• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.512-521
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• 2022

Since the main symptoms of COVID-19 involve the respiratory system, the infection rate of this disease is predicted to be higher in patients with other respiratory conditions such as allergic rhinitis. In such a situation, it will be meaningful to conduct research on an allergy treatment that has fewer side effects and can effectively reduce allergy symptoms. Here, we prepared experimental samples under various fermentation conditions with mixed extracts of six medicinal plants. To examine the anti-allergic efficacy of these samples, an egg albumin-induced allergic rhinitis animal model experiment, a serum histamine and IgE experiment, and a COX and LO inhibitory activity experiment were conducted. As a result of animal experiments, OVA+SP-4 showed superior efficacy compared to OVA+SP-1 in nasal rubbing and sneezing experiments and had anti-allergic efficacy similar to that of OVA-cetirizine. The serum histamine concentration of OVA+SP-4 was also 1.3 times higher than that of the OVA+cetirizine group, showing a high histamine reduction ability, and IgE showed the same trend. An analysis of COX inhibitory efficacy also confirmed that COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory efficacy is high, and the longer the fermentation time, the higher the antiallergic efficacy. The composition proposed by this study is expected to have a significant effect on sustainable allergy prevention and treatment in the future by applying it to human patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

Purpose: To investigate the safety of high dose hypofractionated radiotherapy (RT) in patients with small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in terms of liver volumetric changes and clinical liver function. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 16 patients with small HCC who were treated with high dose hypofractionated RT between 2006 and 2009. The serial changes of the liver volumetric parameter were analyzed from pre-RT and follow-up (FU) computed tomography (CT) scans. We estimated linear time trends of whole liver volume using a linear mixed model. The serial changes of the Child-Pugh (CP) scores were also analyzed in relation to the volumetric changes. Results: Mean pre-RT volume of entire liver was 1,192.2 mL (range, 502.6 to 1,310.2 mL) and mean clinical target volume was 14.7 mL (range, 1.56 to 70.07 mL). Fourteen (87.5%) patients had 4 FU CT sets and 2 (12.5%) patients had 3 FU CT sets. Mean interval between FU CT acquisition was 2.5 months. After considering age, gender and the irradiated liver volume as a fixed effects, the mixed model analysis confirmed that the change in liver volume is not significant throughout the time course of FU periods. Majority of patients had a CP score change less than 2 except in 1 patient who had CP score change more than 3. Conclusion: The high dose hypofractionated RT for small HCC is relatively safe and feasible in terms of liver volumetric changes and clinical liver function.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.206-218
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• 2015

This single-blinded, nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest study was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of simulation education on clinical judgement, collaboration, communication skills, and perceived education practices and simulation design characteristics among student nurses in Korea. Participants were 47 students (19 in the experimental group and 28 in the control group) recruited by convenience sampling. The simulation based clinical reasoning education consisted of seven weekly, 120-minute high fidelity simulations. All participants completed the pretest and 7-week post measurements of a clinical judgment, collaboration, and communication skills with 4-week post measurement of collaboration, and participants in the experimental group provided a measurements of perceived education practices and simulation design characteristics. Data were analyzed using repeated measured ANOVA, and mixed linear model with SAS 9.2. Significant improvements were found in the experimental group for clinical judgment, collaboration, communication skill, and perceived education practices and simulation design characteristics. The study results show the impact of the perceived education practices and simulation design characteristics on facilitating the effectiveness of simulation education. The findings suggest a feasible and sound teaching method for student nurses and the need for further studies with a larger sample.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.606-614
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• 2019

A mixing ratio of the oil in water (O/W) emulsion of palm oil and the non-ionic surfactant (Tween-Span type) possessing different hydrophile-lipophilie balance (HLB) values was evaluated in this work. An optimum condition was determined through analysis of main and interaction effects of each quantitative factor using central composite design model-response surface methodology (CCD-RSM). Quantitative factors used by CCD-RSM were an emulsification time, emulsification speed, HLB value and amount of surfactant. On the other hand, the reaction parameters were the viscosity and mean droplet size of O/W emersion. Optimized conditions obtained from CCD-RSM were the emulsification time of 12.7 min, emulsification speed of 5,551 rpm, HLB value of 8.0 and amount of surfactant of 5.7 wt.%. Ideal experimental results under the optimized experimental condition were the viscosity of 1,551 cP and mean droplet size of 432 nm which satisfy the targeted values. The average error value from our actual experiment for verifying the conclusions was below to 2.5%. Therefore, a high favorable level could be obtained when the CCD-RSM was applied to the optimized palm oil to water emulsification.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.131-139
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• 1999

The quality of progression at signalized intersection has the largest potential effect. TRANSYT-7F is widely used to estimate the signal progression delay, but the progress of collecting and executing the compute program appears to be rather cumbersome. The research is to develop the analytical and progressing platoon delay model that is as simple as the methodology of HCM and familiar with the output of simulation model. The general approach to this research was conducted to examine the Rouphail and NCHRP 339 methodology together with the existing progression delay model (TRANSYT-7F. HCM). The scope is contained to be applicable only to cycles with no overflow queue and to obtain a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of changes in the quality of traffic signal progression on stopped delay and to be analyzed a simple mathematical method. The principle assumption for this model is that secondary flows is dispersed and partly mixed with average flow of the primary progressed flow. A second assumption is that through flow is consisted with the part of saturation flow at the front of it and the part of average flow at the rear of it. The delay equations vary for two arrival. The conclusion of this study could be summarized as 1)The evaluation of this model was consistently similar to that of TRANSYT-7F, 2) Platoon pattern has the real traffic flow characteristics. 3) The computing process of progression delay is made to have simple logic and easy calculation by integration, 4) This model could be estimated to be applied in almost all case.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.957-967
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate effect of dietary protected amino acid on milk yield and composition in dairy cow using meta-analysis. Total 21 research papers were employed in analysis, and mixed model was used for the analysis of effects. Effect of protected methionine (PM) and combination of protected methionine and lysine (PML) were investigated under two different levels of dietary crude protein (CP, <18% and >18%). For performance of dairy cow, milk yield, milk composition including milk fat and protein content and yield and 4% FCM (fat corrected milk) production were used for analysis. In case of milk yield, a trend of increment was found at PM supplementation at low CP (P=0.055). However, the effect of PM at high CP was detected as not significant (P>0.05). In case of milk protein, inclusion of PM at low CP showed significant decrement (P<0.05). However, there was no significant effect of MP on milk protein at high CP (P>0.05). Supplementation of MP at high CP level showed significant increment of milk fat (P<0.05). MP supplementation represented significant increment of 4% FCM production (P<0.05) regardless of dietary CP levels. Effects of PML on milk yield and composition at both of low and high dietary CP were not significant in this study. However, it seem to be that there was a possible positive effect of MPL application at high dietary CP on performance of dairy cow.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-70
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• 1986

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is known to exert its effects on bone cells through the mediation of adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP). Orthodontic forces have also been shown to alter the cAMP content of paradental cells, particularly the alveolar bone osteoblasts. The objective of this experiment was to determine whether a combined orthodontic treatment-PTH administration regimen would have an additive effect on cAMP content in paradental cells in sites of periodontal ligament (PDL) tension. Seven groups of 4 one year old female cats each were treated for 1,3,6,12,24 h, 7 and 14 d by tipping one maxillary canine. PTH was administered twice daily, 30u/kg. Maxillary horizontal sections were stained immunohistochemically for cAMP and the degree of cellular staining intensity was determined microphotometrically as per cent light transmittance at 600nm. Alveolar bone osteoblasts, progenitor cells, PDL fibroblasts and cementoblasts in tenion sites were measured and the data were analyzed statistically by a mixed model analysis of variance. PTH administration increased the cAMP staining of nonorthodontically treated paradental cells in comparison to cells untreated by force or hormone. Cells in PDL tension sites of PTH-treated cats demonstrated significantly darker cAMP staining than cells in non-orthodontically-treated sites. Osteoblasts demonstrated the greatest response in terms of cAMP elevation, while in PDL fibroblasts orthodontic force did not increase cAMP levels above those measured in non-stretched hormonally-treated cells. These results demonstrate that PTH increases cAMP levels in paradental cells, particullarly in osteoblasts, and that the effects of PTH and orthodontic forces on paradental target cells may approach additivity.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.189-195
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• 2004

1bis study investigated the antioxidative effect in kidney of senescence-accelerated prone SAMP8 mice with calorie restriction. 4-weeks-old SAMP8 female mice were divided into 4 groups according to the experimental feeding period: for 4, 8, 12 month, and at natural death. Each group was subdivided into 2 groups, with thirteen mice each one, as ad libitum group and as dietary restriction group (60% of ad libitum feeding amount). After feeding for a given period, the mice were sacrificed to get the following results: among the experimental groups, there wereno significant differences in xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity in their kidney tissues. The contents of cytochrome $P_{450}$ decreased in ad libitum group and dietary restriction group by age. The activity of NADPH-cytochrome $P_{450}$ reductase showed a trend similar to cytochrome $P_{450}$. Superoxide radical content increased with age. At the 4th, 8th and 12 months of the experimental period, the activity in the dietary restriction group was less than that of ad libitum group by as much as 17% 14% and 14% respectively. For hydrogen peroxide, the contents were increased in the ad libitum group with age, while no correlation between content and age was observed in the dietary restriction group. In the 8th and 12th months of the experimental period, the were in the dietary restriction group less than that of ad libitum group counterpart as much as 17% and 20o/c, respectively. For the cellular membrane stability of the kidney, no significant correlation with age was observed in either the dietary restriction group or the ad libitum group. However at the 12th month of the experiment, however, the stability in the dietary restriction group was 11 % higher than that in the ad libitum group. In conclusion, with these results obtained from the SAMP8 mouse model, we demonstrate that dietary restriction has the effects of anti-oxidation and anti-senescence in the kidney.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.119-147
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• 2017

Purpose In an online e-commerce environment without face-to-face contact between the seller and the buyer, the attitudes of consumers differ greatly depending on which framing strategy is applied, even in cases when the benefits of the deals represent the same value. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of price-framing and message-framing strategies on consumer attitudes through an experimental analysis in the context of online travel product purchasing. This study suggests a research model based on prospect theory and prior literature on price-framing and message-framing strategies. Design/methodology/approach The experiment was structured as a 2 (discount price presentation: 'Won' vs. '%') ${\times}$ 2 (discount level: low vs. high) ${\times}$ 2 (time-limit message: none vs. one) mixed design. The research hypotheses were tested in a study of 200 undergraduate and graduate students assigned randomly and distributed evenly to each of the eight cells. Findings The findings indicate that consumer attitudes become more favorable when the '%' discount, higher discount rate, and time-limit message are presented. However, no significant interaction effect is found between the discount price presentation and the discount level/time-limit message. This study has a theoretical implication in that it extends the scope of research by examining the influence of framing strategies on experience goods such as online travel products. Moreover, this study can provide managers with more specific guidelines when establishing framing strategies in the context of purchasing online travel products.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.36 no.2 s.141
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• pp.81-87
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• 2005

The effects of the DWP-04 [DDB:selenium yeast:glutathione (31.1 : 6.8 : 62.1 (w/w%)] on acetaminophen detoxification enzyme system were studied in rats. Treatment with DWP-04 was prevented againt acetaminophen-induiced hepatotoxicity in rat as evidenced by the decreased formation of lipid peroxide. Effect of DWP-04 on the activities of free radical-generating enzymes, free radical scavenging enzymes and glutathione-related enzymes as well as detoxification mechanism of DWP-04 against acetaminophen-treated was investigated in rat. Activities of cytochrome p450, cytochrome b5, aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase as free radical-generating enzymes activities were decreased by the treatment with DWP-04 against acetaminophen treated. Although acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity results in the significantly decrease in the level of hepatic glutathione and activities of glutathine S-transferase, quinone reductase, glutathione reductase and ${\gamma}-glutamyl-$cysteine synthetase, these decreasing effects were markedly lowered in the DWP-04-treated rat. Therefore, it was concluded that the mechanism for the observed preventive effect of DWP-04 against the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity was associated with the decreased activities in the free radical-generating enzyme system.