• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.510-517
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• 2015

Miscanthus has been considered as the most promising bioenergy crop for lignocellulosic biomass production. In Korea, M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis can be found easily in all regions. It is a great advantage to utilize as important species with respect to genetic and cross-breeding programs materials for creation of novel hybrids. For successful breeding programs, it is important to precisely understand the variability of flowering traits among Miscanthus species as breeding parents materials. In this study, flowering traits were observed daily in 960 germplasms of two Miscanthus species (M. sacchariflorus and M. sinensis) for growing seasons over 2 years. The flowering process was divided into three stages. ST (sprouting time) was recorded when first leaf of the plant emerged on soil. FS1 (flowering stage 1) and FS2 (flowering stage 2) were recorded when flag leaf was firstly observed, and 1 cm of panicle was showing on at least one stem, respectively. For 2013 and 2014, the latest germplasms exerted flag leaf, i.e. September 30 (DOY of FS1 164.1) and September 4 (DOY of FS1 141.0) occurred M. sacchariflorus cv. Geodae 1 and M. sacchariflorus cv. Uram collected from Southern Korea (Jeollanam-do), while Miscanthus germplasms collected from northern Korea (Gyeonggi-do) which emerged the earliest flag leaf in July and August, significantly decreased DOY. For DOY from ST to FS2, M. sacchriflorus germplasms ranged from 140 to 190 days, and 110 to 170 days for 2013 and 2014. The highest frequency showed to 160 days for 2013, and 150 days for 2014. In M. sinensis germplasms, the highest frequency showed to 180 days for 2013, and 170 days for 2014. In the results of correlation between the day of years from ST to FS2 for 2013 and 2014, M. sacchriflorus and M. sinensis showed high coefficient of correlation (0.70 and 0.89). It can be supposed that flowering characteristics of Miscanthus are largely affected by the unique phenotypic characteristic of native habitat than environmental factors of the current planted site. This study for flowering traits of Miscanthus may provides an important information in order to expedite the introduction as breeding materials for creation of new hybrid.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.61-67
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• 2019

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the salt tolerance of the Miscanthus sinensis and to characterize the content of pigments in the leachate in relation to calcium chloride ($CaCl_2$) deicing salt. Miscanthus sinensis were cultured at five different concentrations of calcium chloride deicing salt, 0, 1, 2, 5, and $10g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (referred to Cont. C1, C2, C5, and C10) for four months. The salt tolerance and leachate while growing Miscanthus sinensis on soil which was artificially contaminated by calcium chloride deicing salt. Soil chemical properties (pH, E.C., $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, and $Mg^{2+}$) and plant growth parameters (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoot dry weight, an root dry weight) were evaluated. Soil pH decreased, while electrical conductivity significantly decreased ($p{\leq}0.05$) with a higher concentration of deicing salt $0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (Cont.). The increase in the concentration of chloride-based exchangeable cations, along with the increase in the deicing salt treatments, were observed in $Ca^{2+}$ > $Na^+$ > $K^+$ > $Mg^{2+}$. Notably the $Ca^{2+}$ exchangeable cations were 83~90% higher than the others. The growth of Miscanthus sinensis significantly increased ($p{\leq}0.05$) with the concentration of deicing salt higher than $1g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (C1) when compared to 0 g/L (Cont.), except for the $10g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ (C10) treatment. The results determined that the contamination of soil by deicing salt could negatively impact the soil and Miscanthus sinensis was a tolerant species for the deicing salts. Further research will be focused on soil improvement additives and the stable stimulated plant growth of Miscanthus sinensis and a formulation on that basis for the soil-plant continuum.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.253-260
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• 2014

Purpose: This study investigated the harvesting properties of the giant miscanthus (Miscanthus ${\times}$ giganteus) to measure the required mowing power for different stem conditioning methods in order to shorten the drying time after mowing and the bale density so that the crop can be used as biomass in the winter season. Methods: The required mowing power and bale density were measured using a power measurement device, three different mower-conditioners, and a mid-sized round baler under different working speeds and conditioning methods. Results: For the various mower-conditioners, the average stem length from mowing was 0.86-0.91 m, and the available working speed was 1.6 m/s. The steel roller-type mower-conditioner showed better stem conditioning but could not mow over a working speed of 1.6 m/s. The required average power of the mower-conditioners varied from 23.8 kW for the steel roller-type rotary disk mower-conditioner with a working width of 2.4 m to 37.2 kW for the flail-type rotary disk mower-conditioner with a working width of 3.2 m at a working speed of 1.6 m/s. The bale densities were $155.8-172.2kg/m^3$. The highest bale density was measured for stems with no conditioning and a moisture content of 11.3% (d.b.) mowed by the rotary disk mower. The bale density was affected by the mowing method because of the low moisture content of the miscanthus stems. Conclusions: In terms of the working performance and conditioning statue, the steel roller-type mower-conditioner is a better choice at a working width of 2.4 m, while the flail finger-type mower-conditioner is better at a working width of 3.2 m. The type of mower-conditioner used for giant miscanthus harvesting should be determined by considering the harvest area, workable period, and working performance of a mower-conditioner and baler during the winter.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.2 s.107
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• pp.255-262
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• 2004

Growth patterns after the cutting and burning of Miscanthus sacchariflorus community were analyzed in the Woopo Wetland. Three replicates of 5 ${\times}$ 5 m plot of control, burning, and cutting treatments were established in April 2003 and changes of growth pattern were monitored by August 2003. In the control, burning, and cutting plots, a total of 7 families and 8 species, 14 families and 18 species, 6 families and 8species were observed respectively. Burning plot showed high diversity of flora. However, high diversity declined after July and all plots showed a similar species diversity. Vine plant, Humulus japonicus, dominated in the burning plots. Change of shoot density was highest in the early period in the burning plots (176/$m^2$) and shoot density in early May was almost double of the control and cutting plots. Toward to the end of active growth period (August), shoot density in cutting plot (170 ${\pm}\;7/m^2$)was higher than that of burning plots (141 ${\pm}\;9/m^2$). Shoot length of the cutting, burning, and control plot was 205 ${\pm}$ 15 cm, 190 ${\pm}$ 17 cm, and 187 ${\pm}$ 6 cm (n> 100) respectively. Above- ground biomass of cutting plots was higher than that of burning and control plots. Above- ground biomass of cutting plot was 1.6 times higher than the control while burning plot showed 1.4 times. This study indicted that cutting of Miscanthus sacchariflorus community increase shoot density development, length growth, and above- ground biomass.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.230-235
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• 2016

Miscanthus are perennial rhizomatous grasses and considered as an ideal cellulosic bioenergy crop. Recently, it was reported that Miscanthus was damaged by the larvae of rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis Walker, one of the most destructive pests of rice in Korea since the 1960s. This study was thus conducted to evaluate the insecticidal effects against rice stem borer in the Miscanthus cultivation fields for two years. The experiment consisted of four chemical agent plots, one environment-friendly agent plot, and untreated plot. Untreated plot showed significantly high damage of 50%, while Buprofezin Tebufenozide and Carbosulfan Methoxyfenozide treatment plots showed low damage rate of 2% with low larvae density of 1 and $2.3larvae\;m^{-2}$, respectively. Damage rates of Tebufenozide, ChlorantraniliproleIndoxacarb, and environment-friendly agent(MatrineWood vinegar solution) were 15, 26, and 18%, respectively, which were lower than that of untreated plot but higher than those of Buprofezin Tebufenozide and Carbosulfan Methoxyfenozide. In conclusion, rice insecticides were effective against rice stem borer in Miscanthus field. In particular, the treatments with Buprofezin Tebufenozide and Carbosulfan Methoxyfenozide showed excellent control effects with control value of 93.3 and 95.2. However, further studies with different types of insecticides should be carried out for the selection of insecticides with more effective control of rice stem borer.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.390-398
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• 2018

Miscanthus is a perennial energy plant that reproduces via rhizomes and has C4 metabolism. The flowering pattern of a wild type M. sacchariflorus (WTM) is affected by environmental conditions such as photoperiod and soil water status. Geodae-Uksae 1 (Geodea), which is a new M. sacchariflorus cultivar, has a lower heading rate than WMS; however the mechanism with why this happens is unknown. To confirm the effects of drought or waterlogging stresses on the growth of WTM and Geodea at the reproductive stage, we investigated variations in morphological characteristics and nutrient contents of the two Miscanthus species after four months of three water treatments. Morphological traits of the two Miscanthus species under the drought condition were similar to those under the control condition. But, the height of Geodea increased by 30% in response to the waterlogging stress. In WTM, the heading rate under the drought condition was lowest, while there was no significant difference between the waterlogging and control conditions. In the two Miscanthus species, nutrient contents, such as sucrose, total N, $P_2O_5$, K and Mg, were the highest under the drought condition, wherea Ca and Mg contents under the waterlogging condition were more than three times lower than those under the drought condition. The current study results showed that drought stress accelerated senescence and then inhibited nutrient mobilization in WTM, while waterlogging stress promoted the growth. This study is the first report to confirm that waterlogging stress promotes flowering of M. sacchariflorus.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2016

Climate changes are shifting the perception of C4 photosynthetic crops due to their superior adaptability to harsh conditions. The tribe Andropogoneae includes some economically important grasses, such as Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Miscanthus spp., and Saccharum spp., representing C4 photosynthetic grasses. Although the Andropogoneae grasses diverged fairly recently, their genomic structures are remarkably different from each other. As previously reported, the family Poaceae shares the pan-cereal duplication event occurring ca. 65 MYA. Since this event, Sorghum bicolor has never experienced any additional duplication event. However, some lineage-specific duplication events were reported in Z. mays and Saccharum spp., and, more recently, it was revealed that a shared allotetraploidization event occurred before the divergence between Miscanthus and Saccharum (but after the divergence from S. bicolor), which provided important clues to those two species having large genome sizes with complicated ploidy numbers. The complex genomic structures of sugarcane and Miscanthus (defined as the Saccharum complex along with some other taxa) have had a limiting effect on the use of their molecular information in breeding programs. For the last decade, genomics-associated technologies have become an important tool for molecular crop breeding (genomics-assisted breeding, GAB), but it has not been directly applied to sugarcane and Miscanthus due to their complicated genome structures. As genomics research advances, molecular breeding of those crops can take advantage of technical improvements at a reasonable cost through comparative genomic approaches. Active genomic research of non-model species using closely related model species will facilitate the improvement of those crops in the future.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.179.1-179.1
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• 2011

Pretreatment of cellulosic biomass is necessary before enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of combined aqueous ammonia-dilute sulfuric acid treatment on cellulosic biomass. Miscanthus was pretreated using aqueous ammonia and dilute sulfuric acid solution under high temperature and pressure conditions to be converted into bioethanol. Aqueous ammonia treatment was performed with 15 %(w/w) ammonia solution at $150^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 20 minutes of reaction time. And then, dilute sulfuric acid treatment was performed with 1.0 %(w/w) sulfuric acid solution at $150^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature and 10 minutes of reaction time. The compositional variations of this combined aqueous ammonia-dilute sulfuric acid treatment resulted in 68.0 % of cellulose recovery and 95.7 % of hemicellulose, 81.3 % of lignin, 89.1 % of ash removal respectively. The enzymatic digestibility of 90.5 % was recorded in the combined pretreated Miscanthus sample and it was 14.7 times higher than the untreated sample. The ethanol yield in the Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation was 90.4 % of maximum theoretical yield based on cellulose content of the combined pretreated sample and it was about 98 % compared to the ${\alpha}$-cellulose ethanol yield.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.56-63
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• 2010

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was prepared from Miscanthus in this study. Two pulping methods, soda pulping and alkaline sulfite pulping were applied as a pretreatment process. After pulping, two different bleaching processes such as $ClO_2$ treatment followed by $H_2O_2$ treatment and $O_3$ treatment followed by $H_2O_2$ treatment were carried out. Two concentration of $H_2SO_4$, 47% and 57% were applied to the purified Miscanthus cellulose as a acid hydrolysis process to make MCC. The crystallinity index and morphological properties of the produced MCC were evaluated with X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscopy. The MCC originated from the soda pulping sample showed the higher crystallinity index than that originated from the alkaline sulfite pulping sample. The two stages of treatmen twith $O_3$ and $H_2O_2$ resulted in the higher purified cellulose products.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.84-84
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• 2018

참억새(Miscanthus sienesis)는 화본목 벼과 억새속에 속한 다년생 단자엽식물로 동아시아와 오세아니아 동쪽 해역에 자생하고 있으며, 국내에서는 관상가치가 높아 정원용이나 조경용 소재로 이용되고 있는 대표적인 산림식물이다. 억새속(Miscanthus)은 물억새(M. sachariflorus), 참억새(M. sinensis), 억새아재비(M. longiberbis), 장억새(M. changii)로 분류하고 있으며, 이는 종을 구분하는 화기구조가 작고, 변이가 다양하기 때문이다. 그 중 참억새는 이러한 변이를 이용하여 다양한 초장과 엽 무늬를 가진 재배품종이 많이 개발되었으며, 내한성 또한 강해 정원용 관상식물로서의 가치가 높이 평가되고 있다(Lewandowsik et al, 1964). 지금까지 참억새 재배품종은 엽 무늬를 중심으로 개발되어 품종간 높은 유사성을 가지고 있어 구별하는데 어려움이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 참억새 품종개발시 기존품종과의 차이를 구별할 수 있는 기준을 제시하고자 기존 참억새 재배품종들에 대해 형태적 특성을 조사 분석하여 고찰해 보았다. 조사결과 가로무늬를 가진 'Strictus'와 'Zebrinus' 품종은 형태적으로 매우 유사하였으나 전체적인 모습에서 'Zebrinus'가 'Strictus' 품종에 비해 잎의 끝부분이 늘어지는 정도가 커 처진 특성을 나타내었다. 또한, 세로무늬를 가진 'Cosmopolitan'과 'Carbaret' 품종의 경우 초장 및 엽신의 길이가 유사하였으나 엽 무늬 위치에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 엽 폭이 좁은 세엽종인 'Morning Light'와 'Little Kitten' 품종은 형태적 차이는 없지만 가장자리 엽 무늬 유무로 구분이 가능하였다. 반면에 'Adagio'와 'Little Kitten, 품종은 형태적으로 매우 유사하여 좀 더 세밀한 조사가 필요할 것으로 보인다. 앞으로 더 많은 참억새 재배품종의 형태적 특성을 조사한 자료를 이용한다면 신품종 개발시 기존 재배품종과의 차이를 비교하는데 효율적으로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.