• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권11호
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• pp.853-859
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• 2011

Compressive deformation behavior of Al-10Si-5Fe-1Zr (wt%) alloy preform fabricated by SPS(spark plasma sintering) of gas atomized powder was investigated in the temperature range from 380 to $480^{\circ}C$ and at strain rates from $1.0{\times}10^{-3}$ to $1.0{\times}10^{0}s^{-1}$. Stress-strain curves showed a peak stress (${\sigma}_p$) during initial stage of deformation, followed by a steady state flow at all temperatures and strain rates tested. The (${\sigma}_p$) decreased with both increase in temperature and decrease in strain rate. Nearly full densification was found to occur in the compressively deformed specimens irrespective of test condition. TEM observation revealed a restricted grain growth during steady state flow.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2011

This work investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties of 6063 Al alloy fabricated by shear-drawing (SD) technique where shear and drawing strains were combined together within a predetermined die. To find the optimum condition for sound deformation, three different dies having different inner angle and diameter of the exit channel were prepared. After single deformation of the present sample, the sound deformation took place without an abrupt failure of the sample if the inner angle would be greater than $135^{\circ}$ in this study, when the channel diameter of the SD die was reduced from 10 to 9 mm. Microstructural observation showed that the inner angle of $135^{\circ}$ was found to be more effective than that of $150^{\circ}$ in terms of the alignment of each grain to the shear direction imposed by SD method. In addition, the yield strength of the SD-deformed sample was twice higher than that of the initial counterpart while loosing ductility in tension.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권7호
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• pp.403-411
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• 2008

Zr-based amorphous alloy matrix composites reinforced with tantalum continuous fibers were fabricated by liquid pressing process, and their microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated. About 60 vol.% of tantalum fibers were homogeneously distributed inside the amorphous matrix, which contained a small amount of polygonal crystalline particles. The ductility of the tantalum-continuous-fiber-reinforced composite under tensile or compressive loading was dramatically improved over that of the monolithic amorphous alloy, while maintaining high strength. The consequential observation of the tensile deformation and fracture behavior of the composite showed the formation of multiple shear bands and multiple necking, crack deflection in the amorphous matrix, and obstruction of crack propagation by ductile fibers, thereby resulting in very high tensile elongation of 7.2%. These findings suggested that the liquid pressing process was useful for the development of amorphous matrix composites with improved ductility.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2021

Ti-Al-Si target and Cr-Si target are sputtered alternately to develop a multi-layered nitride coating on a steel mold to improve die-casting lifetime. Prior to the multi-layer deposition, a CrN layer is developed as a buffer layer on the mold to suppress the diffusion of reactive elements and enhance the cohesive strength of the multi-layer deposition. Approximately 50 nm CrSiN and TiAlSiN layers are deposited layer by layer, and form about three ㎛-thickness of multi-layered coating. From the observation of the uncoated and coated steel molds after the acceleration experiment of liquid metal injection casting, the uncoated mold is severely eroded by the adhesion of molten metallic glass. On the other hand, the multi-layer coating on the mold prevents element diffusion from the metallic glass and mold erosion during the experiment. The multi-layer structure of the coating transforms the nano-composite structured coating during the acceleration test. Since the nano-composite structure disrupts element diffusion to molten metallic glass, despite microstructure changes, the coating is not eroded by the 1,050 ℃ molten metallic glass.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.68-80
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• 2022

Timber boardwalk decks are widely installed in parks and scenic areas to provide pedestrians an elevated footpath as well as harmony with the surrounding natural scene. In order to extend the lifespan of boardwalks in the outdoor environment, industrially treated pine timber, such as Pinus sylvestris, is often adopted. However, accidents of pedestrians injured by damaged boardwalk decks have been constantly reported. Therefore, the mechanical behavior of two different types of treated timber was examined in this study under repeated wetting and drying. An increasing number of radial cracks appeared with increasing length and width as more cycles were performed. A loss of more than 40% of the screw withdrawal capacity was observed in both end grain and face grain for the two types of timber after twelve accelerated wet-dry cycles, which coincides with the observation of damaged timber boardwalks in the field investigation. At the same time, it was found that both the compressive and the flexural strength was not sensitive to the wet-dry cycles especially at large cycle numbers.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.319-326
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• 2022

Direct extrusions of an aluminum 7075 alloy were carried out using 1500 ton machine with and without die cooling system. Cooling of extrusion die has been performed by the flow of liquid nitrogen and controlled by laser thermometer. Billet was 180 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length. The preheating temperatures of billet, container and die were 390℃, 400℃ and 450℃, respectively. Ram speed was kept with 1.25 mm/sec first. The change of ram speed was carried out during extrusion according to the observation of surface defects such as crack or tearing. Extrudates of 8.3 m in length, 100 mm in width and 15 mm in thickness were obtained to observe and analyze surface defects by optical microscopy and EBSD (Electron BackScattered Diffraction). In case of extrusion without die cooling cracks on the surface and tearing in the corner of extrudate occurred in the middle stage and developed in size and frequency during the late stage of extrusion. At the extrusion with die cooling the occurrence of defects could be suppressed on the most part of extrudate. EBSD micrographs showed that cracks and tearings have been resulted from the same origin. Surface defects were generated at the boundaries of grains formed by secondary recrystallization due to surface overheating during extrusion.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.24-28
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• 2003

This study was aimed to evaluate the quality of flash welded joints and optimize the welding process for flash butt welding of 780MPa grade high strength steel. And then the relationship between the welding process variables and the joint quality would be established. The effect of process variables between flashing and upsetting process was elucidated. Microstructure observation of the joint indicated that the decarburized band was mainly changed with upsetting process. Width of HAZ was also related to the upsetting conditions rather than the flashing conditions. Generally maximum hardness at HAZ was correlated with Ceq of steel and the empirical relationship was obtained to estimate the HAZ properties. Tensile elongation at the joint was usually decreased with increasing the initial clamping distance. Investigation of fracture surface after tensile and bending tests reveal that the origin of cracking at the joint was oxide inclusions composed of $SiO_2$, MnO, $Al_2O_3$, and/or FeO. The amount of inclusions was dependent on the composition ratio of Mn/Si in steel. If this ratio was above 4, the amount of inclusions was low and then the resistance to cracking at the joint was enough to maintain the joint performance. It was obtained that the flashing process influenced the conditions for the energy input to establish uniform or non­uniform molten layer, while the upsetting conditions influenced the joint strength. Heat input variable during flashing process was also discussed with the joint properties.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2022년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.243-244
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• 2022

Recently, the utilization of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in cement paste has been widely investigated in terms of improving the dispersion quality and enhancing the cement paste mechanical performance. While methods of functionalizing the CNT using surfactants to disperse the nanoparticles have been studied to some extent, the literature on the effects of chemical covalent functionalization is still scarce. This work focuses on chemical functionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) using acid treatment, and a consequent addition of the modified MWCNT to the cement paste. The microstructural observation and degree of the MWCNT functionalization are examined using FE-SEM. The compressive strength is measured at an age of 28 days. The results of the study suggest that the acid-functionalized MWCNT are dispersed better compared to the pristine MWCNT due to presence of functional groups. The better dispersion of the nanotubes and the attached functional groups may contribute to the refinement of the microstructure of the cement paste and hence, increase its mechanical strength.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.146-159
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• 2024

본 연구에서는 강진 고성사 청동보살좌상을 대상으로 과학적 분석을 통해 불상의 제작기술 및 납 원료산지에 대한 연구를 실시하였다. 불상에서 수습한 극미량의 시료를 대상으로 미세조직 관찰결과 주조 공정을 통해 제작되었음을 알 수 있었다. 이어 SEM-EDS를 통한 합금조성비 분석결과 구리(Cu) 81.26wt% 주석(Sn) 16.42wt%, 납(Pb) 1.72wt%의 삼원계 합금으로 확인되었다. 열이온화질량분석기(TIMS)를 이용한 납동위원소비 분석결과를 한반도 납동위원소비 분포도에 대입한 결과 전라도와 충청도 지역, 경상남·북도 지역에 도시되었다. 불상이 봉안된 강진 고성사는 해당영역의 사이에 위치하고 있다. 이러한 과학적 분석결과를 종합해 볼 때 강진 고성사 청동보살좌상은 구리, 주석, 납을 합금하여 주조하였으며, 불상제작 시 사용된 납 원료는 고성사 인근 지역에서 수급하여 사용한 것으로 판단된다. 이때 주목할 점은 해당 불상이 높이 51cm의 중·대형 불상임에도 불구하고 합금조성비 분석결과 기존 선행연구에서 제시한 소형 청동 및 금동제 불상의 납 함량비와 유사한 경향성을 보이고 있다는 것이다. 이에 불상의 크기와 납 함량비 간의 연관성을 고찰하고자 고성사 청동보살좌상과 조성연대가 유사한 청동 및 금동제 불상의 형태학적 특징 및 합금조성비 등 전반적인 제작기술을 비교분석 하였다. 비교결과 청동 및 금동제 불상의 합금조성비를 결정하는 요인에는 불상의 크기 뿐만 아니라 양식적인 특징, 조성연대 등 다양한 요인이 존재할 수 있으며, 이에 따라 불상을 조성할 당시 합금조성비 또는 주조기술을 적절히 조절하였을 가능성을 확인하였다. 즉, 불상의 제작기술 연구를 위해서는 방사선 투과촬영조사 등을 활용한 내부구조 관찰, 미세조직관찰 및 합금조성비 분석 등의 과학적 분석결과 뿐만 아니라 양식적 특징 및 조성연대에 관한 고고·미술사학적 연구를 함께 진행함으로서 보다 종합적인 불상 제작기술체계에 대한 규명이 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 보존과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.171-182
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• 2010

공주 계실리, 청원 연제리, 원주 법천사지 유적에서 출토된 철재의 화학조성 및 미세조직을 X-선형광분석, 금속현미경 및 주사전자현미경-에너지분산형분광기 등을 이용하여 각 유적별 사용된 원료광석과 제철 기법에 대하여 알아보았다. 우선 각 유적별 주성분을 분석한 결과 공주 계실리 유적 출토 철재는 보통 고대에서 발견되는 철재의 전철량인 30~50% 범위에 속하는 39~44%로 나타났다. 조재량은 15~21%로 고대에 나타나는 보통의 양이다. 청원 연제리 유적은 제철로가 확인되었고, 수습된 철재의 전철량은 41~43%이며, 조재량도 18~30%로 일반적인 전철 및 조재량을 보였다. 그러나 원주 법천사지 유적의 경우 주거지내에서 철재만이 수습되었고, 제철 유적은 확인되지 않았다. 또한 주성분 분석결과 전철량은 52~57%, 조재량은 8~14%이다. 이 함유량은 공주 계실리와 청원 연제리보다 전철량이 높고, 조재량이 낮은 것으로서 철재와 철의 분리가 다른 지역에 비해 원활하게 이루어지지 못했음을 보여준다. 또한 미량성분 분석결과 공주 계실리 유적은 Ti과 V, Zr의 함량이 다른 유적들에 비하여 높게 나타나며, 미세조직에서는 magnetite와 ulvospinel이 나타나는 것으로 보아 원재료로서 사철을 사용했음을 확인 할 수 있었으며 청원 연제리와 원주 법천사지는 철광석으로 제련된 철재로 확인되었다. 미세 조직 관찰 결과 청원 연제리 출토 철재는 회색장주상의 fayalite가 나타나고, 원주 법천사지는 거상의 wustite가 주상으로 확인되었다. 즉, 청원 연제리 출토 철재는 제련 작업 시 생성된 철재이고, 원주 법천사지는 출토 지점과 분포된 조직 양상을 보아 단야 작업 과정에서 생성된 철재임을 확인할 수 있었다.