• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.458-464
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• 2016

Mulberry is considered a healthy food for antioxidants and many other beneficial nutrients. However, food safety concerns exist as this commodity scarcely passes through a sanitizing step due to the fragile nature of mulberry fruits. Fermented mulberry wort is one traditional way to utilize and preserve mulberries by mixing with sugars although hygienic practices are not often implemented. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fate of foodborne pathogens in fermented mulberry wort. Microbial population of inoculated E. coli in mulberry wort showed a decreasing pattern as the fermentation progressed. A quicker decrease was observed in the mulberry wort mixed with sugar at 1 to 0.8 ratio (w/w, mulberry: sugar) compared to 1 to 1 ratio, which could be due to the amount of acids generated during the fermentation process. When fully-fermented mulberry wort was contaminated with foodborne pathogens, they all decreased in population although their deceasing patterns varied depending on the species of tested bacteria. Steep deceases in population of inoculated foodborne pathogens were observed when the fermented wort was stored at $30^{\circ}C$ in comparisons to the other storage temperature, 5 and $20^{\circ}C$, regardless of bacterial species. This study necessitates the optimization of a sanitizing process during fermentation and storage of mulberry wort.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.320-332
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• 2003

This study evaluated the effect of the nutrition education about infant feeding on the change of mother's knowledge, attitude and practice of weaning. The subjects consisted of treatment group (n=54) and control group (n=34). The treatment group participated in 6 times nutrition education and 5 times surveys. Nutrition education for weaning of the treatment group improved nutrition knowledge, attitude and practice in infant feeding. Before education, mean scores of control group and treatment group were 7.3 and 7.5 respectively but there was no significant difference. Both group got low score in a statement about weaning period, but they got good score in a statement about weaning method. After education, treatment group got better score(9.1) than control group(8.3) significantly (p<0.05). Treatment group was more desirable than control group specially in a use of Sun-sik, sugar, salt and weaning food mixed with formula after education (p<0.05). Practice of spoon feeding was more frequent in treatment group after education, however, control group used sugar and commercial weaning food more frequently than treatment group(p<0.05). Intake frequency of cow's milk and cookies of infants at age 9-12 month in control group was higher than treatment groups(p<0.01). Thus the nutrition education to mother seems to be effective in achieving desirable dietary behavior of infants.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to confirm that effects of supplemental LED illumination on a strawberry yield and fruit quality when strawberry grown on a bottom bed to be deficient ambient light due to shading of a upper bed during cultivation by a two-bed bench system. A strawberry was cultivated as a drip irrigation system in the two-bed bench system filled with a strawberry exclusive media from October 2015 to January 2016. The upper and the bottom bed without LED illumination for growth of a strawberry were using as a control. For LED light treatments, from 10 am to 4 pm, we illuminated LEDs as $100{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ of light intensity by using blue, red, and mixing LED (blue plus red) on the strawberry plants of the bottom bed. In the yield of strawberry fruit, the strawberry grown on the bottom bed treated with the blue LED significantly increased compared with that of the bottom bed part control, and increased to by near 90% of the strawberry output of the upper bed part control. The soluble sugar content of strawberry fruit grown on the upper bed part control and on the bottom bed illuminated with blue or mixed LED was higher than that of red LED and the control of the bottom bed. The content of anthocyanin was the highest increased in the strawberry grown on the upper bed part control that received a lot of ambient light, however when comparing only the bottom bed, strawberry fruits grown on all LED treatments were higher than that of the control. Therefore, we considered that using of the blue LED light on the bottom bed of two-bed bench system during strawberry cultivation is advantageous for the increase of yield and improvement of fruit quality.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.469-476
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• 2008

Lactic acid fermentation of peach juice was carried out by using Lactobacillus plantarum KLAB21, a strain with a high level of antimutagenic activity, When the fermentation was carried out at 25, 30, 37 and $40^{\circ}C$, the highest level in the viable counts and acid production was obtained at $37^{\circ}C$. The sterilized peach juice showed a higher level of viable counts and acid production than the non-sterilized juice. And more viable counts and acid production were observed in the juice fermented by L. plantarum KLAB21 only than that obtained by a mixed culture of L. plantarum KLAB21 and Leuconostoc mesenteroides cells. When the lactic acid fermentation was performed for 5 days, the first 3 days of fermentation resulted in an increase of the viable counts from 8.2 to of 9.2 of log cfu/mL which is the highest level, as well as a decrease of the residual reducing sugar content from 5.6 to 0.1 % Decrease in the viable counts and m significant changes in the residual reducing sugar content were observed for further fermentation up to 5 days. However, the titratable acid content increased and the pH value decreased during the fermentation for 5 days to reach the highest titratable acid content (1,98%) and the lowest pH value (3.14) after 5 days of fermentation. HPLC analysis of the organic acids showed 1,236 mg% of lactic acid and 841 mg% of galacturonic acid contents in the fermented juice which were not detected in the fresh juice before fermentation. Antimutagenic effects of $100\;{\mu}L$ of the fermented peach juice supernatant were shown to be 97.7% against MNNG(N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine), and 58.3% against NPD(4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium TA100.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.477-482
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• 2008

The quality characteristics of Goami by-product under the mixed enzyme treatment condition of $\alpha$-amylase and cellulase have been compared, and found the highest amount of soluble solids and reducing sugars at the $\alpha$-amylase treated group (A), and the contents revealed to show gradual decrease with the increase of cellulase content. The amounts of total dietary fiber and total sugars did not show large difference by both of enzyme concentration. The result of sugar analysis revealed the presence of all $G{\sim}G5$ in all treatment groups, and the content of malto-oligosaccharide recorded the highest content of 2,200 mg% at the $\alpha$-amylase treatment group (A). When the quality characteristic of the hydrolyzed powders manufactured by the optimum hydrolysis condition was compared, no significant color difference was found between samples. Among the contents of dietary fibers, insoluble dietary fiber was found to present in the lowest content of 6.95% at the Goami flour (GF) and the Goami by-product powder (GBPP) and Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) resulted the similar content around 14% and the highest soluble dietary fibers content was found in Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP), which was followed by in the order of Goami by-product powder (GBPP) and Goami flour (GF), but the content variation was not large. The free amino acid was found to be highest in Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) followed by in the order of Goami by-product powder (GBPP) and Goami flour (GF). In the sugar analysis, the Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) was found with all $G{\sim}G5$ sugars by showing the highest amount of 1,800 mg% At the Goami by-product powder (GBPP), $G{\sim}G2$ sugars were detected with about 66 mg% and malto-oligosaccharides were not detected at the Goami flour (GF). Based upon the results, the functionality of Goami by-product hydrolysate powder (GBPHP) was found to be enforced compared to Goami flour (GF) and Goami by-product powder (GBPP), which allow us to expect it to be used as the various rice processing food source.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.215-221
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• 2022

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of rye according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilize r(CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% + LSM 0% (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T3), and CF 0% + LSM 100% (T4) of rye. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on nitrogen. Plant length did not show significant differences among treatments. Ear length, leaf length and leaf width were the longest in C, T3, and T2, respectively (p<0.05). The stem diameter showed in the order of T4 > T3 > T2 > T1 > C, which was thicker as the LSM application rate increased (p<0.05). Fresh, dry matter and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield were the highest in T4 (p<0.05), whereas the lowest in C treatment. Crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and crude fiber content were did not show significant difference among treatments. However, compared to C, crude fat and crude ash were significantly higher in T2 and T3, respectively (p<0.05). Total mineral content decreased significantly as the LSM application rate increased (p<0.05). Total free sugar showed high in T3 and T4 with a high LSM ratio, but showed significantly lower in chemical fertilizer treatment (C) and low LSM treatment (T1) (p<0.05). The analysis of all the above results suggests that the application of LSM is very effective, considering the dry matter yield and the contents of free sugar. In addition, LSM may be possible to grow rye without chemical fertilizer.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 2023

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics, yield and chemical compositions of whole crop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) according to mixing ratio of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) in the paddy field cultivation. The experimental design was arranged in a randomized block design with five treatments and three replications. The manure fertilizer ratio of five treatments were CF 100% (T1), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T2), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T3), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T4), and LSM 100% (T5) of whole crop barley. At this time, the application of liquid swine manure was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length was higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). Fresh yield, dry matter yield and total digestive nutrients (TDN) yield were the highest in T1, whereas the lowest in T5 treatment (p<0.05). Chemical compositions (crude protein, crude fat, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and TDN) did not show significant difference among treatments. Ca and Na contents were significantly lower at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). However, Mg and P contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in total free sugar content among T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the chemical fertilizer (T1) was significantly lower than the other treatments (p<0.01). Considering the above results, liquid swine manure application showed lower dry matter yield and TDN yield than chemical fertilizer, but higher free sugar content. Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of whole crop barley, it is considered desirable to mix liquid fertilizer with chemical fertilizer, taking into account the decomposition rate and insufficient components (P, K) of the liquid swine manure.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 1995

A study was conducted to investigate the effect of different inclusion levels of urea treated whole-crop wheat silage (UWCWS) in grass silage based rations on the performance of growing beef cattle. The winter wheat (variety, Riband) was harvested (in the summer of 1991) at a dry matter proportion of 520 g/kg and treated with feed grade urea at the rate of 37 kg/tonne crop dry matter and preserved in a heavy duty plastic bag using a silo press. The urea treated whole crop wheat silage (UWCWS) was mixed with grass silage to replace 0.00 (S100), 0.33 (S33) and 0.67 (S67) parts of the forage dry matter and fed ad libitum in a cross over design to 18 Simmental X Holstein Friesian growing beef animals. Two energy sources {one high in starch, rolled barley (RB) and one high in digestible fibre, sugar beet pulp (SBP)} were fed to supply sufficient energy for the efficient use of nitrogen by the rumen micro-organisms. The data on DMIF (dry matter intake of forage), TDMI (total dry matter intake), DLWG (daily live weight gain), FCR (feed conversion ratio) were recorded and faecal samples were collected to determine the digestibility coefficients. Results revealed that with the inclusion of UWCW in the animals' diets the DMI of the forage was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The highest DMIF was found in the treatment "S33" ($6.28{\pm}0.25kg$) where 67% of the silage dry matter was replaced with the UWCW and the lowest value for DMIF was observed in the control treatment ($5.03{\pm}0.23kg$). The DLWG did not differ significantly between the treatments. However, treatment "S100" showed a trend towards a superior DLWG. Feed conversion ratio in the control treatment differed significantly from "S67" and "S33". The addition of the UWCW in the animals' diet resulted in the lower FCR There was no effect of type of energy supplement on any aspect of performance either overall or in interaction with grass silage: UWCWS ratio. The regression and correlation coefficients for DMIF (r = 5.22 + 0.0184x*), DLWG (r = $1.04-0.00086x^{NS}$) and FCR (r = 4.78 = 0.022x*) on the inclusion of UWCW in the diet were calculated. The effect of the inclusion of UWCW on the overall digestibility coefficients was significant (p < 0.05). The addition of the UWCWS in the diet decreased the digestibility of the DM, OM, ADF and NFE but effect on the protein digestibility was non significant. The results of present study suggests that a DLWG slightly over 1 kg can be achieved with UWCW during the store period (period in which animal performance targets are low especially during winter) and the prediction of ME was overestimated as the high intake of DM did not reflect in improved animal performance.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 1997

Korean society is a mix of western and traditional cultures. Even though the patients try to recover through both aspects, hospital only utilizes a western approachs. When they have suffered from a chronic disease, especially diabeties meliitus(DM), application of folk medicine is more varied but the nurses are unaware of the practices. This study was done to describe the current use of the folk medicine with which the patients with DM have had an experience and to identify the relationships between the westernized medical care and folk medicine application. The 244 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes millitus who participated were interviewed at a DM education clinic in a 1500-bed hospital. The results of the study are as follows: 1. 54.1%(N=133) of the participated patients in this study have had a folk medicine. 2. 44 kinds of folk medicine were used for the treatment of DM. Among them 14 items were used by more than two people and the rest were used by one person. Among the used items, 70.4% consisted of various types of plants, 11.4% was animal material and 18. 2% was the mixed group. As a single item, Commelina Communis(Dalgaebi) was the most frequently used(62.8%), followed by the root of Rosa rugosa(Haedangwha) 14.3%, and Youngi mushroom 13.6%. 3. In the analysis of the relationships between the general characters of the patients with regular fol1ow-up(F-U), self blood sugar test(BST) and folk medicine usage: 1) The higher the educational back ground patient had, the lower the folk medicine usage was ($X^2$=14.265, P=.003). 2) The more complex their treatment was($X^2$=24. 016. P=.000). and the longer they had suffered from DM($X^2$=75.739, P=.000), the fewer they visited regular F-U. On the other hand, they did self-BST well($X^2$=7.722, P=.021 : $X^2$=14. 775, P=.002) and had more folk medicine($X^2$=33.382, P=.000 ; $X^2$=43.410, P=.000). 3) If they had suffered many symptoms, they had fewer regular F-U ($X^2$=13.192. P=.001). On the other hand, they had more folk medicine($X^2$=6.070, P=.048). 4) The group of family history($X^2$=6.801. P=.009) and the group of DM education experience($X^2$=15.678, P=.000) carried out self BST well. DM education group used more folk medicine($X^2$=8.680, P=.003). In conclusion, DM education should be grouped according to the treatment type and suffering period. Then the management of DM would be effective and the vague application of folk medicine would be decreased.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.572-577
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of binding agents on the physicochemical characteristics of granule prepared by Lentinus edodes. The mushroom powder was mixed with com starch, lactose, gelatin, gum arabic, or dextrin(DE=23), and the mixtures were passed to granule sieve. Solubility of granule was in the following order, gum arabic>gelatin>lactose, dextrin>corn starch. L value was in the following order, com starch, lactose>gelatin, gum arabic, dextrin. a value and pH were not affected by the binding agents. b value was in following order, lactose, corn starch>gelatin, gum arabic>dextrin. Viscosity was in the following order, gelatin, corn starch>gum arabic, dextrin>lactose. Water absorption was in the following order, gelatin>lactose>corn starch>dextrin>gum arabic. Sugar content was in the following order, gum arabic>lactose, dextrin>corn starch, gelatin. Protein content was the highest in granule formed with gelatin. These results suggested that gum arabic can be utilized for improving solubility and lowering absorption of Lentinus edodes granule as binding agent.