• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.375-383
• /
• 2014

Fungi tolerate exposure to various abiotic stresses, including cytotoxic compounds and fungicides, via their ATP-driven efflux pumps belonging to ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. To clarify the molecular basis of interaction between the fungus and various abiotic stresses including fungicides, we constructed a cDNA library from germinated conidia of Colletotrichum acutatum, a major anthracnose pathogen of pepper (Capsicum annum L.). Over 1,000 cDNA clones were sequenced, of which single clone exhibited significant nucleotide sequence homology to ABC transporter genes. We isolated three fosmid clones containing the C. acutatum ABC1 (CaABC1) gene in full-length from genomic DNA library screening. The CaABC1 gene consists of 4,059 bp transcript, predicting a 1,353-aa protein. The gene contains the typical ABC signature and Walker A and B motifs. The 5'-flanking region contains a CAAT motif, a TATA box, and a Kozak region. Phylogenetic and structural analysis suggested that the CaABC1 is a typical ABC transporter gene highly conserved in various fungal species, as well as in Chromista, Metazoans, and Viridiplantae. We also found that CaABC1 was up-regulated during conidiation and a minimal medium condition. Moreover, CaABC1 was induced in iprobenfos, kresoxim-methyl, thiophanate-methyl, and hygromycin B. These results demonstrate that CaABC1 is necessary for conidiation, abiotic stress, and various fungicide resistances. These results will provide the basis for further study on the function of ABC transporter genes in C. acutatum.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.229-244
• /
• 2020

Hydrologic models, as a useful tool for understanding the hydrologic phenomena in the watershed, have become more complex with the increase of computer performance. The hydrologic model, with complex configurations and powerful performance, facilitates a broader understanding of the effects of climate and soil in hydrologic partitioning. However, the more complex the model is, the more effort and time is required to drive the model, and the more parameters it uses, the less accessible to the user and less applicable to the ungauged watershed. Rather, a parsimonious hydrologic model may be effective in hydrologic modeling of the ungauged watershed. Thus, a semi-distributed hydrologic partitioning model was developed with minimal composition and number of parameters to improve applicability. In this study, the validity and performance of the proposed model were confirmed by applying it to the Namgang Dam, Andong Dam, Hapcheon Dam, and Milyang Dam watersheds among the Nakdong River watersheds. From the results of the application, it was confirmed that despite the simple model structure, the hydrologic partitioning process of the watershed can be modeled relatively well through three vertical layers comprising the surface layer, the soil layer, and the aquifer. Additionally, discussions were conducted on antecedent soil moisture conditions widely applied to stormwater estimation using the soil moisture data simulated by the proposed model.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.179-183
• /
• 2000

The reactive ion etching process of GaN using $BCI_3/H_2/Ar$ high density inductively coupled plasma was investigated. Results showed that both of the etch rate and the sidewall verticality significantly increased as the ICP power, bias voltage, and the $BCI_3$ ratio were increased whereas effects of the other variables were minimal. The maximum etch rate of about 175nm/min was obtained at the condition of ICP power 900W, bias voltage 400V, 4mTorr, and 60% $BCI_3$, which resulted in reasonably smooth etched surface. Etch residues were observed in the case of samples etched at the low bias conditions, which were proposed to be as the $GaCI_x$ compounds.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.236-240
• /
• 1997

The management of neonate with long gap atresia without a fistula(type A) is complex and controversial. Various esophageal reconstruction include use of native esophagus or replacement with colon, stomach and small bowel. A severe premature male, at 28 weeks gestation weighing 1.2kg, was born with type A esophageal atresia in Chonnam University Hospital. Initial treatment consisted of gastrostomy under the local anesthesia and suctioning of proximal pouch, and than underwent delayed esophageal end to end anastomosis. A minimal leakage and mediastinitis ocurred postoperatively, but was treated by adequate drainage and negative suction from the leakage site through the gastrostomy. The patient was discharged in good general condition and normal weight of 5.4kg after 4 months after the surgery.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.34 no.4
• /
• pp.48-58
• /
• 1992

This study was conducted to investigate the consolidation characteristics of the marine clay, treated with predetermined ratios of lime and briquette ash. The standard consolidation test was performed for the sample of mixture remoulded under the condition of optimum moisture content. The results obtained were as follows ; 1.The increase of the consolidation coefficient due to load increament was larger in the lime treated soil and briquette ash treated soil than in the untreated soil. The decrease of the compression index due to admixing ratio of additives was smaller in the former than in the latter. 2.The increase of the secondary consolidation coefficient of the untreated soil due to load increment was minimal, while that of lime treated soil and the lime-briquette ash treated soil was conspicuous and that of briquette ash treated soil was slight. 3.The $C\alpha$/Cc relationship of untreated soil was represented by colsely distributed points. That of briquette ash treated soil, lime treated soil and the lime-briquette ash treated soil was represented by linear distribution. The $C\alpha$/Cc values of untreated soil, briquette ash treated soil and lime treated soil were approximately 0.049, 0.044 and 0.031, respectively. 4.The maximum consolidation coefficient was obtained with lime and briquette ash (lime : briquette .h 2 :1) mixture ratio of 15%. And the minimum secondary consolidation coefficient, compression index was obtained with same mixture ratio. The required quantity of lime could be reduced and the consolidation was accelerated by applying the above mixture ratio.

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.439-450
• /
• 2019

Present weather plays an important role not only for atmospheric sciences but also for public welfare and road safety. While the widely used state-of-the-art visibility and present weather sensor yields present weather, a single type of measurement is far from perfect to replace long history of human-eye based observation. Truly automatic present weather observation enables us to increase spatial resolution by an order of magnitude with existing facilities in Korea. 8 years of human-eyed present weather records in 19 sites over Korea are compared with visibility sensors and auxiliary measurements, such as humidity of AWS. As clear condition agrees with high probability, next best categories follow fog, rain, snow, mist, haze and drizzle in comparison with human-eyed observation. Fog, mist and haze are often confused due to nature of machine sensing visibility. Such ambiguous weather conditions are improved with empirically induced criteria in combination with visibility and humidity. Differences between instrument manufacturers are also found indicating nonstandard present weather decision. Analysis shows manufacturer dependent present weather differences are induced by manufacturer's own algorithms, not by visibility measurement. Accuracies of present weather for haze, mist, and fog are all improved by 61.5%, 44.9%, and 26.9% respectively. The result shows that automatic present weather sensing is feasible for operational purpose with minimal human interactions if appropriate algorithm is applied. Further study is ongoing for impact of different sensing types between manufacturers for both visibility and present weather data.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.12
• /
• pp.1890-1896
• /
• 2006

Lumostatic operation for cultivation of Haematococcus pluvialis was assessed to test the scale-up strategy of photobioreactors. Lumostatic operation is a method of maintaining a proper light condition based on the specific light uptake rate ($q_e$), by cells. Lumostatic operations were performed in 0.4-, 2-, 10-, and 30-1 scale bubble column photobioreactors and the results were compared with cultures illuminated with constant light intensity. Significant differences were observed in the maximal cell concentrations obtained from 0.4-, 2-, 10-, and 30-1 scale photobioreactors under constant light intensity, yielding the maximal cell concentrations of $2.8{\times}10^5$, $2.2\times10^5$, $1.5\times10^5$, and $1.1\times10^5$ cells/ml, respectively. The maximal cell concentration in a 0.4-1 photobioreactor under lumostatic operation was $4.3\times10^5$ cells/ml. Furthermore, those in 2-, 10-, and 30-1 scale photobioreactors were about the same as that in the 0.4-1 photobioreactor. The results suggest that lumostatic operation with proper $q_e$ is a good strategy for increasing the cell growth of Haematococcus pluvialis compared with a constant supply of light energy. Therefore, lumostatic operation is not only an efficient way to achieve high cell density cultures with minimal power consumption in microalgal cultures but it is also a perfect parameter for the scale-up of photobioreactors.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.650-655
• /
• 1998

The chromosomal DNA fragment from Phaffia rhodozyma CBS 6938 which is able to autonomously replicate in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cloned on an integrative URA3 plasmid. Its minimal fragment exhibiting autonomously replicating activiy in the S. cerevisiae gave a higher frequency transformation efficiency than that found for centromere-based plasmid, and enabled extrachromosoma1ly stable transmission of the plasmids in one copy per yeast cell under non-selective culture condition. The 836-bp DNA element lacked an ORF and did not contain any acceptable match to an ARS core consensus. Sequence analysis, however, displayed a cluster of three hairpin-Ioop-sequences with individual $\triangle {G_{25}}^{\circ}C$ free energy value of -10.0, -17.5, and -17.0 kcal. $mor^{-l}$as well as a 9-bp sequence with two base pair mismatches to the S. cerevisiae/E. coli gyrase-binding site. This 836-bp sequence also included one 7-bp sequence analogous to the core consensus of centromeric DNA element III (CDEIII) of S. cerevisiae, but CDEIII-like 7 bp sequence alone did not give a replicative function in this yeast.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.369-378
• /
• 2002

The washing and cleaning the clothing has been considered one of the hardest task of house chores to house wife. It is still big drudgery of house keeping in the so-called high tech society. General statistics says the efforts for better washing condition has developed in minimal. It is hard task as it was before. This study is focusing the appliances for the labor reduction have developed favorably to work more effectively. In the context of home mechanization, it is very important to explore the process of the invent, development and design of washing machine. Another point of view for the washing machine is that it is one of the household artifacts, and we witness a specific character by analyzing how it was evolved. Research shows the invention, innovation, improvement and modification of the washing machine by areas and companies such as Miele and Maytag, where present established washing machine manufacturers around on Europe and USA.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.176-183
• /
• 2010

Endosulfan degrading ability of Klebsiella oxytoca KE-8 immobilized by entrapment with activated carbon was examined. Endosulfan degradation by the immobilized bacterial strains on several different activated carbon based support materials was investigated. Based on results, activated carbon ($8\times30$ mesh) was chosen as a support material. The immobilized Klebsiella oxytoca KE-8 with the cell density of 4 mg $g^{-1}$ (dry weight) degraded 22.18 ug $ml^{-1}$ endosulfan within 5 days at pH 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$ in batch shake flask cultures. Also, we an experimented recycle packed bed column mode and continuous packed bed column mode for endosulfan degradation. Under optimum operation condition, the immobilized cells in a laboratory scale pack bed column with support beads were able to degrade endosulfan completely in defined minimal salt medium at a maximum rate of 129.6 ug $ml^{-1}$ per day. Moreover, the endosulfan degradation activity could be demonstrated at $4^{\circ}C$ for one month without significant decrease in activity. Results of this study suggest that immobilized cells of Klebsiella oxytoca KE-8 might be applicable to endosulfan contaminated site.