Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.502

Effect of Level of Crude Protein and Use of Cottonseed Meal in Diets Containing Cassava Chips and Rice Straw for Lactating Dairy Cows  

Promkot, C. (Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Khon Kaen University)
Wanapat, M. (Tropical Feed Resources Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture Khon Kaen University)
Publication Information
Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences / v.18, no.4, 2005 , pp. 502-511 More about this Journal
Abstract
The effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and cottonseed meal replacing for soybean meal in cassava chips and rice straw-based diets for mid-lactating cows (100-150 day in milk [DIM]), were studied using 32 multiparous Holstein Fresian crossbred dairy cows. Diets containing 10.5, 12.5, 13.7, 14.4% CP of the rations and 0, 12.1, 14.9, 17.8% cottonseed meal were fed to cows for 60 days. Thirty two cows were randomly divided into four dietary treatments using a Randomized complete block design. Four dietary treatments were offered in the form of total mixed ration (TMR) with concentrate to roughage (chopped rice straw) at 60:40 and offered ad libitum. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes tended to linearly increase with increasing dietary CP levels. Intakes and digestibility of crude protein increased linearly with increasing dietary CP level (p<0.01). Crude protein digestibility of the 10.5% CP diet was lower (p<0.05) than that in diets with higher levels of CP, while there were no significant differences among the other three levels of CP (12.5, 13.7 and 14.4%). Daily milk yield tended to increase with increased CP from 10.5 to 14.4%. Income over feed in terms of US$/kg of milk increased with increased CP from 10.5 to 13.7% and decreased when the CP level was higher than 13.7% (quadratic effect p<0.09). Milk composition was not significantly affected by increasing level of CP, however there were relatively high contents of protein and fat among treatments. The proportion of milk-urea N (MUN), ammonia-N ($NH_3$-N) and bloodurea N (BUN) were closely correlated and increased linearly with increasing CP levels (p<0.01). Balanced diet was found in diet containing 12.5 and 13.7% CP of the rations when BUN and MUN were used as indicators of the protein to energy ratio in the diet. Conclusions can be made that increasing dietary CP levels from 10.5 to 13.7% using cottonseed meal as the main source to completely replace soybean meal was beneficial to cows consuming rice straw and cassava chips based-diets. Increasing the CP level above 13.7% of total ration did not additionally improve milk yield and composition or net income.
Keywords
Protein; Cottonseed Meal; Lactating Dairy Cow; MUN; BUN; Ammonia-N; Dry Matter Intake; Milk Yield and Composition; Rice Straw; Urea-treated Rice Straw;
Citations & Related Records

Times Cited By Web Of Science : 12  (Related Records In Web of Science)
Times Cited By SCOPUS : 19
연도 인용수 순위
1 Chanjula, P., M. Wanapat, C. Wachirapakorn and P. Rowlinson. 2004. Effects of various levels of cassava hay on rumen ecology and digestibility in swamp buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:663-669.
2 Christensen, R. A., M. R. Cameron, T. H. Klusmeyer, J. P. Elliott, J. H. Clark, D. R. Nelson and Y. Yu. 1993. Influence of amount and degradability of dietary protein on nitrogen utilization by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 76:3497-513.
3 Erdman, R. A., J. H. Vandersall, E. Russek-Cohen and G. Switalski. 1987. Simultaneous measures of rates of ruminal digestion and passage of feeds for prediction of ruminal nitrogen and dry matter digestion in lactating dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 64:565-577.
4 Hong, N. T. T., M. Wanapat, C. Wachirapakorn, P. Pakdee and P. Rowlinson. 2003. Effects of timing of initial cutting and subsequent cutting on yields and chemical compositions of cassava hay and its supplementation on lactating dairy cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16:1763-1769.
5 Mepham, T. B. 1982. Amino acid utilization by lactating mammary gland. J. Dairy Sci. 65:287-298.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Mertents, D. R. 1997. Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 80:1463-1481.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 National Research Council. 1988. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
8 National Research Council. 1989. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 6th Rev. ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
9 Roseler, D. K., J. D. Ferguson, C. J. Sniffen and J. Herrema. 1993. Dietary protein degradability effects on plasma and milk urea nitrogen and milk non-protein in holstein cows. J. Dairy. Sci. 76:525-534.
10 Sampaio, A. A. M., de F. P. Vieira, de R. M. Brito, de F. P. Vieira and de R. M. Brito. 2000. Total and partial digestion of nutrients in bovines fed diets with dry yeast, urea or cottonseed meal. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 29:589-597.
11 Singh, M., D. P. Tiwari, A. Kumar and M. R. Kumar. 2003. Effect of feeding transgenic cottonseed vis-a-vis non-transgenic cottonseed on haematobiochemical constituents in lactating Murrah buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16:1732-1737.
12 Wanapat, M. 1994. Supplementation of straw-based diets for ruminants in Thailand. In: Proceedings of Sustainable Animal Production and the Environment. The 7th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bali, Indonesia. pp. 25-38.
13 Wanapat, M. 2003. Manipulation of Cassava Cultivation and Utilization to Improve Protein to Energy Biomass for Livestock Feeding in the Tropics. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 16: 463-472.
14 Wanapat, M., K. Sommart and K. Saardrak. 1996. Cottonseed meal supplementation of dairy cattle fed rice straw. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 8:23-26.
15 Wanapat, M. and C. Devendra. 1992. Feeding and nutrition of dairy cattle and buffaloes in Asia. Sustainable Animal Production. In: Proceedings 6th AAAP Animal Science Congress, Bangkok, Thailand. pp. 177-194.
16 Leng, R. A. and T. R. Preston. 1983. Nutritional stratergies for the utilization and technologies to the small farmer in Asia. Proceeding of Vth World Conference on Animal Production 1:310-318
17 Wanapat, M. and A. Petlum. 20001. Feeding cassava chip-based ration to lactating dairy cows. In: Proceeding of International workshop current research and development on use of cassava as animal feed. Organized and sponsored by Khon Kaen University,Thailand and Swedish International Development Agency Swedish Agency for research cooperation with developing countries. pp. 77-79.
18 Kalscheur, K. F., J. H. Vandersall, R. A. Erdman, R. A. Kohn and E.Russek-Cohen. 1999. Effects of dietary crude protein concentration and degradability on milk production responses of early, mid and late lactation diary cows. J. Dairy Sci. 82:545-554.
19 AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Virginia.
20 Van Keulen, J. and B. A. Young. 1977. Evalution of acid insoluble ash as natural marker in ruminant digestibility studies. J. Anim. Sci. 44:282-290.
21 Ruiz, T. M., E. Bernal, C. R. Staples, L. E. Sollenberger and R. N. Gallaher. 1995. Effect of dietary neutral detergent fiber concentration and forage source on performance of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:305-19.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Baker, L. D., J. D. Ferguson and W. Chalupa. 1995. Responses in urea and true protein of milk to different protein feeding schemes for dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 78:2424-2434.
23 Goering, H. K. and P. J. Van Soest. 1970. Forage Fiber Analysis (Apparatus, Reagent, Procedures and Some Application): Agric. Handbook No. 379. ARS, USDA, Washington, DC.
24 SAS Institute. Inc. 1989. SAS/STAT User’s Guide: Version 6. 4th edn. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
25 Sathapanasiri, K., T. Vearasilp and C. Vjarabukka. 1990. Digestibility of starch of cassava, whole rice meal and broken rice in whole gastrointestinal tract of dairy cattle. Kaset J. 6:265-280.
26 Cunha, J. A. da, L. Melotti, de s, C. Lucci, da J.A. Cunha, de s and C. Lucci. 1998. Dry matter and protein dgradabilities of whole cottonseed and cottonseed meal though nylon bags in situ technique with steers. Brazilian J. of Vet. Res. Anim. Sci. 35:96-100.
27 Gustafsson, A. H. and D. L. Palmquist. 1993. Diurnal variation of rumen ammonia, serum urea, and milk urea in dairy cows at high and low yields. J. Dairy Sci. 76:475-484.
28 Moore, J. E., J. G. P. Bowman and W. E. Kunkle. 1995. Effects of dry and liquid supplements on forage utilization by cattle. In: Proceedings, AFIA Liquid Feed Symposium, AFIA, Arlington, VA. pp. 81-95.
29 Allen, M. S. 2000. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1598-1624.   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Klusmeyer, T. H., R. D. Jr McCarthy, J. H. Clark and D. R. Nelson. 1990. Effects of source and amount of protein on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73:3526-37.
31 Christensen, R. A., M. R. Cameron, J. H. Clark, J. K. Drackley, J. M. Lynch and D. M. Barbano. 1994. Effects of amount of protein and ruminally protected amino acids in the diet of dairy cows fed supplemental fat. J. Dairy Sci. 77:1618-29.
32 Blackwelder, J. T., B. A. Hopkins, D. E. Diaz, L. W. Whitlow and C. Brownie. 1998. Milk production and plasma gossypol of cows fed cottonseed and oilseed meals with or without rumenundegradable protein. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2934-2941.
33 Pimpa, O., K. Sommart and M. Wanapat. 2000. Effect of replacement of ground corn by cassava chip in diets of lactating dairy cows fed ruzi grass silage. KKU. Vet. J. 10:35-44.
34 Kearl, L. 1982. Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant in Developing Countries. Utah State Univ. Logam, USA.
35 Kiyothong, K. and M. Wanapat. 2004b. Supplementation of Cassava Hay and Stylo 184 Hay to Replace Concentrate for Lactating Dairy Cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:670-677.
36 Sommart, K., M. Wanapat, P. Rowlinson, D. S. Parker, P. Climee and S. Panishying. 2000. The use of cassava chips as an energy source for lactating dairy cows fed with rice straw. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13:1094-1101.
37 Hammond, A. C. 1983. Effect of dietary protein level, ruminal protein solubility and time after feeding on plasma urea nitrogen and the relationship of plasma urea nitrogen to other ruminal and plasma parameters. J. Anim. Sci. 57 (Suppl. 1):435 (Abstr).
38 Merck. 1991. Nutrition Cattle. In: The Merck Veterinary Manual, 7th Ed. (Ed. C. M. Fraser). Merck, Rahway, USA. pp. 1171-1200.
39 Preston, R. L., D. D. Schnakenberg and W. H. Pfander. 1965. Protein utilization in ruminants I. Blood urea nitrogen as affected by protein intake. J. Nutr. 86:281-288.
40 Briceno, J. V., H. H. Van Horn, B. Jr. Harris and C. J. Wilcox. 1987. Effects of neutral detergent fiber and roughage source on dry matter intake and milk yield and composition of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 70:298-308.
41 Roffler, R. E., J. E. Wray and L. D. Satter. 1986. Production responses in early lactation to additions of soybean meal to diets containing predominantly corn silage. J. Dairy Sci. 69:1055-1062.
42 Oldham, J. D. 1984. Protein-energy interrelationships in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 67:1090-1114.   DOI   ScienceOn
43 Godden, S. M., K. D. Lissemore, D. F. Kelton, K. E. Leslie, J. S. Walton and J. K. Lumsden. 2001. Relationships between milk urea concentrations and nutritional management, production, and economic variables in ontario dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 84:128-1139.
44 Grings, E. E., R. E. Roffler and D. P. Deitelhoff. 1991. Response of dairy cows in early lactation to addition of cottonseed meal in alfalfa-based diets. J. Dairy Sci. 74:2580-2587.
45 Beecher, G. R. and B. K. Whitton. 1978. Ammonia determination: Modification and interfering compounds. Anal. Biochem. 36:243-246.
46 Kiyothong, K. and M. Wanapat. 2004a. Growth, Hay Yield and Chemical Composition of Cassava and Stylo 184 Grown under Intercropping. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:799-807.
47 Mehrez, A. Z., E. R. Orskov and I. McDonald. 1977. Rate of Rumen fermentation in relation to ammonia concentration. Br. J. Nutr. 38:437-443.
48 Abeni, F., L. Calamari, L. Stefanini and G. Pirlo. 2000. Effects of daily gain in pre- and postpubertal replacement dairy heifers on body condition score, body size, metabolic profile and future milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1468-1478.
49 Hwang, S. Y., L. Mei-Ju and W. C. Peter. 2000. Monitoring nutritional status of dairy cows in taiwan using milk protein and milk urea nitrogen. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13:1667-1673.
50 Kanjanapruthipong, J. and N. Buatong. 2004. Effects of replacing nonfiber carbohydrates with nonforage detergent fiber from cassava residues on performance of dairy cows in the tropics. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 17:967-972.
51 Paengkoum, P. 1998. Effects of dietary carbohydrate and/or bypass protein on voluntary feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in dairy cattle fed rice straw and urea-treaed rice straw as roughages. M.S. Thesis, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.