• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.588-598
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• 2017

Currently, bioethanol, a fuel additive for transportation, is produced mainly by using biomass (first generation) such as corn and sugar canes. First generation biomass can cause various problems in terms of increase in agricultural prices and ethical reasons. To address these problems, a nonedible lignocellulosic biomass can be utilized. Agricultural byproducts such as straw, bagasse, and forest byproducts from the wood processing industry. Therefore, production of wood based bioethanol can be an effective utilization route of second generation biomass, and its raw materials are more abundant than first generation resources. Furthermore, it is possible to secure cheap raw materials. One of the biggest advantages of using biofuels is that it contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases by minimizing the environmental impact, unlike fossil fuels. In this study, we investigated the greenhouse gas reduction effects that can be achieved through the use of Lignocellulosic bioethanol and government policies on renewable energy currently being implemented in ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines). In these four countries, policies and incentives related to biofuels have been developed. It is expected that the reduction ratio of carbon dioxide emission and the mixed biofuel will be gradually increased in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 2008

The Streptomyces padanus isolate TH04, isolated from mummified peaches, showed strong antifungal activity to Monilinia fructicola. The inhibition activity of the isolate TH04 to mycelial growth and spore germination at 1% concentration of sub-antifungal powder made from culture suspension (CS) was ranged from 79.8% to 81.0% and from 73.9% to 75.8% to M. fructicola four strains, respectively. In the test of antifungal activity in mixed culture of the isolate and M. fructicola, inhibition rate was 7.5%, 86.8% and 94.0% in 0.01, 0.1, and 1% concentration of CS containing bacterial cell of the isolate, respectively. On apples (cultivar; Fuji), the control values of the isolate TH04 crude filtrates (0.1 and 1%) were 85.9% and 100%, respectively. The results suggest that the isolate TH04 indicate development possibility as biocontrol agent of brown rot caused by M. fructicola with the study on delivery method and fermentation condition to produce an antifungal compound.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1993

To compare ecological succession stage between 1987 and 1992, this study was executed in Mt. Puk'an. 26 sample plots of 500$m^2$ were set up. The results were summarized as follows; 1. To analysis plant community structure, the classification by TWINSPAN and CCA, DCA and RA ordination were applied to the study area. That of Mt. Puk'an was divided 4 groups by altitude. The dividing groups are Robinia pseudo-acacia-Quercus spp. community, mixed forest community, Q. serrata community, and Q. mongolica community. The successional trends of tree species over 500m seem to be from Pinus densiflora to Q. mongolica and below 500m in altitude seem to be from Robinia pseudo-acacia through Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Prunus sargentii, Sorbus alnifolia to Q. serrata in the canopy layer. In the case of understory and shrub layer, the successional trends to be from Corylus sieboldiana, Zanthoxylum schinifolium through Rhus trichocarpa, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii to Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. 2. In comparing successional trends with 1987', the advanced data was not obtained in 1992. It was postulated that succession is not progressed by human disturbance and air pollution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.38-59
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• 2008

This research has a meaning to provide basic data for eco-friendly way of district unit plans and ecological landscape planning by evaluation of biotope preservation value at the level of district unit and designating land development of the site, the whole area of Sinseo-dong (Dong-gu, Daegu metropolitan city) for research site. The summary of analysis result is as follows. As a result of classification of biotope types on the research site, it is divided into 11 biotope groups such as a residential biotope group and 51 specific biotope types which is subordinate to the groups. As a result of the first value assessment on classified biotope types, there are 16 types of natural rivers which is full of vegetation as a I class. Also it is analysed as 9 types of IIclass, 14 of IIIclass, 8 of IVclass, and 4 of Vclass. In particular, in light of a wildlife habitat, EB, in case of broad-leaved tree of mixed forest assessed as a II class, was classified into Iclass which is one-step upgraded as a final class with the analysis as there is a structural characteristic (more than 71% of low density, 50 years of age-class). As a result of second assessment, it is analysed that there are 17 special sites (1a,1b) and 33 special sites (2a, 2b, 2c) respectively for preservation of species and biotope. Particularly, in case of the No. 27 space, it was assessed that it has the value of about medium (IIIclass) level, but its value was upgraded with the on-spot detailed investigation that most of Aristolochia contorta, designated as a rare plant by Ministry of Environment, is growing. It is regarded that the above-mentioned research result on evaluation of biotope preservation value is expected to provide very important basic materials for future district unit plans and smooth integration with landscape ecology plans and eco-friendly space development.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.199-213
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• 2016

This study aimed to analyze the vegetation characteristics of the coastal forests and to figure out if there is possibilities to develop the forests into mixed stand multistory forests and to suggest some sound management practices. The vegetat- ion structure and flora of four sites; Kijipo, Chunjangdae, Janghang and Kusipo in the west coastal forests in Korea were investigated and analyzed in the present study. In the every site, Pinus thunbergii was dominating the tree layer in the forests. And P. densiflora, Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii var. sargentii, Q. acutissima and Castanea crenata were dominating the subtree layers in some sites. P. thunbergii stands in four sites would maintain for a while since the populat- ion density of middle aged group is higher than those of young and old groups. According to the geographical location conditions, there is a possibility that the coastal forests in Kusipo site would progress into oak tree stands in the long run. The biodiversity was quite high to have 205 taxa in the study sites. To induce the coastal forests into multistory forests, P. thunbergii stands need to be thinned. And then creating the environment including making some pathways and site usage rest-riction is needed to let new diverse plants could come in and grow for a success-ful multistory forests.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.368-376
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• 2013

The optimal condition for Morus alba cv was an MS culture medium at $27^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. Cheongmoknosang callus showed inhibitory activity against Helicobacter pylori at 1.05 g of wet weight of the cultured callus. The callus formation of Morus alba cv. Cheongmoknosang was influenced by naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and kinetin at concentrations of 2 mg/l. The growth rate of callus was higher than it was when these hormones were mixed with a single hormone. Thus, the optimal condition for direct callogenesis was to incubate with mixture (2,4-D/NAA) of 2 mg/l concentration at $27^{\circ}C$ for 20 days. Moreover, the optimal culture condition of the biomass in the mass production of inhibitory compounds against Helicobacter pylori from Morus alba cv. Cheongmoknosang callus was to incubate in an MS broth (each concentration 1 mg/l of 2,4-D and BA). When Morus alba cv. Cheongmoknosang callus were incubated for 20 days in a bioreactor, Helicobacter pylori inhibition of callus extracts was the highest at a clear zone of 16 mm.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2005

To investigate the vegetation structure of the region from Dongchanggyo to Deogjusa in Woraksan National Park, 23 plots$(400m^2)$ set up with random sampling method were surveyed. Three groups Quercus mongolica-pinus densiflora community, Pinus densiflora-Quercus molica community, Mixed Broad-leaved community were classified by cluster analysis. Quercus mongolica, pinus densiflora, Quercus serrata and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai were found as a major woody plant species in Woraksan National Park region. In this area, Quercus mongolica and Pinus densiflora were dominated partially. In the future, the importance percentage of Pinus densiflora might be decreased, but those of Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai might be increased. High positive correlations were proved between Acer pic tum and Corylus heterophylla, Betula schimidtii; Acer pseudosieboldianum, Cornus controversa ; Stephanandra incisa and Symplocos sawafutagi, Lespedeza maximowixzii ; Symplocos sawafutagi and Fraxinus rhynchophyllai, Lespedeza maximowixzii; Fraxinus rhynchophyllai and Acer pseudosieboldianum, Lespedeza maximowixzii; Quercus variabilis and Fraxinus sieboldiana; Corylus heterophylla, and Rhododendron schlippenbachii; Acer pseudo sieboldianum and Lespedeza maximowixzii, and relatively high negative corrlations was proved between Quercus serrata and Betula schimidtii; Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata; Corylus heterophylla and Lindera erythrocarpa. Species diversity(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.2393\~1.3674$ and it was relatively high compared to those of the ridge area of other national parks.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.573-582
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• 2008

We report a newly found natural habitat of Abeliophyllum distichum in mountainous slope range of Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk Province. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is one of the Korean monotypic endemic species. Natural growth habitats of this species have been recorded from seven sites up to now, and all of the natural habitats are located in middle (Chungbuk Prov.) and middle west (Jeonbuk Prov.) parts of South Korea. Among the previously recorded seven natural habitats, six sites have been designated as Korean national monuments and protected with in situ conservation. New natural habitat of A. distichum is located on northwest slope of stiff hillock area beside the small stream, Seolgye-ri, Yeongdong-eup, Yeongdong-gun, Chungbuk Province. Total growing area is nearly $3,000 m^2$. It is 10-25 cm in soil depth and pH 5.0-6.5 in soil acidity in that area. And many of A. distichum are clustered with 2-5 individuals extended by stoloniferous asexual reproduction. And the total numbers of A. distichum are about 700 individuals with only typical white flowers, and the ratio between pin type and thrum type is 37% and 63%, respectively. The huge population of A. distichum is growing with Quercus mongolica-Fraxinus rhynchophylla association in a mixed forest, and it shows high affinity with Stephanandra incisa, Ligustrum obtusifolium, Euonymus alatus for. ciliatodentatus, and Smilax sieboldi.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.223-239
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• 2005

The vascular plants collected from Dongwol Valley in Mt. Gyeryongsan, national park were composed of all 248 taxa including cultivated species, and classified into 1 phylum, 4 classes, 3 subclasses, 34 orders, 84 families, 178 species, 33 varieties and 4 forms. As compared the flora of the commonly distributing species of this region with those of the southern part, the middle part, the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, Jeju-do Island and Ulreung-do Island, the proportion of them were $90.3\%,\;98.0\%,\;79.0\%,\;73.8\%$ and $62.1\%$, respectively. One taxon of the plants distributed only in the southern part, 3 taxa of those in the middle part, 5 taxa of those in the middle-northern part and 23 taxa of those in the middle-southern part were found in this Valley. Natural resource plants were categorized into edible 118 taxa, medicinal 78 taxa, industrial 46 taxa, ornamental 39 taxa, timber 14 taxa and fiber 9 taxa. Four taxa of the Korean endemic plants are distributed in Dongwol Valley. The vegetation of the valley is Quercus and Rhododendron mixed forest, and it belongs to the boundary between the middle part and the southern part in the floral zone of the Korean Peninsula.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.18-27
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• 2020

Chemical experiment KS F 2545 and Physical experiment ASTM C 1260 has been accomplished to estimate the potential of alkali aggregate. Used for testing aggregate samples are forest aggregate and recycled aggregate which collected in Gangwon province Samcheok and Pyeongchang, Jeollabuk province Gimje and Kochang, and Gyeongsangnam province Goryeong. As the results of chemical experiment confirmed that if silicate rock and carbonate rock are mixed, reduction in alkalinity is increase. So it has been identified that case makes a disturb at the result of alkali aggregate reaction. In 9 out of the 62 aggregate samples check dissolved silica exceeding 100 mmol/ℓ. and mortar bar length increase rate confirmed that 5 of 9 chemical method aggregates were 0.1~0.2% and 2 aggregates were 0.2%. As a result of the alkaline aggregate reaction test using the chemical method and the mortar bar method, the aggregates showing alkali aggregate reaction are sandstone and tuff aggregates. Therefore, Alkali aggregate reaction tests are required to use clastic sedimentary rocks and volcanic pyroclastic rocks aggregates.