• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.4 s.55
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• pp.831-842
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• 1996

Demand for high quality medical care has recently been increasing in step with high level of income and education. Patients prefer the use of large general hospitals to small community hospitals. Large hospitals, usually located at urban area, expand their capacities to cope with the increasing demand, therefore, they easily secure revenue necessary for growth and development of hospitals. However, small community hospitals are facing with serious financial difficulties caused from the reduction of patients in one hand and the inflation of cost in another. If small rural hospitals were closed, the closure would have negative impacts on local economies in addition to the decrease in access to medical care. Community leaders should have an insight on the contribution of community hospitals to local economies. They could make a rational decision on the hospital closure only with the understanding of hospital's contribution to the community. This study is designed to develop an economic model to estimate the contribution of rural hospital to local economies, and also to apply this model with a specific hospital. The contribution of a hospital to local economies consists of two elements, direct effect and multiplier effects. The direct impacts include hospital's local purchasing power, employee's local purchasing power, and the consumption of patients coming from outside the community. The direct impact induces multiplication effect in the local economy. The seed money invested to other industries grows through economic activities in the region. This study estimated the direct effect with the data of expenditure of the case hospital. The total effect was calculated by multiplied the direct effect with a multiplier. The multiplier was drown from the ratio of marginal propensity of income and expenditure. Beside the estimation of the total impacts, the economic effect from the external resources was also analyzed by the use of the ratio of patients coming outside the region. The results are as follows. 1. The direct economic contribution of the hospital to the local economy is 1,104 million won. 2. The value of multiplier in the region is 2.976. 3. The total economic effect is 3,286 million won, and the multiplication effect is 2,182 million won. 4. The economic contribution from the external resources is 245 million won which is 7.5% of the total economic effect.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2008

Objective: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is common especially among patients with osteoarthritis The aim of this study was to investigate the utilization rate and expenditures of patients who use CAM. Method: Two hundred seventy four patients with osteoarthritis were interviewed by a telephone survey. A structured questionnaire about sociodemographic features and type, cost, satisfaction and reason of CAM utilization was used Results: Among 274 patients with osteoarthritis, 251 patients(91.6%) had used at least one type of CAM during six months. There was a significant difference in sex (female), age (70 years), medical security (insurance), educational level between the user and non-user of CAM. Hyperthermia was the most use. The average cost for CAM utilization was 120 thousands won/person during six months and there was no difference in sociodemographic features among the out-of-pocket cost of users. The scores of satisfaction for CAM use were ranged between 60-70. Conclusions: CAM became a popular source of health care because of elderly and lay referral system. And Korean spent a substantial amount of out-of-pocket money on CAM without benefit. Health care system and professionals should pay more attention to CAM, make a evidence for CAM.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.756-770
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• 2011

This study was conducted on 419 middle school students (214 boys, 205 girls) in order to examine the general aspects, dietary habits, and performance of the school food services available to them in the Chungnam area. The mean age of the subjects was 15.1 years. The average heights and weights were 164.5 cm and 55.6 kg for boys and 158.9 cm and 49.4 kg for girls, respectively. The influence of parents was found to have a significant effect on the students' nutritional knowledge. Exactly 45.1% of subjects said that they needed time for nutritional education, and 54.2% of subjects answered that they have not received any nutritional education. The amount of spending money and expenditures for snacks per month were positively correlated with family income. Breakfast was skipped more than once per week in more than half of all students. Exactly 40.5% of subjects were satisfied with their schools' food services. As food services are more likely to correct unbalanced diets and provide an incentive for change towards better dietary habits, school food services can play a role in correcting unbalanced dietary behaviors.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.323-346
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• 1995

The increasing number of senior citizens, combined with the power of purchasing due to discretionary income have vaulted the elderly into the position of an attractive future target market. Therefore, it would be crucial for marketers to understand elderly's purchasing behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify clothing purchasing behavior of elderly women. For this study, questionnaires were administered to 600 women over 55 years of age. However, the sample that was analyzed fer statistical analysis was involved 418 elderly women. Statistical analysis were majorly descriptives such as frequencies and percentages. The major results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. In relation to problem recognition in purchasing process, motives of purchasing apparel were identified as a happy event in home such as a wedding and a birthday, a change of seasons and a casual discovery of a suitable clothing in shopping, in orders. 2. In relation to information search, important information on apparel and fashionability were thought as display racks in a store, opinion from friends and family and fashionability from others or streets, in orders. 3. In relation to selecting a store in purchasing process, older consumers assessed that attractive price, design suited to my age, variety in one store and apparel product quality were important store attributes, in orders. In terms of a purchase place, older consumers purchased clothing mainly on department stores, wholesale stores such as Namdaemoon or Dongdaemoon market, mainly retail stores located close to home and discount stores of well known brand, in orders. 4. In relation to alternative evaluation in purchasing process, older consumeres considered that style or appearance suited to me, color, design, comfort and fitness were important selection criteria, in orders. 5. In relation to purchase choice, 61.7% of the respondents paid money by themselves and 68.9% paid on cash in purchasing apparel. 6. In relation to outcomes of purchase, older consumers solved their complaint against a unsatisfactory product mainly by returning the unsatisfactory clothing. Also, there were those who took no action against the unsatisfactory product and who altered the clothing for fitness by themselves.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.3
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• pp.271-289
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate previous data and possibility of the new culture building, insuring substantiality of the education in junior college, increasing of practical carrier, acquiring the money for practical class, and the direction of demand for education in a high level of industrial society. There's two parts to consist of investigation and the model case in wedding business in Junior college. The research groups in one part consist of 277 students in Junior college. The result were as follows: 1) The students would like to get the wedding business in new culture building. (72%) 2) The student shave got a idea to recommend to use the wedding facilities for their for their relative sand friends. (51%) 3) The trend of selecting in wedding facilities is outside than inside of facilities. (75%) 4) They would like to have the buffet service after wedding celemony, not a la carte for choose the meal. The above research data suggest that if the wedding facility's management would be accept, we could have expectation about development of junior college, emphasis of practical education and good wedding culture in this areas. For the most of student, they has a righ hand to manage the wedding facility in their college. First, the culinary students could have an experience of service practies to the customer in wedding celemony, as the result of training will be great. Second, the college could show their vision and hope to customer to interest it. Third, it can be supplied the right wedding culture and the wedding facilities which is low price and good circumstance for wedding. Fourth, it's very resonable to use the culture facilities during no class, Saturday and Sunday. Fifth, income from business can be used only a scholarship and a community development. Sixth, it can be induced the self-participication and motivation to take up a positive attitude for their life.

• Archives of design research
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• no.18
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• pp.53-60
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• 1996

A Human desire to improve the quality of living, intends to share, along with increase of the income, more importance(in the form of money and time) on the leisure and sport activity. This study has been motivated to create a design a tool(product) which will effectively and variously improve the joy of leisure and sports activity In the course of the design work; 1 We collected and reviewed all the On-Land Runni'ng leisure and sports products in the country, 2 We investigated life styles of various ages of the end users and the consumers' environmental change, to find a market pOSSibility, and 3. A good deal of consideration has been made to find the Korean folk (traditlonal)pastlme culture and to apply It into a possibility of globalization The investigation and analysis work provided a base to designing of "Air-Inflated Road Ski ", Which is completely a new form of leports product. which will help well balanced strengthening of the body, and which is enjoyable in and out-door in various ways and by everybody old or young and man or womann or woman.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.143-152
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide practical data for proposing the housing environment support policy, fit for returners-to-village. For the purpose, this study focused the patterns of returners-to-village according to their experience of rural life, and their ways of settlement like planning and getting land and house. The questionnaires were answered by 91 persons who were living in Chungbuk area, and were analyzed chi-analysis on their socio-demographic characteristics according to experience of rural life, preparation of settlement and construction. The ANOVA were used to analyze their pattern of return according to experience, the period for getting house, and their satisfaction level of house size. The results were as follows. First, the returners showed differentiated tendency according to their experience of rural life, in their age, family life cycle, education level and income source after return. The experience of rural life explained the purpose of return and the living pattern after return. Direct experience group was mostly occupational farmer; indirect experience group mostly pursued good health & green life; non experience group mostly pursued green life. Second, the experience of rural life also explained differentiated tendency of returning preparation. In raising money, direct experience group mostly raised it privately but indirect or non experience group mostly used bank loan. Third, the returners mostly constructed new houses; non experience group almost constructed newly, but there were cases to utilize existing or vacant house in direct experience group, and indirect experience group favored existing house or remodeling of vacant house.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.151-162
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• 1994

This is a comparative study on the use pattern and satisfaction of skiers between the suburban skiing ground and the resort one. The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for the planning and the management of skiing ground. The sites of case study are Yong Pyung Ski Resort (Resort type) and Bears Town(Suburban type). Data were collected from questionaire. A total of 420 questionaires were completed. And data were subjected to following analysis: First, the descriptive statistics(mean, chi-square analysis etc.) were used to compare the characteristics of the users and the use pattern of two sites. Second, factor analysis was utilized to reduce 22 satisfaction items into the smaller number of factors. Third, regression analysis was used to find the factors affecting users' overall satisfaction in each skiing ground. The findings of this study are as follows: First, it was proved that the characteristics of users between tow sites were different in terms of age, income, and skill level. Second, it was proved that the use pattern between two sites were different in terms of travel distance from home, traffic mode, length of stay, accommodation type, and the money spent per day. Third, By a principal component factor analysis several factors of satisfaction are found: In physical terms, they are 'slope and life facilities', 'recreation and lodge facilities', 'accessibility', 'crowding', and 'landscape'. In psychological terms, they are 'skiing skills and thrills', and 'relaxation and freedom'. Forth, As the result of the stepwise regression analysis, it was yielded that 'relaxation/and freedom' was most important factor to predict the overall satisfaction in both skiing ground. And it was proved that not only physical factors but also phychological(need gratifying) factors were important sources of the satisfaction.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1999

Research and Development (R&D) departments concentrate their efforts on one of two key types of research: fundamental research to discover new technology, and product development research to determine ways to use new technology or to improve upon already existing technology. Of these two types of research, the first, fundamental research, does not guarantee that successful products will develop. This type of research generally requires the investment of large sums of money without the surety of financial gain. It can, however, greatly enhance a company's image and profit potential if it can then develop a successful product from the fundamental research their scientists and engineers have done. Also, through this type of research, companies can register patents which can result in income from the sale or license of the patented technology or process to other companies. Companies place themselves at financial risk when they delve into fundamental research. For that reason, most companies concentrate their research funds and efforts on the second type of research, product development. For a product to be considered successful the company must realize some sort of benefit such as profit, increased marketshare, market recognition, or any other company-defined benefits. Both types of research require a company's consistent financial investment and planning. As the world market becomes more competitive, only those companies that can produce a product with good quality, competitive pricing, and in a timely manner will thrive. This thesis focuses on issues for developing a successful product through examining a product life cycle, a product portfolio matrix, and reactive and proactive marketing strategies.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to find out the level of purchasing behavior and related variables of Korean adolescents in Kangwon Province. and to suggest a direction of consumer education for rational purchase and of Home Economics Education. through noticing the influence of socio-demographic variables and socialization-related variables. To find out the results of this study, a survey was made using questionnaires with middle school students who live in Kang-won Province. and 472 Questionnaires were used as the analysis data. The methods of statistical analysis used for this study were Cronbach' ${\alpha}$. Frequency Distribution, Percentile. Mean. Standard Deviation. ANOVA, t-test. Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Multiple Regression Analysis. and also SPSS PC+ was used. The summaries of the results of this study were as follows. First. the level of the adolescents'purchasing behavior was the average 3.34 which is higher than the centered number 3, and the level of pre-Purchasing behavior(3.36) was higher than that of the post-purchasing behavior (3.27). Second. the adolescents' purchasing behavior showed the significant difference according to the mothers' educational level and family income. Third among the socialization-related variables. the group which had much communications with their parents and friends about purchase. the group which got much consumer education in school and their home. the group which can see much advertisements about purchase showed high level of purchasing behavior. Fourth. in the regression analysis. the consumer education in school. the communication with parents or friends were significant variables to the level of purchasing behavior. Looking into the subcategory. the communication with parents. the amount of pocket money. the father's occupation were significant variables to the level of pre-purchasing behavior, And the consumer education in school. the communication with parents or friends. the father's occupation were significant variables to the level of post-purchasing behavior.