• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.609-616
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• 2008

Recently, many ocean bridges that connect land to island or island to island have been constructed along with the improvement of the nation's economy. Long-span bridges can be categorized as suspension bridge, cable-stayed bridge, arch bridge and truss bridge. In this study, correction with respect to construction error can be presented on site through the monitoring of the cable tension change of real structure for four major construction stages so that construction accuracy, including the management of profiles, can be improved. A vibration method, the so-called indirect method that uses the cable's natural frequency changes from the acceleration sensor installed on the cable, is applied in measuring cable tension. In this study, the estimation formula for the effective length of cable with damper is presented by comparing and analyzing between actual measurement and analysis result for the change of the cable's effective length. By the way, it is known that the reliability of estimating cable tension by applying the former method that uses the net distance from damper to anchorage is low. Therefore, for future reference of the maintenance stage, the presented formula for estimating the effective length of cable can be used as a reference for the rational decision-making, such as the re-tensioning and replacement of cable.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.457-465
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to evaluate spatial and temporal dynamics of nutrients (TN, TP), organic pollution (BOD, COD), and ionic dynamics (electrical conductivity, EC) in the North Han-River, South Han-River, and merged downriver using the dataset of $1998{\sim}2007$, obtained from the MEK (Ministry of Environment, Korea). Accord. ing to interannual nutrient analysis, TN varied slightly in the North Han-River and South Han-River, but decreased in the merged downriver along with BOD. Longitudinal analysis in the water quality showed that BOD, COD, and nutrients had linear decreasing trend along the main axis of headwater-to-downriver. Concentrations of TP and TN in the North Han-River averaged $26.97{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $1.696mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively, which were minimum in the three watersheds, followed by South Han-River and then the merged downriver in order. Ratios of TN:TP in the watersheds were >40 in all the sites, indicating that nitrogen may be enough for periphyton or phytoplankton growth and phosphorus may be limited partially. After the North Han-River water is merged with South Han-River, the concentrations of BOD, COD, TN, and TP were similar to the values of $S6{\sim}S7$, respectively or a little bit higher, but increased abruptly in Site M4 (Fig. 3). Thus, mean values of all the water quality parameters in the reach of $M4{\sim}M7$ sites were greater than any other sites. Seasonal data analysis indicated that BOD and EC in the downstream ($S3{\sim}S7$) was greater in the premonsoon than two seasons of the monsoon and postmonsoon, and no significant differences in BOD between the three seasons were found in the upstream ($S1{\sim}S2$). Empirical models of COD in the merged downriver was predicted ($R^2=0.87$, p>0.01, slope = 0.84, intercept = -1.28) well by EC. These results suggest that EC to be measured easily in the field may be used for estimations of nutrients and organic matter pollutions in the merged downriver and these linear models are cost-effective for the monitoring of the parameters.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.8 no.12
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• pp.37-44
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• 2008

Data entered into RFID tags are used for saving costs and enhancing competitiveness in the development of applications in various industrial areas. RFID readers perform the identification and search of hundreds of objects, which are tags. RFID technology that identifies objects on request of dynamic linking and tracking is composed of application components supporting information infrastructure. Despite their many advantages, existing applications, which do not consider elements related to real.time data communication among remote RFID devices, cannot support connections among heterogeneous devices effectively. As different network devices are installed in applications separately and go through different query analysis processes, there happen the delays of monitoring or errors in data conversion. The present study implements a RFID database handling system in semantic Web environment for integrated management of information extracted from RFID tags regardless of application. Users’ RFID tags are identified by a RFID reader mounted on an application, and the data are sent to the RFID database processing system, and then the process converts the information into a semantic Web language. Data transmitted on the standardized semantic Web base are translated by a smart browser and displayed on the screen. The use of a semantic Web language enables reasoning on meaningful relations and this, in turn, makes it easy to expand the functions by adding modules.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.319-346
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• 2006

This study examines the current alcohol use situation among adolescents and provides information relevant to development of adequate prevention programs for adolescent alcohol use in Korea. In this study, we used focus group research method and analyzed the outcome with constant comparison method. We classified 4 major categories of adolescent alcohol use situation such as the factors on enhancing alcohol use, the factors on delaying alcohol use, the occasions significantly related to alcohol use and the first alcohol use experience of adolescent. And we found out 16 minor categories and 93 concepts under the major categories. The results from the study revealed that the factors on enhancing alcohol use were associated with adolescents' psychological reasons, their positive perceptions on alcohol, family factors, peer influences, teacher's influences and social and cultural aspects on alcohol in general. The factors on delaying alcohol use were associated with health conditions, their negative perceptions on alcohol, parental monitoring, economic reasons and their limited access to purchase alcohol. The occasions significantly related to adolescent alcohol use were family events, school events and peer gatherings. In addition, the first adolescent alcohol use experience was strongly associated with the peer influences and significant adults' offer of alcohol. Findings suggest recommendations for prevention and intervention programs for adolescent alcohol use in Korea.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2008

The Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) is one of important parameters for the most widely used method of organic pollution in wastewater and wastewater treatment effluent. As the conventional BOD test needs 5-day long incubation period, it is thus incompatible with real time control of wastewater treatment plant. To resolve this problem, in the present study an on-line Dissolved Oxygen(DO) monitoring system was used to observe the transient change of dissolved oxygen concentration in livestock wastewater. The system was composed of BOD sensor, amplifier and computer. It was observed that the concentration of the microorganism in the livestock wastewater was relatively constant during the growth period of initial one hour, which allowed the assumption of the constant Oxygen Uptake Rate(OUR) within one hour of measurement. It was thus concluded that the present scheme provided a protocol for automatic measurement of BOD in livestock wastewater, which can be applicable to optimal control of livestock wastewater treatment plant.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2008

Periodic fluctuation of water levels were analyzed for their causes and effects on groundwater movement. Groundwater levels were monitored from two shallow monitoring wells, G1 and G4, located at a headwater catchment in the Gwangneung Ecohydrological Research Site using pressure transducers with automatic data-loggers by five-minute interval from February to October, 2006. The water table fluctuates on a daily basis with a clear diurnal variation, and the fluctuation amplitude increases with time from the winter to the summer. Results from spectral analysis of water-level data show periodic variations in 24.38 hour and in 12.19 hour, indicating $P_1$ diurnal and $L_2$ semidiurnal tidal components, respectively. The diurnal component of the water level in summer has greater power than that in winter, implying that the water table is affected not only by earth tides, but also by evapotranspiration. Right after rain stops, the power of diurnal component of the water level decreases, indicating that evapotranspiration influences significantly diurnal periodicity. The effects of diurnal and semidiurnal components of the water level range from 0.4 to 4.2 cm and from 0.2 to 0.7 cm, respectively.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.346-355
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• 1980

It has been proposed that wide individual variation in response to heparin be not considered in the conventional set protocol for the control of heparin and protamine during extracorporeal circulation. In this paper, two protocol of heparin and protamine therapy were compared to assess the role of the Activated Clotting Time [ACT] in relation to heparin, protamine, and postoperative blood loss and transfusion. The study groups consisted of the 31 patients [adults 15 and children 16] anticoagulated with the conventional heparin protocol and the 31 patients [adults 15 and children 16] anticoagulated with ACT protocol during extracorporeal circulation. In the conventional heparin protocol, two mg of heparin per kg was administered initially with an additional 0.75 mg of heparin per kg every 30 minutes of extracorporeal circulation, and reversal was accomplished with protamine in a dose of 1.5 times the total milligram of heparin. In the ACT protocol, two mg of heparin per kg was administered initially with an additional dose of heparin enough to reach an ACT of 480 seconds [within safe zone 300 to 600 seconds] from the patient`s dose response curve every 1 hour of extracorporeal circulation, and reversal was done with protamine in a dose of 1.3 times the milligram of the residual heparin. The results were summarized as follows. After a dose of 2 mg per kg of heparin, the patient`s ACT varied from 240 to 600 seconds in adults and from 240 t~ 660 seconds in children. In the ACT group the total amount of heparin administered was markedly reduced when compared to the conventional group, and less protamine was required to neutralize heparin. The dose of heparin administered decreased from 7.07 [SE 0.42] mg/kg of the conventional group to 4.92 [SE 0.32] mg/k8 of the ACT group in adults and from 10.17 [SE 1.15] mg/kg to 5.23 [SE 0.24] mg/kg in children, which represent 30.4% and 48.6% decrease respectively. The dose of protamine administered for reversal decreased from 10.6 [SE 0.63] mg/kg of the conventional group to 3.35 [SE 0.35] mg/kg of the ACT group in adults and from 15.7 [SE 1.70] mg/kg to 3.26 [SE 0.27] mg/kg in children, which represent 68.4% and 79.2% respectively. The ratio of protamine to heparin administered in the conventional group was 1.50:1 in adults and 1.54:1 in children, but in the ACT group 0.68:1 in adults and 0.62:1 in children. Postoperative blood loss and transfusion revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Although six patients in the conventional group and one in the ACT group needed re-exploration for continuous hemorrhage, no case of generalized oozing was encountered, and in each case a definite bleeding site was identified. Author would like emphasizing the value of the ACT protocol in controlling heparin and protamine administration during extracorporeal circulation.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.251-255
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• 2004

Electric cables such as multi-interphone cables and ribbon cab]os are commonly used for data aquisition in the DC resistivity survey. In general, electromagnetic induction may occur in the electric cables when electric current flows through them. In case of using multi-interphone cables in the DC resistivity survey, electromagnetic induction could take place due to the entangled wires of the multi-interphone cables, when the current flows through them. Then, the electromagnetic induction may cause measured DC resistivity data to be distorted. In this study, a monitoring system with PXI (PCI Extention for Instrumentation) was constructed to examine signal distortion on the DC resistivity data, attributed to the electromagnetic induction. Common electric cables used in the DC resistivity survey were tested to observe the waveforms of the electric voltages. The waveforms measured were compared to examine signal distortion due to the electromagnetic induction. The results may provide information on the resistivity data obtained using different electric cables in the DC resistivity survey. The distortion of waveforms attributed to the electromagnetic induction wat not observed when using ribbon cables for DC resistivity data aquisition, while the distortion were observed when using multi-interphone. Therefore, the ribbon cables provide better quality of data than other cables in the DC resistivity data aquisition.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2008

Objectives : Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang(HNHDT) is the one of well-known traditional herbal formula and has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases in Korea. For the quality improvement of commercial traditional herbal formula, we investigated the quality of prepared HNHDT. Methods: We measured the contents of baicalin, berberine and geniposide in the HNHDT Ex preparations on the market by HPLC and compared with the official notice of ingredients. Results: In 3 preparations of HNHDT covered with the national health insurance(NHI), the content of baicalin was various from 32.83mg to 185.05mg, the total berberine was $12.0{\sim}50.75mg$ and geniposide was $12.57{\sim}44.84mg$. Contents of marker ingredients in NHI Preparations were below the standard and showed a large variation. In 7 non NHI Preparations of HNHDT and the standard(STD) HNHDT manufactured in laboratory, the content of baicalin was $37.16{\sim}115.69mg$, the total berberine was $5.62{\sim}28.43mg$ and geniposide was $10.98{\sim}113.47mg$. But, because composition of non-NHI preparations is different from NHI preparations, every maker's contents were up to the notice for baicalin and berberine. There was newly enforced standard regulations of geniposide in non-NHI preparations, so contents of geniposide was up to that standard only in JI and STD. Conclusions: There was a large variation of contents in the HNHDT Ex preparations on the market and the quality differences were existed between NHI and non-NHI preparations of HNHDT. Further studies for evaluation of efficacy differences and standardization of manufacturing processes are necessary.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.143-160
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• 2003

Due to the dramatic and situational change in medical industry, it has became very important to keep existing patients and to attract new patients by monitoring the medical consumer's expectation and various needs and ensuring the patients' satisfaction. This study regards the patients' satisfaction as the final object of medical service. So the object of this study is to provide useful data for the decision making and medical service marketing by exploring the problems generated by the cognition difference for the medical service between inpatients and outpatients, by responding for the problems and by examining the relationship between the satisfaction with the medical service and revisiting. To achieve the object of this study, literature research and empirical analysis were used. I establish the research model based on the existing service marketing and some hypotheses were chosen for the empirical analysis. As a result of empirical analysis for the five hypotheses, two hypotheses were chosen. First, there was cognition difference about accessibility and convenience between inpatient and outpatient. I guess that the satisfaction degree of inpatient is higher than the outpatient because the inpatient has the reliability for the hospital and determines the hospitalization or emergent coming to hospital. Second, the fifth hypothesis, "the satisfaction of patient will influence the revisiting." was chosen. The hypothesis is not only coincident with existing scholars and studies but also it provides the meaningful points for medical service marketing. The result shows that the parties concerned with hospital management should endeavor for the patient satisfaction in medical service, and that hospital management should be medical consumer centered. To measure the quality of medical service, the cognition differences for accessibility, convenience, physical environment, and human service were evaluated and the result shows that the cognition difference for the accessibility and convenience was outstanding. The analysis shows that there was cognition difference in the four categories among six subcategories in the human service -- the attitude of medical technologist, the attitude of doctor, the length of time for doctor's diagnosis for the patient and doctor's explanation. Therefore, I think that further study is required for the cause analysis for service categories which have cognition difference between inpatient and outpatient. I think the result will be very useful. Through this study, the relationship between patient satisfaction with the medical service and revisiting was verified. And it suggests that, to face the changing medical environment actively and to improve the quality of medical service, marketing strategy should be focused not on medical service providers but on medical service consumers and that the further studies for the medical consumer should be continued.