonemes) and group (bilinguals and monolinguals). Third, there were correlations for both bilingual and monolingual children between overall phonological awareness skills and word recognition skills.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.67-91
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• 2010

Present study examines L1 transfer effect and UG involvement in the acquisition of binding properties of Korean as second language (L2). The study especially investigates i) whether knowledge from different L1s (English and Chinese) affect the interpretation of binding in Korean as L2 and ii) whether L2 learners of Korean differentiate two Korean anaphors like Korean monolinguals do, based on their knowledge of universal form-function correlation of anaphors. 53 post-puberty L2 learners of Korean with English or Chinese L1, together with 30 Korean monolinguals, were tested over Truth Value Judgment Task with stories, composed of Korean sentences representing various types of binding with two Korean reflexives - caki and caki-casin. The results showed some effect of L1 transfer, though not always. Overall, late L2 learners of Korean seem to know the difference between the two anaphors in their properties related to form-function correlation, though their performance level was lower compared to Korean monolinguals. Detailed pattern of the results and the role of UG in the interpretations of Korean reflexives are also discussed.

• 아동학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

This study examined the spontaneous utterances of 20 1-2 year old Korean-Chinese children in Yanji, China by videotaping their spontaneous natural speech during interaction with his/her caregiver for 30 minutes on 4 separate occasions. Utterances were transcribed and coded by nominative and accusative case markers; then analyzed by grammatical functions. Results showed that the order and pattern of the acquisition of the case marking system of Korean-Chinese bilinguals differed from that of Korean monolinguals. Bilinguals used the accusative marker -lul earlier than the nominative marker-ka and overextended the accusative marker more often than the nominative marker. These results are consistent with those of Gathercole (in press) who found that bilingual children differed from monolinguals in mastering grammar.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2013

The present study examined balanced bilingual children's cognitive and affective perspective-taking and compared them to that of monolingual children. A total of 133 children aged 4 to 5 years and consisting of 73 Korean-English bilinguals and 60 Korean monolinguals were tested with cognitive perspective-taking and affective perspective-taking tasks. Balanced bilinguals were screened through general language ability tests in both English and Korean. Participant backgrounds were collected through a parent questionnaire. Results showed significant differences in affective perspective-taking between bilingual and monolingual children, demonstrating that bilingual children outperformed monolingual children. Although there was no difference in cognitive perspective-taking between bilinguals and monolinguals, the result showed that children's cognitive perspective-taking ability develops with age. This study provides basic information about bilingual children's perspective-taking ability and their bilingual advantage.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2015

Speech production studies have suggested that bilinguals who are L2-dominant are the most likely to suppress the influence of the first language (L1) on the second language (L2). The voice onset times (VOTs) and fundamental frequencies (f0s) of monolingual and bilingual speakers of English and Korean were examined to address the question whether cross language influences occur particularly in L2 predominant bilinguals and to compare their outcomes with those of L2 proficient bilinguals and monolinguals. A total of 28 speakers participated in this experiment and they produced English and Korean stops in the carrier sentence. In English, for voiceless aspirated and unaspirated stops, L2 predominant bilingual speakers produced VOTs that were significantly shorter than those of monolingual English speakers. The outcome was analogous in Korean speech. For aspirated and lax stops, they produced shorter Korean VOTs than monolingual speakers. The results of f0s were slightly different from those of VOTs. In English, L2 predominant bilinguals produced f0s that were not significantly different from those of monolingual English speakers. In Korean, however, they produced f0s that were significantly different from those of monolingual Korean speakers. Taken VOT and f0 into consideration together, the overall results suggest that, although they tend to show a corresponding pattern of monolinguals, L2 predominant bilinguals had cross language phonetic influences between L1 and L2, similar to L2 proficient bilinguals. Between the two acoustic cues, f0 seemed to be a more reliable cue than VOT to examine the influences.

• 아동학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of bilingualism on children's selective attentional ability by comparing Korean-Chinese bilingual with Chinese monolinguals in China. The subjects were 71 children, 4 and 5 years of age, 38 of whom were bilingual while 33 were monolingual. Bilingual children spoke Korean at home but Chinese in the community and at preschool. The instrument used to measure children's selective attentional ability was DCCST (Dimensional Change Card Sorting Task) and ANT (Attentional Network Test). Results showed that bilingual children were more advanced than monolingual in selective attentional ability.

• 인지과학
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.21-31
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• 2003

이 논문은 한국어-중국어(=KC) 이중언어자의 문장 처리 전략을 실험적으로 연구하여 한국어 단일언어자의 문장 처리 전략과 비교함으로써 (1) KC 이중 언어에 나타나는 문장 처리 전략의 전반적 특징을 밝히고, (2) 제 1 언어 처리 전략과 제 2 언어 처리 전략 간의 간섭이 이중 언어 발달에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 보이는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 우리는 중국 연변 조선족 집거촌의 만 3세부터 성인에 이르는 다양한 연령 집단에서 166 명의 피험자를 모집하여 실시간 주어/행동주 판정 실험을 실시하였다 (cf. Liu, Bates & Li, 1992). 실험 결과를 한국어 단일언어자 대상의 이전 연구와 비교하여 다음 결론에 도달하였다. 첫째, 한국어 단일언어 아동은 3-4세 경 생물성 (animacy)에 근거해 문장의 주어/행동주를 판별하는 반면, KC 이중언어 아동은 생물성 전략 이외에도 어순 전략을 많이 활용한다. 둘째. KC 이중언어자가 주어/행동주 판별에 형태소를 활용하는 시기는 10세 이후로 한국어 단일언어 아동의 5세 경과 비교하여 많이 늦다. 셋째, 한국어 단일언어자 성인은 형태소 전략을 최우선적으로 활용하는 반면, KC 이중언어자는 성인이 되어서도 형태소 전략 이외에 생물성 전략과 어순 전략을 적극적으로 활용한다. KC 이중언어자의 언어 수행은 생물성과 어순이 중요한 중국어의 영향을 받은 것으로 보이며, 이는 Liu, Bates & Li (1992)가 제안하는 조기이중언어자의 전략 후행 전이를 지지하는 결과라 할 수 있다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.3-10
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• 2011

This study examined the production of aspirated stop consonants in Korean and English words to address how the influences differed particularly in terms of proficiency in L2 English. Voice onset times (VOTs) were measured from two American monolinguals and seven Korean speakers. The results showed that VOT patterns for both L1 and L2 stops differed according to their proficiency in L2 English. In L2 English, high proficient speakers produced VOTs that were similar to those of native speakers of English whereas low proficient speakers produced VOTs that were significantly longer than those of proficient speakers. In L1 Korean and L2 English, most of the proficient speakers produced VOTs similarly. Unlike previous findings, Korean VOTs were even shorter than English counterparts. The VOT shortening of aspirated stops in Korean was found for most of the proficient speakers. The findings of the present study suggest that cross language phonetic influences as well as the ongoing VOT shortening in Korean aspirated stops may be correlated with L2 proficiency. Since this is a pilot study with a small number of subjects for each proficiency group, further quantitative study is necessary to generalize.

• 인지과학
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.323-355
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• 2015

후기 한국어-영어 이중언어화자의 자소-음소 변환규칙(grapheme to phoneme conversion rule, GPC 규칙)에 따른 영어 규칙성 효과(regularity effect)가 단어수준과 하위단어수준에서 나타나는지 알아보기 위해 단어명명과제, 각운판단과제, 음소제거과제를 진행하였다. 전체 단어수준(whole word level)에서의 규칙 양상을 살펴보기 위해, [1] 영어단어명명과제(English word naming task)를 사용하였고, 단어 단위보다 하위 단계에서의 규칙성 효과를 알아보기 위해 [2] 라임판단 과제(rhyme judgement task)와 음소수준(phoneme level)에서의 과제인 [3] 음소탈락과제(phoneme deletion task)를 사용하였다. 실험 참가자들은 세 종류의 과제를 모두 수행하였고, 총 43명의 후기 이중언어화자가 실험에 참가하였다. 실험결과, 세 과제 모두에서 규칙성 효과가 나타나 한국어-영어 이중언어화자가 영어(L2) 단어 처리 시 GPC 규칙을 적극적으로 활용하고 있다는 사실을 확인하였다. 사후분석으로써 세 과제 사이의 상관분석을 진행한 결과, 단어명명과제와 라임판단과제 간 상관이 가장 높게 나타났다. 비록 영어 모국어 화자의 이전 연구결과와는 달리 라임판단과제와 단어읽기과제 간 상관이 높게 나타났지만, 이는 실험 참가자의 L2 능숙도가 모국어화자만큼 높지 않았기 때문인 것으로 보인다. 본 연구는 후기 한국어-영어 이중언어화자가 영어 GPC 규칙을 사용하여 영어단어읽기 처리를 하고 있음을 확인하였다.