• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.113-121
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• 2021

This study was conducted on 1,174 retirees in their 50s and 60s nationwide using the 7th data of the National Pension Service's National Elderly Security Panel Survey. We were able to confirm the following results through the SPSS WIN 18.0 program.. First, men showed a higher level of education than women. From these results, it is expected that men will be better prepared for retirement. Second, men had spouses and two or more household members than women. According to previous studies showing that men are better prepared for retirement if they have a spouse, it is expected that men are better prepared for retirement. Second, 38% of men and 62% of women were voluntary retirees. Third, both men and women responded that their own and spouses should play the main role in preparing for retirement. Fourth, both men and women had very low rates of preparation for old age, economic independence, and public and private pensions. Among them, women were lower than men. Fifth, economic problem solving, health, and medical care were the priority as parts to be done for retirement in oneself and society. Based on these results, the directions for preparing retirees for retirement are as follows. First, education on wage peak system, retirement age extension and financial management for involuntary retirees is required, and guidance and management methods on health care and disease should be provided to address needs for health and health care. Women had more voluntary retirees than men, and they need to know why. Second, when both men and women are very poor at preparing for retirement, there should be job creation measures to ensure that they and their spouses are fully prepared for retirement.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.495-507
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• 2020

This report addresses the question whether resilience affects attitudes of middle-aged employees toward retirement. Are resilient employees more prepared and/or ready for retirement? To address this question, a survey of over 214 employees aged 50 or more was taken. Participants worked in the Seoul metropolitan area. This study utilized the SPSS 19.0 program. A sophisticated regression analysis software system was conducted to measure and identify relationships and correlations among groups of participants. Our findings included four points. First, male employees were better prepared for retirement than women. Second, the more educated (or the higher the household income), the better prepared was the participant for retirement. Third, the more resilient a worker was, the less was the resistance expected from him/her on retirement. Finally, a positive attitude was an indication the worker would be well-prepared for retirement. In summary, workers who displayed resilience and a positive attitude in their work were best prepared for retirement.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.452-462
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• 2020

This study analyzed the impact of resilience on the job satisfaction of middle-aged employees and the meditating effect of retirement attitude. The survey was administered to 468 regular workers aged 40 or older in Seoul and the surrounding metropolitan area. This study utilized SPSS 19.0 statistical program, and multiple regression and mediated effect analyses were applied with descriptive statistics, reliability and validity of measurement tools to analyze differences between correlations and groups. First, male workers had higher self-regulation ability and job satisfaction than women. Female workers had higher old age rest than male ones. The higher the educational background, the higher the recognition of retirement as a new beginning, The longer the working years, the higher the self-regulation ability and job satisfaction. The higher the household income, the higher the positiveness. Second, the Resilience had a positive effect on job satisfaction. Third, resilience had had a negative impact on the forced frustration and a positive influence on the new beginning of retirement attitudes. Fourth, the forced frustration and new beginning showed mediating effects of resilience and job satisfaction. The study results confirmed the importance of resilience and demonstrated the need for measures to enhance resilience in order to reduce anxiety about retirement and increase job satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.813-820
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• 2005

The beauty itself cannot be changed by the time, but the concept of the beauty can be influence by the time and cultural background. The purpose of this study is to analyze the beautiful faces or ugly faces among the young women and to provide useful guideline to make up for the modem concept of beauty. The facial photographs of 180 adlut women(aged between 20 and 29) in Pusan and Ulsan area were sampled to be measured and classified as the beautiful or ordinary or ugly faces. Data were analyzed by Frequencies, Mean, Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The major results were as followings; the Beautiful face has a relatively small face with a broad forehead and a small lower face. It also has a wide palpebral fissure, narrow intercanthal distance, a narrow nose and a big mouth. Physiognomic face length was 182.38mm, the upper face length was 59.82mm, the middle face length 60.82mm, the lower face length 61.76mm, and the index of face length to face breadth was 1.35. And also the faces within the figures are considered as the beautiful or ordinary or ugly faces from those measurements like face length/bizygion breadth, intercanthal distance, mouth width, upper vermilion height, lower vermilion height.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.46-55
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• 2006

Objective: This study is to examine the physical function, psychological well-being, and subjective symptom of postmenopausal osteoporotic women. Methods: Data used for this study was collected from 397 women who had experienced one years or longer menopause and visited a hospital in Seoul, Korea during the period from May to December 2005. Results: The level of physical function of the fracture osteoporosis group was significantly lower than the other three groups. The psychological well-being of the fracture osteoporosis group was significantly lower than the other three groups. Subjective symptom of the fracture osteoporosis group was significantly higher than the other three groups. The level of physical function was positively correlated with psychological well-being and negatively with subjective symptom. Psychological well-being was also negatively correlated with the level of subjective symptom. Based on the results, it is recommended that the prevention of vertebral fracture in osteoporotic woman is important, and nursing intervention is necessary for the physical function, psychological well-being, and subjective symptom care.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2021

This study was conducted on 878 retired women in their 50s and 60s across the country using the 7th data from the National Pension Service's KReiS. We used SPSS WIN 18.0, and the analysis results are as follows. First, there were many highly educated people in their 50s or older and those in their 60s and undereducated. Second, families in their 50s had the largest number of members with more than three, while households in their 60s had the largest number of two. Third, both age groups chose themselves and their spouses as responsibilities for preparing for retirement. In addition, more people in their 60s chose the government as their responsibility for preparing for retirement than in their 50s. Both people in their 50s and 60s say they are "not prepared" to prepare for retirement expenses, raising concerns about elderly poverty. Fourth, economic strength, health, and medical care were important for retirement in both age groups as part of their preparations for retirement, and they chose economic strength, health, medical care and job as the things to do in society. Fifth, both people in their 50s and 60s have very low public and private pension subscription rates, requiring special attention from the government and society to their old age. Judging from the above results, both women in their 50s and 60s have retired, but preparations for retirement are very insufficient. Therefore, the government and society need to strengthen the public pension system and create jobs for the elderly.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.531-542
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• 2021

The study aims to investigate differences between men and women in influence of various socio-demographic factors on choice of mode of transport. For this purpose, a binary logit model of choice probabilities is implemented on survey data of a developing country city. Results indicate women's choice of travel mode to be more environment-friendly than that of men. Well-educated, working and middle-aged individuals appear to be the most likely to choosing more-polluting modes of transport for frequent travelling purposes. Individuals in the sample who are the least socioeconomically well off are found the most likely to be promising for the environment. The findings of this study suggest the future transportation policies toward development of existing infrastructure of greener modes of transportation in the city such as, public transportation services and pedestrian lanes, so as to manage the rising issues of degrading environmental quality. The study highlights how the consideration and inclusion of socio-demographic factors is crucial for policy recommendation regarding curtailing the environmental damages contributed by transportation sector. Because mobility crucially affects all other indicators of empowerment, and women are the ones using green modes extensively, the city's transportation system should be so developed which gives their safety and security due importance.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.603-609
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• 2003

This study examined the reproducibility of nutrient intakes estimated by the 24-hour recall method in a prospective cohort study (Longitudinal study of aging and health monitoring of Korean elderly) of middle-aged volunteer subjects (42 males and 49 females) in the Seoul area. The three-day 24-hour recall was administered twice at an interval of approximately 6 months. The first data were collected and a corrective procedure was performed by interviewing of the subjects and a trained dietitian. The second data were collected by mail from the subjects without the performance of any corrective procedure. The mean age of the subjects was 53.5 $\pm$ 9.6 for the males and 52.2 $\pm$ 8.9 for the females. The subjects who had above college education were 95% in the case of the males and 60% in the case of the females. The characteristics of the male subjects in this study were that they were highly educated and held professional jobs and were from the middle or upper class. Comparing the first and second 24-hour recall data, the second data showed relatively lower intakes of all nutrients, except vitamin A, vitamin Bi and cholesterol. There was no difference in the nutrients of the first and the second data with respect to vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ and cholesterol in the males and calcium, iron, sodium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$ and cholesterol in the females. This data may indicate that the 24 hour retail method without a dietitian's help may result in lower reporting of the subject's intakes. The men had a tendency to remember less than the women. Pearson's correlation coefficients with unadjusted nutrient intakes values were ranged from 0.24 to 0.66. When energy intake was adjusted, there was a slight increase (from 0.26 to 0.71). Intra-class correlation coefficients with nutrient-unadjusted values ranged from 0.22 to 0.66, and the energy-adjusted values were ranged from 0.23 to 0.69. The weighted Kappa statistical values ranged from 0.10 to 0.40. On the average,46.3% of the subjects who were found in the lowest quartile of the nutrient intake levels based on the first 24-hour recall, were in the lowest quartile based on the second 24-hour recall. Therefore, there was a low reproducibility between the first and the second 24-hour recall. We should examine the factors influencing low reproducibility. Also, strategies should be developed to maximize the reliability of the assessment, with regard to portion-size training and telephone validation. (Korean J Community Nutrition 8(4) : 603∼609, 2003)

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.506-515
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• 2002

This study examined the state of health and weight maintenance according to the body mass index (BMI) , and explored demographic variables, diet variables, the degree of stress etc. The results presented were based on data collected from 428 women who are mothers of the middle school children in Jeongeup city. Using SPSS WIN (Ver 9.0) , the frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square, ANOVA, and correlation analysis were provided. The mean of BMI for the subjects was 22.6, the ratio of obese women (BMI $\geq$ 25) was 22.9%. The frequency of the reported circulation or respiratory related diseases was greater in the obese group compared to the normal weight ($20 \leq BMI \leq 25$) or the lean (BMI < 20) groups. The obese group had less awareness of obesity. Those who regard themselves obese had lower rates of satisfaction with their body shape and higher rates of interest in weight control. Approximately 65% of the subjects attempted weight reduction more than once. Subjects who were obese had the most undesirable dietary behavior. In particular, this group had the higher rates of rushed meals, overeating, meals while watching TV or newspapers, and snacking, and eating out. In analyzing the correlation of variables influencing obesity, there were positive correlations between obesity and overeating, obesity and the degree of stress. Correlations between obesity and satisfaction for life found to be negative. Moreover, stress had a positive correlation with obesity and overeating, and showed negative correlation with eating behavior. Consequently, stress seemed to induce undesirable eating behaviors and increase obesity. Of the demographic background variables, subjects who were obese tended to be older, had lower levels of education, higher rates of employment, longer period of marriage, the higher number of children, preschool children or children preparing for highschool or college, lower satisfaction with children and household life.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.697-708
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• 2002

The purpose of this study deals with the profitable suit image design of middle-aged men by examining visual effects in physical design. The sample of this study is people who live in Kwangju, Korea and 20∼50age's men and women. And it is very variety in each population statistics factors the differences of physical design visual effect which considering the difference of sex and age, numbers of button, a figure and material pattern. The method of this study is experimentation. Accordingly, I used convenience sampling by considering sex and age distribution with the SPSS program for the data analysis. The difference of body design visual effect brought follow conclusion by demographics variability. The distinction of body design by sex and numbers of button, shoulders have similar differences only in men's group. The length has it both in man and woman's group. The dissimilarity of body design by age and the number of button, the shoulders have similar differences in 30 between 40 aged group and the abdomen has it in 30 aged group. The length has it in 20 between 40 and 50 aged group. In the three factors of body design by sex and shape either sex and pattern, both man and woman have similar differences by the pattern. Totally, number of button and pattern are very important clothes due to give an effect on whole visual effect man's suit. Also, these dues were felt differently by each types of body. Therefore, it is confirmed that the type of body is important that fluent to make people perceive.