• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2004

Air quality monitoring is a primary activity for industrial and social environment. The government identifies the pollutants that each industry must monitor. Especially, the VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), which are very harmful to human body and environment atmosphere, should be controlled under the government policy. However, the VOCs, which have not been confirmed in emission sources are very difficult to monitor. It is needed to develop the monitoring system that allow the continuous and in situ measurement of VOCs mixture in different environmental matrices. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry are the most prevalent current techniques among those available for the analysis of VOCs. But, they need a large size analytical instrument, which costs a great deal for purchase and operation. In addition, it has some limitations for realtime environmental monitoring such as location problems and slow processing time. Recently, several companies have commercialized a portable VOCs measurement systems, which cannot classify various kinds of VOCs but total quantities. We have developed a VOCs measurement system, which recognizes various kinds and quantities of VOCs, such as benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). Also, it can be used as a stand- alone type and/or fixed type in the vehicle with rack for real -time environmental monitoring.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.254-259
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• 2012

낙동강 유역 일부공단지역에 위치한 일곱 개소의 폐수처리장 및 두 개소의 공단배수로에서 휘발성유기화합물(Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs)의 분포특성을 조사하였다. 시료는 2008년 5월부터 2008년 11월 사이 총 4회에 걸쳐 채취하였으며 총 17종의 VOCs를 분석하였다. 실험 결과, 8종의 VOCs가 일부 시료에서 검출이 되었고 검출농도는 종류와 시료채취 위치에 따라 달랐지만 모두 0.11 (Trichloroethylene)~5.81 (Toluene) ${\mu}g/L$ 의 범위인 것으로 확인되었다. VOCs는 미량으로도 인간의 건강이나 수중 생태계에 심각한 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 이들 물질이 비록 미량의 수준을 보였으나 검출이 된 이상 이들 물질에 대한 적절한 관리대책이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료되며 본 연구에서 이들 물질에 대한 관리방안을 제안하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2005

The purposes of this study were to characterize the local levels of VOCs (volatile organic compounds), to develop source profiles of VOCs, and to quantify the source contribution of VOCs using the CMB (chemical mass balance) model. The concentration of VOCs had been measured every 6-day duration in the SRO monitoring site in the Yeosu Petrochemical Industrial Complex from September 2000 to August 2002. The total of 35 target VOCs, which were included in the TO-14 designated from the U.S. EPA, was selected to be monitored in the study area. During a 24-h period, the ambient VOCs were sampled by using canisters placing about 10 ～ 15 m above the ground level. The collected canisters were then analyzed by a GC-MS in the laboratory. Aside from ambient sampling at the SRO site, the VOCs had been intensively and massively measured from 8 direct sources and 4 general sources in the study area. The results obtained in the study were as follows; first, the annual mean concentrations of the target VOCs were widely distributed regardless of monitoring sites in the Yeosu Petrochemical Industrial Complex. In particular, the concentrations of BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene), vinyl chloride were higher than other target compounds. Second, based on these source sample data, source profiles for VOCs were developed to apply a receptor model, the CMB model. Third, the results of source apportionment study for the VOCs in the SRO Site were as follows; The source of petrochemical plant was apportioned by 31.3% in terms of VOCs mass. The site was also affected by 16.7% from wastewater treatment plant, 14.0% from iron mills, 8.4% from refineries, 4.4% from oil storage, 3.8% from automobiles, 2.3% from fertilizer, 2.3% from painting, 2.2% from waste incinerator, 0.6% from graphic art, and 0.4% from gasoline vapor sources.

• 센서학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2019

Significant progress has been made recently in detection of highly sensitive volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using chemical sensors. Combined with the progress in design of micro sensors array and electronic nose systems, these advances enable new applications for detection of extremely low concentrations of breath-related VOCs. State of the art detection technology in turn enables commercial sensor systems for health care applications, with high detection sensitivity and small size, weight and power consumption characteristics. We have been developing an intelligent electronic nose system for detection of VOCs for healthcare breath analysis applications. This paper reviews our contribution to monitoring of respiratory diseases and to diabetic monitoring using an intelligent electronic nose system for detection of low concentration VOCs using breath analysis techniques.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.393-405
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• 2018

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are representative air pollutants due to their detrimental effects on human health and their role in formation of secondary organic aerosols. Assessments and monitoring programs of VOCs using periodic grab sampling like Tedlar bags, canisters, and sorbent traps provide limited information, often with delay times of days or weeks. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) is an emerging analytical technique for the real-time quantification of VOCs in air. It relies on chemical ionization of the VOCs molecules in air introduced into helium carrier gas using $H_3O^+$, $NO^+$, and $O_2{^+}$ precursor ions. Real-time monitoring method of 60 VOCs in the ambient air was developed using TO-15 standard gas mixture. Calibration curves, method detection limit, and quantitation reproducibility of the target compounds were tested. Dynamic dilution system was used to dilute standard gas from 0.174 ppbv to 100 ppbv, where calibration curves showed good linearity with $r^2$> 0.95 in all target analytes. Limit of detection (LOD) all compounds were sub ppbv, and some halogenated compounds showed pptv levels. Seven consecutive analyses of target compounds showed good repeatability with relative standard deviation of less than 10%. One day monitoring of VOCs in ambient air was conducted in Geoje. Average concentration of target VOCs in Geoje were relatively lower than other regions, among which formaldehyde showed the highest concentration ($15.4{\pm}5.78ppbv$). SIFT-MS provided good temporal resolution data (1 data per 3.2 minute), which can be used for identifying ephemeral short-term event. It is expected that SIFT-MS will be a versatile monitoring platform for VOCs in ambient air.

• 한국대기환경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국대기환경학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.399-400
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• 1999

From the scientific point of view, any regulation of the emissions of toxic air pollutants in general, and ETS or VOCs in particular, will inevitably be based on exposure levels and consequential health effects, data of this nature is still lacking for most of ETS and VOCs. In this context, the importance of personal monitoring measurements of ETS and VOCs in relation to risk assessment has been emphasized previously.(omitted)

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.523-538
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• 2009

Recently, there has been a keen demand for real-time automatic monitoring of VOCs not only in Korea but other developed countries. We carried out this study to evaluate and to optimize the performance of a continuous automatic monitoring system for hazardous VOCs (HVOCs) in the ambient atmosphere, using an on-line GC system. The online system normally consisted of a Nafion dryer prior to a cold trap of an automatic thermal desorption apparatus and a GC system equipped with two detectors, i.e. PID and ECD. Preliminary tests conducted to check out any contamination of the system revealed an evidence of significant artifact formation of benzene, and it was found that the Nafion dryer (even brand new one) is the source of the benzene artifact. Thus, all the subsequent experiments in this study was carried out inevitably by removing the Nafion dryer. The on-line GC method was investigated with a variety of QC/QA performance criteria such as repeatability, linearity, lower detection limits, and accuracy. In order to find out the best operating condition for the on-line GC system, three different types (in terms of adsorption strength) of cold trap combinations were tested, i.e. (i) Tenax-TA and Carbopack-B combination (weak and hydrophobic); (ii) Tenax-TA, Carbopack-X and Carboxen-1000 combination (strong and hydrophilic); and (iii) Tenax-TA and Carbopack-X combination (medium and hydrophobic/hydrophilic). The USEPA TO-17 manual method was selected as a reference method to evaluate the performance of the on-line method. A series of experiments revealed that the system performance was superior to others when a cold trap packed with hydrophilic adsorbents (Tenax-TA/Carbopack-X/Carboxen-1000 combination) was used and operated at $25^{\circ}C$. However, the system with a cold trap packed with a combination of Tenax-TA and Carbopack-X is more recommended for field applications since the carboxen-1000 adsorbent is too sensitive to water vapor, and hence the performance of the system might be very unstable to humid samples or during rainy days. Furthermore, the precision and accuracy criteria of the Tenax-TA/ Carbopack-X combination were generally compatible with the triple adsorbents cold trap. The continuous automatic monitoring method is, thus, considered very useful to real-time monitoring to understand the variations of VOCs concentrations in ambient air, as it adopts much simpler procedures in sampling, analysis, and data integration steps than manual monitoring methods. However, it should be noted that there is a high possibility of benzene artifacts formation through the Nafion dryer, which is often installed to remove water vapor in air samples before being adsorbed onto the cold trap. Therefore, if a Nafion dryer is used in any studies of monitoring VOCs, the benzene contamination should be carefully examined before carrying out obtaining the data.

• 센서학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.227-231
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• 2018

Indoor air pollution has become a serious issue, affecting the health and comfort of building occupants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are among the most common indoor contaminants, and are released from numerous indoor emission sources. Among the VOCs, formaldehyde and toluene are toxic chemicals at low levels and are frequently detected indoors. Exposure to formaldehyde and toluene can irritate sensitive tissue and may increase the risk of cancer. Therefore, monitoring formaldehyde and toluene is critical for the health and comfort of residents. In addition, as human indoor activities can generate VOC gases, analysis of their influence on VOCs is needed. In this study, we compared electronic nose (E-Nose) data for formaldehyde and toluene with E-Nose data for indoor mixture gas with consideration for human indoor activities.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.375-384
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• 2001

Optical remote sensing techniques are particularly advantageous over the conventional fixed point methods because with these methods large-area monitoring can be possible and sample preparation difficulties are avoidable. Instruments based on the differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) technique are widely used for monitoring air pollutants in urban areas in recent years. In this study, $O_3$, SO$_2$, NO$_2$, and VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene) are measured continuously at Sihwa industrial area using a DOAS from February to November. 1999. Intercomparison between the DOAS method and the conventional methods (filed point samplers for $O_3$, NO$_2$, and SO$_2$, and adsorbent sampling methods and gas chromatography for VOCs) are performed simultaneously at the same site. The time series of the DOAS data and that of fixed point method show good match at the view point of the tendency, but the absolute concentration values of these two methods differ quite a lot from each other; correlation coefficients shows 0.78 for $O_3$and 0.97 for SO$_2$. However, the results of VOCs measurements are not quite satisfactory ; the spectral interference with $O_2$and $O_3$appears to be the major cause of the errors for VOCs .

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.583-589
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• 2016

VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds)의 대부분은 유해물질로 대기 오염뿐만 아니라 지구 온난화의 원인물질로 작용하고 있다. 이로 인해 VOCs는 국가마다 배출을 줄이기 위해 정책적으로 관리되고 있다. 특히, 주유소에서 발생하는 유증기는 발암물질인 벤젠 등 인체에 유해하며 환경부에서 연료 주유 시 발생하는 휘발성 유기화합물을 회수할 수 있도록 유증기 회수장치 설치를 의무화하고 있다. 최근에는 기존의 유증기 처리 방식을 발전시켜 폭발이나 화재 등을 방지하기 위하여 유증기를 냉각시켜 현장에서 바로 회수하도록 하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 위험성이 존재하는 액화기의 상태를 실시간으로 모니터링 할 수 있도록 유증기 액화장치에 센서를 부착하여 액화기 측정 정보를 모니터링 할 수 있는 모니터링 서버 및 안드로이드 기반의 모니터링 앱 어플리케이션을 개발하여 원격관리 서비스 모델을 제시하고자 한다.