• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.629-636
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• 2012

Ginsenosides, ginseng saponin, are the principal components responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. In order to improve absorption and biological activities, the biotransformation of major ginsenoside to minor ginsenoside, as the more active compound, is required. In this study, we isolated Lactobacillus brevis THK-D57, which has high ${\beta}$-glycosidase activity, from Kimchi. The major ginsenoside Rb1 was converted to the minor ginsenoside 'compound K' during the fermentation of L. brevis THK-D57. The results propose that the biotransformation pathway to produce compound K is as follows: ginsenoside $Rb_1{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ $Rd{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ $F_2{\rightarrow}ginsenoside$ compound K.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.559-561
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• 1996

A minor cytotoxic compound was isolated by bioassay-guided fractionation from Asiasari Radix and identified as aristolactam III(1) on the basis of spectral data and chemical evidence. This is the first report on the isolation of compound 1 from Asiasarum genus. Compound 1 exhibited a significant cytotoxic activity against the three kinds of human cancer cell lines (A 549, SK-MEL-2 and SK-OV-3).

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.327-330
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• 2003

We analyzed and compared profiles of flavonols extracted from leaves and exocarps of the grape Kyoho by TLC, HPLC and UV spectrophotometry. In the exocarps, quercetin 3-O-glucoside was the main compound while isorhamnetin 3-O-glycoside (I) was present in minor amounts. In leaves, on the other hand, quercetin 3-O-glucoside and quercetin 3-O-glucoside-7-O-glucronide were the major compounds while isorhamnetin 3-O-glycoside (II) and kaempferol 3, 7-O-diglycoside were present in minor amounts.

• 약학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2001

Ginsenoside Rh$_2$, a minor glycoside constituent of the red ginseng is known as an unique antitumor compound. Several attempts to prepare it in a large scale including semisynthesis from betulafolientriol, an 3-epimer of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, has been reported. We have previously reported a synthesis of ginsenoside Rh$_2$from 20(S)-protopanaxadiol obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of total ginsenoside. The regioselective synthesis of this compound was achieved by protection of 12-OH group.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 추계학술발표회
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• pp.20-20
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• 2010

Panax ginseng C.A Meyer is frequently taken orally as a traditional herbal medicine in Asian countries. The major components of ginseng are ginsenoside, which are pharmaceutical activity. The six major ginsenosides, including Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re and Rg1 account for 90% of total ginsenosides. Even though the minor ginsenosides, including Rg3, Rh2 and compound K has high pharmacetical activities, the price of minor ginsenosides is too high. Therefore we isolated the gypenoside V and made it converted to minor ginsenosides. In the plant Gynostemma pentaphyllum Makino, gypenosdie V was presented as dominant saponin (content about 2.4%), and was similar to protopanaxadol type ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rb1. In this study, we confirmed that the coversion of gypenoside V to minor ginsenosides after using the various treatment such as heating, acid treatment, commercial edible enzyme, and lactobacillus. Consequently, we optimizied the transformation of gypenoside V to minor ginsenoside using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry (LC/TOF/MS).

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.304-314
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• 2022

Background: Ginsenosides are biologically active components of ginseng and have various functions. In this study, we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of a ginseng product generated from ginseng powder (GP) via enzymatic bioconversion. This product, General Bio compound K-10 mg solution (GBCK10S), exhibited increased levels of minor ginsenosides, including ginsenoside-F1, compound K, and compound Y. Methods: The immunomodulatory properties of GBCK10S were confirmed using mice and a human natural killer (NK) cell line. We monitored the expression of molecules involved in immune responses via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, NK cell-targeted cell destruction, quantitative reverse-transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analyses. Results: Oral administration of GBCK10S significantly increased serum immunoglobulin M levels and primed splenocytes to express pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interferon-γ. Oral administration of GBCK10S also activated NK cells in mice. Furthermore, GBCK10S treatment stimulated a human NK cell line in vitro, thereby increasing granzyme B gene expression and activating STAT5. Conclusion: GBCK10S may have potent immunostimulatory properties and can activate immune responses mediated by B cells, Th1-type T cells, and NK cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.226-231
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• 2008

인삼사포닌 ginsenoside는 인삼의 주요한 약리성분으로 인삼을 경구투여 시 major 사포닌의 생체 내에서의 흡수는 매우 낮아 인삼사포닌의 약효를 증대시키기 위해서 기존에 많이 존재하는 major 사포닌을 상대적으로 흡수도 잘 되며 약효도 더 뛰어난 minor 사포닌으로의 전환이 요구된다. 본 연구는 김치에서 분리한 ${\beta}-glucosidase$ 활성균주 L. brevis LH8이 분비하는 효소를 이용하여 ginsenoside Rd를 compound K로 전환시켰다. L. brevis LH8의 효소액은 반응 온도 $30^{\circ}C$에서 효소활성이 가장 좋았고 $35^{\circ}C$이상에서는 활성이 급격히 저하되었으며, pH $6.0{\sim}12.0$ 사이에서 효소활성이 가장 좋았고, pH 5.0 이하 및 pH 13.0 이상에서는 활성도가 떨어지는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 또한 ginsenoside Rd는 반응 48시간부터 ginsenoside F2로 전환되기 시작하였으며, 반응 72 시간 이후에는 대부분 compound K로 전환되었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.279-282
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• 2015

In order to quantify compound K(CK), anticancer component of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, high titer rabbit polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) were raised against a conjugate of CK and bovine serum albumin coupled by a periodate oxidation method. Coating antigen (CK-OVA) was also prepared by the same method with OVA. As a result of optimization of antiserum dilution (2,000 fold), coating antigen ($25{\mu}g/ml$) and other condition (incubation time, temperature and washing method), ELISA method for the determination of CK was established. The measuring range extended from 0.5 ng/ml to 25 ng/ml of CK. The antibodies exhibited minor or even no cross reactivities with protopanaxatriol (1.56%) and other tested ginsenosides, $GRb_1$ (0.11%), $GRg_1$ (0.07%) except protopanaxadiol (87.2%) from the structural similarity. And the antibody showed good correlation (r=0.987) between the assay values obtained by this ELISA method and HPLC. Therefore, the ELISA method could be very useful tools for the determination of CK in biological fluids because of their high sensitivity and specificity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2016

Background: Minor saponins or human intestinal bacterial metabolites, such as ginsenosides Rg3, F2, Rh2, and compound K, are more pharmacologically active than major saponins, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc. In this work, enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 was studied using enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of mushrooms. Methods: Mycelia of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Elfvingia applanata, and Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated in liquid media at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk. Enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of five mushrooms were obtained by mycelia separation from cultured broth, enzyme extraction, ammonium sulfate (30-80%) precipitation, dialysis, and freeze drying, respectively. The enzyme preparations were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1. Results: Among the mushrooms used in this study, the enzyme preparation from cultured mycelia of A. mellea (AMMEP) was found to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into compound K with a high yield, while those from G. lucidum, P. linteus, E. applanata, and P. ostreatus produced remarkable amounts of ginsenoside Rd from ginsenoside Rb1. The enzymatic hydrolysis pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by AMMEP was $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}$ compound K. The optimum reaction conditions for compound K formation from ginsenoside Rb1 were as follows: reaction time 72-96 h, pH 4.0-4.5, and temperature $45-55^{\circ}C$. Conclusion: AMMEP can be used to produce the human intestinal bacterial metabolite, compound K, from ginsenoside Rb1 with a high yield and without food safety issues.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.1557-1561
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• 2008

Red ginseng possibly has new ingredients converted during steaming and dry process from fresh ginseng. Kujeungkupo method which means 9 repetitive steamings and dryings process was used for the production of red ginseng from 6-year old ginseng roots. Saponin was extracted from each red ginseng produced at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th during the steaming and drying treatment, and we analyzed saponin content with TLC. Minor saponins, such as ginsenoside-Rg3, -Rh2, compound K, and F2, increased as the process time of steaming and drying, but major saponins (ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf, -Rg1) were decreased. Major saponins were yet observed almost at the 1st process, then degraded as the increasing time of steaming and drying process. Especially, ginsenoside-Re and -Rg were observed as considerable amount after the 1st treatment, but there were no trace of them after the 9th treatment. Ginsenoside-Rg1, -Rb2, and -Rb1 were also reduced remarkedly by 96.6%, 96%, and 92.3%, respectively. Minor saponins were increased significantly, especially for ginsenoside-Rg3 and ginsenoside-F2. These results suggest that Kujeungkupo method is the very useful method for the production of minor ginsenoside-Rg3 and -Rh2.