• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.487-499
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• 2024

The primary objective of this study is to analyze the free vibration behavior of a sandwich cylindrical shell with a defective core and wavy carbon nanotube (CNT)-enhanced face sheets, utilizing the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The intricate equations of motion for the structure are solved semi-analytically using the generalized differential quadrature method. The shell structure consists of a damaged isotropic core and two external face sheets. The distributions of CNTs are either functionally graded (FG) or uniform across the thickness, with their mechanical properties determined through an extended rule of mixture. In this research, the conventional theory regarding the mechanical effectiveness of a matrix embedding finite-length fibers has been enhanced by introducing tube-to-tube random contact. This enhancement explicitly addresses the progressive reduction in the tubes' effective aspect ratio as the filler content increases. The study investigates the influence of a damaged matrix, CNT distribution, volume fraction, aspect ratio, and waviness on the free vibration characteristics of the sandwich cylindrical shell with wavy CNT-reinforced face sheets. Unlike two-dimensional theories such as classical and the first shear deformation plate theories, this inquiry is grounded in the three-dimensional theory of elasticity, which comprehensively accounts for transverse normal deformations.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.377-383
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• 2007

최근 콘크리트의 품질과 구조물의 신뢰성을 향상시키기 위해서 고성능콘크리트의 현장 적용이 늘고 있다. 이러한 고성능콘크리트의 배합 설계 방법으로는 모르타르-굵은골재 2상계 배합 이론과 페이스트-골재 2상계 배합 이론이 있다. 이 중 모르타르-굵은골재 2상계 배합이론은 모르타르의 레올로지 특성을 부여함에 있어 반복적인 실험을 통해서 그 값을 결정해야 하는 문제점을 가지고 있다. 페이스트-골재 2상계 배합 이론은 최적 잔골재율과 단위결합재량과의 관계 및 콘크리트의 충전성을 확보할 수 있는 한계 골재 용적비 등이 고려되어 있지 않아 고성능콘크리트에의 적용 예가 없는 실정이다. 또한 이들 고성능콘크리트의 배합 설계 이론은 일반콘크리트와는 달리 유동성 및 충전성에 중점을 두고 있어 배합 설계에서 강도 특성을 고려하지 않고 있으며, 사용 재료의 단위량은 일반콘크리트와 같이 시행착오법으로 결정하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 고성능콘크리트의 배합 설계에 최대 밀도 이론을 도입하여 사용 골재의 공극이 최소가 되는 최적 잔골재율 산정으로 배합 설계 시 시행착오를 줄이고, 강도를 고려한 최소 단위 결합재량의 결정으로 강도와 유동성을 동시에 만족할 수 있는 합리적이며 간편한 고성능콘크리트의 배합 설계법을 제안하고자 하였다. 연구 결과 본 연구에서 제안된 배합 설계법은 최소 공극을 갖는 최적 잔골재율 사용과 최소 단위 결합재량 이상의 결합재를 사용함으로써 시행착오를 줄일 수 있어 자기충전성을 갖는 고성능콘크리트를 간편하게 제조할 수 있다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.62-65
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• 2006

We can use the ridge regression as a means for stabilizing the coefficient estimators in the fitted model when performing experiments in highly constrained regions causes collinearity problems in mixture experiments. But there is no theory available on which to base statistical inference of ridge estimators. The bootstrap could be used to seek the confidence intervals of ridge estimators.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.75-97
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• 2005

The research objective is to empirically investigate the compensation packages maximizing the utilities of internal customers by applying the market segmentation theory. Data was collected from four Korean hospitals in Seoul, Busan and Gyunggi-do. The research is designed to seek the compensation package maximizing the utility of doctors by mixture regression model, which has been applied as latent structure and other type of finite mixture models from various academic fields since early 1980s. The mixture regression model shows the optimal segments number and fuzzy classification for each observation by EM(expectation-maximization algorism). The finite mixture regression model is to unmix the sample, to identify the groups, and to estimate the parameters of the density function underlying the observed data within each group. The doctors were segmented into 5 groups by their preference for the compensation package. The results of this study imply that the utility of doctors increases with differentiated compensation package segmented by their preference.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.518-527
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• 1999

The solubility and miscibility measurement apparatus has been developed and used to obtain data for refrigerant/oil mixture. The solubility and miscibility data for R-134a/46 ISO VG Polyalkylen Glycol(PAG) oil mixture are obtained over the temperature range from -20 to 6$0^{\circ}C$ with a 1$0^{\circ}C$ interval and the oil concentration range from 0 to 90wt%. Using the experimental data, an empirical model is developed to predict the solubility relations for R-134a/PAG oil mixture at equilibrium. The average root-mean-square deviation between measured data and calculated results from the empirical model is 4.2%. Raoult's rule and Flory-Noggins theory are also used to predict mixture behavior. Immiscibility is observed for R-134a/46 ISO VG PAG oil mixture at low oil concentrations of 4.6, 10.1, and 20.4wt%.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.419-433
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• 2015

Analogical reasoning is a central component of human cognition and contributes to scientific discovery and to develop science education. In this study, we investigated the process features of lower elementary school students' analogical reasoning to explain mixture concept. The subjects are 24 lower elementary students. And the research design includes three phases instruction to investigate the features of students' self generated analogy. Phase 1 is the introduction of analogy in which student learn to use analogy. Phase 2 is a POE class about mixture conception. Piaget and Inhelder studied the conception of mixing among children in relation to cognitive development. In phase 2, we taught the student with Piaget and Inhelder's the experiment and observed the features of learning process about mixture conception. Phase 3 is students' generation of analogy (self generated analogy) for the experienced phenomena in phase 2. We analyzed the students' responses through the three phases in the view of Gentner's Structure Mapping Theory. The results showed that many lower elementary school students even before formal operation stage understood the mixture conception and made well their self generated analogy to explain the mixture conception in spite of the difficulty of making self generated analogy.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.174-178
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• 2009

이성분 혼합물의 응고중에 수지상 결정으로 이루어진 mush 층이 형성될 수 있다. 본 연구진이 개발한 전파이론으로 mush 층에서 성분적 대류의 발생을 해석하였다. Emms와 Fowler의 모델로부터 유도한 자기유사 안정성 방정식을 사용하여 대류 발생에 대한 임계 Rayleigh 수를 수치방법으로 계산하였다. 과열량이 아주 크거나 mush 층의 성장률이 아주 작은 극한의 경우에 본 연구 결과는 준정적 안정성 해석 결과와 같아진다.

• 복합신소재구조학회 논문집
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.13-17
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• 2010

A post-tensioned slab bridge is analyzed by the specially orthotropic theory. Each longitudinal and transverse steel layer is regarded as a lamina, and material constants of each lamina is calculated by the use of rule of mixture. This slab bridge with simple support is under uniformly distributed vertical and axial loads. In this paper, the finite difference method and the beam theory are used for analysis. The result of beam analysis is modified to obtain the solution of the plate analysis. The result of this paper can be used for post-tensioned slab bridge analysis by the engineers with undergraduate study in near future.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.361-372
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• 2015

In this paper, a refined exponential shear deformation theory for free vibration analysis of functionally graded beam with considering porosities that may possibly occur inside the functionally graded materials (FGMs) during their fabrication. For this purpose, a new displacement field based on refined shear deformation theory is implemented. The theory accounts for parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strains and satisfies the zero traction boundary conditions on the surfaces of the beam without using shear correction factors. Based on the present refined shear deformation beam theory, the equations of motion are derived from Hamilton's principle. The rule of mixture is modified to describe and approximate material properties of the FG beams with porosity phases. The accuracy of the present solutions is verified by comparing the obtained results with the existing solutions. Illustrative examples are given also to show the effects of varying gradients, porosity volume fraction, aspect ratios, and thickness to length ratios on the free vibration of the FG beams.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제88권4호
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• pp.335-354
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• 2023

In this study, analysis of wave propagation characteristics for functionally graded carbon nanotube-reinforced composite (FG-CNTRC) nanoplates is performed using first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and nonlocal strain gradient theory. Uniform distribution (UD) and three types of functionally graded distributions of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are assumed. The effective mechanical properties of the FG-CNTRC nanoplate are assumed to vary continuously in the thickness direction and are approximated based on the rule of mixture. Also, the governing equations of motion are derived via the extended Hamilton's principle. In numerical examples, the effects of nonlocal parameter, wavenumber, angle of wave propagation, volume fractions, and carbon nanotube distributions on the wave propagation characteristics of the FG-CNTRC nanoplate are studied. As represented in the results, it is clear that the internal length-scale parameter has a remarkable effect on the wave propagation characteristics resulting in significant changes in phase velocity and natural frequency. Furthermore, it is observed that the strain gradient theory yields a higher phase velocity and frequency compared to those obtained by the nonlocal strain gradient theory and classic theory.