• 대한영양사협회학술지
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.88-105
• /
• 2016

This study investigated anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, food and nutrient intakes, and changes in body mass index (BMI) of Korean middle age men (40~49 yrs). Data on BMI, anthropometric (height, weight, waist circumference, body mass index, blood pressure), and biochemical (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, hemoglobin, GOT, GPT) characteristics, food and nutrients intakes, nutrient density, and index of nutrient quality were obtained from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2001, 2005, 2011). Subjects were divided into three groups by year. Weight, BMI, and hemoglobin increased significantly by year. All anthropometric factors except height showed a positive relation with BMI by year. Consumption of barley, chinese noodle, confections, soybean milk, egg, ice cream, pizza, fried foods, banana, coffee, and raw rice wine increased significantly by year. Intake ratios of nutrients except water and fiber were over 100% of KDRI generally. INQ according to intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin per 1,000 kcal increased significantly by year. Distribution of BMI status of subjects showed a significant difference by exercise. The findings of the present study show that BMI of subjects increased by year, and intakes of all nutrients except calcium and riboflavin showed aspects of overnutrition by year. Intakes of fruits decreased while intakes of raw rice wine and coffee increased by year. Therefore, practical and systematic nutrition programs are required to maintain optimum BMI and appropriate intakes of nutrients to maintain a desirable lifestyle and improve dietary life.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제3권2호
• /
• pp.174-189
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of Korean infants, who were atending peripheral community clinics in low income areas, by anthropometric measurements and estimating dietary intakes. Dietary intakes and growth were compared among different feeding patterns of 143 infants until age 9 months. The overall mean nutrient intakes of infants in this study were below the recommended allowances except the calcium intake from significant difference in each groups; however, calcium, zinc and iron intake of the formula fed infant(FF) was higher than the breast fed infant(BF) or the mixed fed infant(MF). Form ages 4-6 months, the nutrient intakes were shown to be higher in groups that were given supplementary foods than groups that were not. From ages 7-9 months, all nutrient intakes were higher in or the formula and supplementary foods fed(ESF) infants than in the breast and supplementary food(BSF) or the formula and supplementary food(FSF) groups, All subjets in this study showed a large Z-score. The growth of infants up to 6 months of age showed no significant difference in the feeding pattern, however, after 7 months of age the BSF group had significantly lower weight than the FSF or the ESF groups, There were significant positive relationships between infants weight gain at age 7-9 months from birth and the current protein or zinc intakes. As a result the average status of nutrient intakes of infants in this area was loser than the RDA, however, the growth pattern was fairly good. Although the breast milk is beneficial for infants, mothers should be educated for the importance of supplemental food and its practice to support good mutrition(Korean J Community Nutrition 3 (2) : 174-189, 1998)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제35권7호
• /
• pp.771-778
• /
• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the contents of protein, fat, lactose and energy in the human milk and the intake of human milk and those nutrients in breast-fed infants from 16 lactating women in Seoul area during the first 5 months postpartum. Daily human milk intake was determined by test-weighing method and the milk from 16 mothers was analyzed for protein (semimicro Kjeldahl, N $\times$ 6.38), fat (milk checker), lactose (HPLC). Energy was calculated by Atwater and milk factor. The mean intake of human milk to the 5th month of lactation was 668 $\pm$ 186 $m\ell$/day. Mean protein contents of the human milk at 0.5, 12, 3, 4 and 5 months postpartum showed 1.48, 1.35, 1.17, 1.11, 1.15 and 1.10 g/100 $m\ell$ respectively. Lipid and lactose contents of the human milk during the first S months postpartum averaged 3.38 g/100 $m\ell$ and 6.79 g/100 $m\ell$. Energy contents at 0.5, 12, 3, 4 and 5 months postpartum showed 64.2, 66.1, 68.3, 60.1, 58.9 and 61.2 g/100 $m\ell$ respectively. Protein intake of infants from the human milk was 8.22 g/day which was 54.8% of Korean RDA. Lipid and lactose intake of infants were 23.0 and 45.6 g/day. Energy intake of infants was 422.3 kcal/day which was 84.4% of Korean RDA. Total energy content was almost same value regardless of Atwater or milk factor but the energy ratio was some different. Protein and solid contents decreased the course of lactation but lactose content was less changed. These results suggest that more research were required for the RDA.

• 대한지역사회영양학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한지역사회영양학회 2005년도 10th Anniversary International Symposium
• /
• pp.77-77
• /
• 2005

• 한국가정과교육학회지
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.95-113
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 고등학생(만 15~18세, 2,377명)의 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양소 섭취 실태를 파악하고자 실시하였다. 연도별 음료 섭취량의 변화 추이, 2007~2015 국민건강영양조사의 대상자를 통합하여 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 식품군 및 영양소 섭취량, 영양소 섭취 적정도 및 영양불량의 차이를 다중회귀분석이나 𝛘²-test로 검증하였다. 가공 과정에 당류를 넣는 탄산음료(콜라, 사이다, 기타 탄산음료 포함), 스포츠음료, 카페인음료(커피, 에너지 음료, 홍차, 코코아류)를 합하여 가당음료(sugar-sweetened beverage, SSB)로 분류하였다. 24시간 회상법으로 1일간 실시한 1일 가당음료 섭취량에 따라 대상자를 가당음료 1군(SSB 1, 가당음료 섭취량 0 g/d), 가당음료 2군(SSB 2, 0 g/d < 가당음료 섭취량 < 50 백분위수), 가당음료 3군(SSB 3, 가당음료 섭취량 ≥ 50 백분위수)으로 구분하였다. 연구 결과, 연도에 따라 1일 가당음료 섭취량은 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0280) 모두 증가하는 추세이었으며, 2007년에 비해 2015년의 증가 정도는 남자 3.3배, 여자 2.1배로 남자가 여자보다 컸다. 음료 종류별로는 탄산음료 섭취량이 가장 많았으며 2007년에 비해 2015년에 남자 2.7배(p<0.0001), 여자 1.6배로 크게 증가하였다. 식품군별 1일 섭취량에서 채소류 섭취량은 남자와 여자 모두 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군 중 가당음료 3군이 유의적으로 가장 적었으며(p<0.0001), 우유 및 그제품 섭취량은 남자(p<0.0001)에서는 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 유의적으로 감소하였으나 여자에서는 가당음료 3군이 다른 군에 비해 적은 경향이었다. 1일 영양소 섭취량의 섭취기준에 대한 비율은 남녀의 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 식이섬유가 전체 영양소 중 가장 낮아 21.3±1.1~25.3±1.8% 밖에 되지 않았으며, 칼슘이 49.6±2.5~59.8±3.2%로 두번째로 낮았다. 에너지는 남녀 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였으며(p<0.0001), 비타민 C는 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0382) 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 낮아졌다. 칼슘은 남자(p<0.0001), 여자(p=0.0008) 모두 가당음료 3군이 다른 군보다 낮았다. 에너지/지방과잉섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 모두 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였으며(p=0.0002), 나트륨 목표섭취량 이상 섭취자 비율은 남자에서 가당음료 3군으로 갈수록 증가하였다(p=0.0429). 칼슘부족섭취자 비율은 남녀에서 가당음료 섭취 수준에 따른 차이가 없었으나 가당음료 1군~가당음료 3군에서 85% 이상으로 나타나 매우 높았다. 따라서 고등학생에서 가당음료 섭취가 높아질수록 식품군의 고른 섭취와 영양균형이 결여되는 경향이어서 식품 섭취 다양성 및 영양균형을 위해 가당음료 섭취를 줄이도록 관련 식생활교육과 사회적 지원을 강화하는 것이 필요하다고 하겠다.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.44-51
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary behavior and food intake in relation to physical complaints, such as farmer' syndrome(FS) and gastro-intestinal(GI) problem among Korean farmers. The questionnaire was composed of 24 Cornell Medical Index (CMI), 8 farmers' syndrome, and 5 GI problem questions. Food intake data was gathered by the semi-quantitative food frequency method. The subjects(male 226, female 415) who had FS and Gi problem were 12./8% and 8.3%, respectively. The physical complaints were higher in female and the elderly group. In the FS group, lower activity was seen that in normal groups. The lower health status and fatigues were found in the physical complaint groups. Dietary behavior showed low appetite in the physical complaint group, irregular lunch in FS, and irregular breakfast in GI problem group. Changes in dietary behavior were shown in the aspects of lower amount of intake quantity(40.8%), lower consumption in fat(32.8%) and salty(38.8%) foods, and diverse food items(47.8%). Quantity of food consumed was significantly different withing groups with FS. Kinds of food consumed, intake of protein source foods, milk and calcium and total animal foods were lower in the FS group. But milk and calcium source food and all animal food intakes were higher in the GID problem group. The results suggest that dietary behavior and food intake differ within the group of physical complaints.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제34권7호
• /
• pp.770-777
• /
• 2001

This study investigated nutritional status and eating behaviors among 59 nephritic patients with mild kidney malfunction in Korea. Nutritional status was measured by blood analysis and 1-3 day dietary recall and records, and eating behaviors were assessed by a questionnaire. Mean Body Mass Index(BMI) was within the normal range, while 21% and 14% of the patients were underweight and overweight, respectively. They received nutrition information mainly from doctors, nurses and mass media, but rarely from nutrition professionals. A quarter of patients skipped breakfast at least 3 times per 12% of the patients, respectively. Energy intake of 83% of the patients was less than the recommended level. Protein intakes of 56% of them were either under or over the recommended levels. Patients had low vitamin B$_2$ and calcium(<75% of the RDA) and excessive phosphorus(138% RDA) and vitamin C(170% RDA). Major food sources to absolute nutrient intakes were similar to those for the average Koreas, except for milk. Milk intake was low in our patients. Dietary quantity and quality were associated positively with BMI, albumin, and HDL-cholesterol and negatively with triglycerides and BUN. Results of this study indicate low nutritional status of the patients and, in turn a need for conducting nutritional education or counselling at regular at regular basis for the nephritic patients with mild kidney malfunction.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.584-594
• /
• 2003

The lactose, total nitrogen and total lipid contents of human breast milk were determined longitudinally after protein and term deliveries. Milk samples were obtained from day 2 to 5, on weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 after preform (PM : n = 24) and term (TM : n = 22) deliveries. The lactose contents of PM and TM increased from 5.28 g/dl and 5.93 g/dl at days 2 to 5, to 7.95 g/dl,7.87 g/dl at 6 weeks, respectively. The total nitrogen contents of PM and TM decreased significantly during the first 6 weeks after birth (from 374 to 220 mg/dl versus 382 to 220 mg/dl respectively). However the total lipid contents of the PM and TM increased during the same periods. Significant differences in the total lipid contents between the PM and TM were 2.15 versus 3.27 g/dl at 2 weeks, and 3.26 versus 2.52 g/dl at 6 weeks, respectively. The energy intakes of preform infants was 134.8 ㎉/kg/d during the 6 weeks of lactation, which satisfied with energy requirements (85-130 ㎉/kg/d) of the preform infants. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 584-594, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제30권7호
• /
• pp.840-847
• /
• 1997

In order to investigate the protein intake of breast-fed infants, we examined sixty infants during the first 5 months of lactation. Human milk intake infants increased during lactation with the respective values of 525, 671, 734, 744 , 765 and 768g/day t 0.5, 1, 2, 3, , 4 and 5 months postpartum. The average protein contents of human milk showed 1.58, 1.38, 1.23, 1.11, 1.08and 1.07g/100g respectively. The protein intake of boys during the first 5 months of lactation averaged 9.11g/day which was higher than the 7.71g/day average for girls. Body weight of infants at birth was 3337g, which increased significantly during lactation. The protein intake per body weight of breast-fed infants in boys was significantly higher than that in girls(p<0.01). Protein intake of breast-fed infants had survey, a revaluation of the protein intake and recommended dietary allowance of protein during early infancy should be considered.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.502-511
• /
• 2005

The effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and cottonseed meal replacing for soybean meal in cassava chips and rice straw-based diets for mid-lactating cows (100-150 day in milk [DIM]), were studied using 32 multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows. Diets containing 10.5, 12.5, 13.7, 14.4% CP of the rations and 0, 12.1, 14.9, 17.8% cottonseed meal were fed to cows for 60 days. Thirty two cows were randomly divided into four dietary treatments using a Randomized complete block design. Four dietary treatments were offered in the form of total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw) at 60:40 and offered ad libitum. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes tended to linearly increase with increasing dietary CP levels. Intakes and digestibility of crude protein increased linearly with increasing dietary CP level (p<0.01). Crude protein digestibility of the 10.5% CP diet was lower (p<0.05) than that in diets with higher levels of CP, while there were no significant differences among the other three levels of CP (12.5, 13.7 and 14.4%). Daily milk yield tended to increase with increased CP from 10.5 to 14.4%. Income over feed in terms of US$/kg of milk increased with increased CP from 10.5 to 13.7% and decreased when the CP level was higher than 13.7% (quadratic effect p<0.09). Milk composition was not significantly affected by increasing level of CP, however there were relatively high contents of protein and fat among treatments. The proportion of milk-urea N (MUN), ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) and bloodurea N (BUN) were closely correlated and increased linearly with increasing CP levels (p<0.01). Balanced diet was found in diet containing 12.5 and 13.7% CP of the rations when BUN and MUN were used as indicators of the protein to energy ratio in the diet. Conclusions can be made that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.7% using cottonseed meal as the main source to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to cows consuming rice straw and cassava chips based-diets. Increasing the CP level above 13.7% of total ration did not additionally improve milk yield and composition or net income.