• Journal of Life Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2001

To investigate the deaging effects of introperitoneally injected Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) on various enzyme activity (AST, ALT, MDA (Malon dialdehyde), SOD (Superoxide dismutase), GPx (Glutathione peroxidases) and histophathology of liver tissue, ovariectomized rats were used. The antioxidative effects of chondroitin sulfate (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg body weight) were investigated at the antioxidative enzyme activities of liver homogenate fractions (liver total homogenate, mitochondrial, and microsomal fractions) and sera. In addition, the rat liver was histologically examined. Intraperitoneally injected CS, depend on dosage, indicated a protective effect against ovariectomy-inducted aging. Moreover, inflammation and cirrhosis in liver tissue of CS treated group were significantly decreased. Based on these results, intraperitoneally injected CS is a useful material to delay aging.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.188-197
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• 2015

In this study, we investigated the effect of rice bran water extract fermented with Lactobacillus plantarum Hong (RBLw), on activities of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and thromboxane $A_2$ synthase (TXAS), thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) production associated microsomal enzymes and evaluated its the antiplatelet effect. RBLw, containing 13.5 mg of ferulic acid, dose-dependently inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation, and inhibited the production of $TXA_2$, an aggregation molecule. In addition, RBLw directly inhibited COX-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner, but not TXAS activity in platelet microsomal fraction having cytochrome c reductase (an endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme) activity and expressing COX-1 (72 kDa) and TXAS (60.5 kDa) proteins. These results suggest that RBLw selectively inhibited the activity of COX-1 rather than TXAS to attenuate $TXA_2$ production in ADP-activated platelets. Thus, we demonstrate that RBLw might have direct COX-1 antagonistic function for platelet aggregation-mediated diseases, such as thrombosis, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and ischemic cerebrovascular disease.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.54-59
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the effect of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major component of green tea catechins from green tea leaves, on activities of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and thromboxane synthase (TXAS), thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) production associated microsomal enzymes. EGCG inhibited COX-1 activity to 96.9%, and TXAS activity to 20% in platelet microsomal fraction having cytochrome c reductase (an endoplasmic reticulum marker enzyme) activity and expressing COX-1 (70 kDa) and TXAS (58 kDa) proteins. The inhibitory ratio of COX-1 to TXAS by EGCG was 4.8. These results mean that EGCG has a stronger selectivity in COX-1 inhibition than TXAS inhibition. In special, a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug aspirin, a COX-1 inhibitor, inhibited COX-1 activity by 11.3% at the same concentration ($50{\mu}M$) as EGCG that inhibited COX-1 activity to 96.9% as compared with that of control. This suggests that EGCG has a stronger effect than that of aspirin on inhibition of COX-1 activity. Accordingly, we demonstrate that EGCG might be used as a crucial tool for a strong negative regulator of COX-1/$TXA_2$ signaling pathway to inhibit thrombotic disease-associated platelet aggregation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.463-467
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• 1995

In vitro metabolism study of ${\alpha}$-endosulfan by liver and kidney microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system of the mouse(Balb/C) was performed. ${\alpha}$-Endosulfan was metabolized to endosulfan lactone(EL), endosulfan hydroxyether(EHE), endosulfan alcohol(EA), endosulfan sulfate(ES), endosulfan ether(EE) and ${\beta}$-endosulfan(${\beta}$-E). The main metabolites of ${\alpha}$-endosulfan were EL(13.2%) and EA(11.5%) in liver microsome and EA(17.4%) md EHE(19.3%) in kidney microsome. The $^{14}C$-activity of organic extractable fraction and water soluble fraction were 63.4% and 31.7% in liver micosome incubates respectively. The water soluble metabolites were EA(83.9%), EHE(4.5%) and ES(2.3). Piperonyl butoxide treatment inhibited the formation of EE by 86%, EA by 92% and EHE, EL and ES were barely formed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.386-394
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• 2005

Effects of root, stem and leaf extract of sancho (Zanthoxylum schinifolium) on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the hepatic microsome of rat, DPPH radical scavenging activity and activated partial thromboplastin times (APTT) were examined in vitro. The highest inhibition of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation was observed by ethyl acetate fraction than that of methylene chloride fraction of the root and stem extracts. The high inhibition of lipid peroxidation was determined in the leaf, the root and the stem in order. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethyl acetate fraction was higher than that of n-butanol fraction and it was similar to the root and the steam extract. It was similar to the inhibition of hepatic microsomal lipid peroxidation. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was the highest in 2.500mg/mL of ethyl acetate fraction and it was 4.4 fold higher than that of $\alpha-tocopherol$, as an antioxidant standard. The DPPH radical scavenging activity was dependent on the extract concentration in the range of 0.125-5.000 mg/mL. The throm-boplastin times were higher than that of n-butanol fraction and it was similar to the root and the steam extracts. The leaf extract showed the highest antithrombogenic effect followed by the stem and then the root extract. The activated partial thromboplastin times were ependent on the extract concentration in the range of 0.100-2.000 mg/mL. Consequently, the effects of antioxidative, DPPH radical scavenging activity and antithrombogenic of Z. schinifolium was observed due to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation and the DPPH radical scavenging activity by methylene chloride, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract. (Korean J Nutrition 38(5): 386 - 394, 2005)

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.713-727
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• 1995

The present study was investigated fatty acid composition of the phospholipid in the RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fraction after vitamin E and/or insulin treatment to evaluate the effect of vitamin E on the oxidative stress in STZ-treated rat and BB rat. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows; 1. Effect of vitamin E and/or insulin treatment in STZ-treated rat 1) In the insulin treated group and the combination treated groups of vitamin E with insulin, body weights were increased compared to STZ-treated rat(STZ control group). Especially it was more significantly increased in the combination treated group of high dose vitamin E with insulin. 2) The composition of fatty acids of the phospholipid in RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fractions was shown a decreased C16:1, C18:1, C20:4 and an increased C16:0, C18:0, C18:2 in STZ control group compared to normal control group. In RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fractions after vitamin E with insulin treatment in STZ-treated rat, effect on the composition of fatty acids of the phospholipid was shown the result of a decreased C16:0, C18:0, C18:2 and an increased C16:1, C18:1, C20:4. 3) Hemolysis rate of the RBC to $H_2O_2$ was increased in the STZ control group and it was decreased below the hemolysis level of normal control group by vitamin E treatment. 2. Effect of vitamin E and/or insulin treatment in BB rat 4) Only in microsomal fraction, fatty acid composition was different between insulin treatment group and vitamin E with insulin treatment group. It was increased C16:0 and C18:1, and decreased C18:0 and C18:2 in vitamin E with insulin treatment group: But C20:4 was not different in two groups. These results suggest that the combination treatment of vitamin E and insulin could prevent the oxidative change of fatty acids in P-lipid of the RBC membrane, liver and microsomal fraction in STZ-treated rats and BB rats.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.29-38
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• 1998

In order to elucidate the effect of phenobarbital sodium(PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene(3-MC) on metabolism in vitro and toxicity of $^{14}C$-carbofuran in rat, they were administered by the chemicals, alone or in combination, and their survival ratios and metabolites were investigated. The $LD_{50}$(96 hrs) value of carbofuran to rats was 6.9 mg/kg. The toxicities of the major metabolites were in the decreasing order of 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran phenol and were much lower than that of the parent compound. When the rats were orally administered by the dose of carbofuran alone, 8.4 mg/kg, the survival ratio was 0%, whereas that was raised up to $60{\sim}80%$ with 20 mg/kg of PB or 3-MC, and 100% with 60 mg/kg of PB or 3-MC. Their metabolism in vitro occurred in the microsomal fraction. In case of carbofuran alone, the major metabolite was 3-hydroxycarbofuran. When carbofuran with PB or 3-MC, on the other hand, was treated, it was 3-ketocarbofuran. In addition, when the co-factor(NADP+G-6-P+G-6-P-DG) was added to the microsomal fraction(phase I system), and a mixture of NADPH+GSH to the 105,000g supernatant(phase II system) taken by carbofuran alone, each metabolites were produced by the maximum levels, respectively. In case of the carbofuran treatment with PB or 3-MC, the microsomal fraction of phase I system produced the maximum levels of metabolites, as in the treatment of carbofuran alone, whereas the 105,000g supernatant supplemented with the co-factor NADPH+FAD(phase II system) was brought about the maximum production of metabolites. The ratio of the formation of metabolites was 2 to 3 times higher in the combined treatment of carbofuran with PB or 3-MC than in the treatment of carbofuran alone.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.365-369
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• 1995

The content ratios of gingerol in 4 fractions (hexane, ether, ethylacetate and hexane-ether (1:1, v/v) fraction) extracted from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The content ratios of 6-gingerol in 4 fractions were hexane fraction; 49.5％, ether fraction; 20.74％, ethylacetate fraction; 21.43％ and hexane-ether (1 : 1, v/v) fraction; 93.70％. Antioxidant activities of soybean oil added 0.2％ of each ginger fraction and 0.02％ of BHT were determined by peroxide value during storage at 45$^{\circ}C$. And relative antioxidant effectiveness (RAE) was calculated as the ratio of the induction period of a given substrate oil to that of a control oil. RAE of each fraction was hexane fraction; 2.60, ether fraction; 2.33, ethylacetate fraction; 2.07 and hexane-ether (1 : 1, v/v) fraction; 2.75, BHT; 1.74. Inhibition effect of each fraction on the rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation showed hexane fraction; 93％, ether fraction; 92％, ethylacetate fraction; 86％ in 350 g/$m\ell$ and hexane-ether (1 : 1, v/v) fraction; 89％ in 20 g/$m\ell$.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1992

This paper examines the effects of dietary fats on the fatty acid composition and market enzyme activites during liver damage in 2-acetylaminofluorene treated rats. Weaning Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the diet of beef tallow(BT source of sturated fatty acid) corn oil(CO source of n-6 fatty acid) and perilla oil(PO source of n-3 fatty acid) at the level of 15% fat. Ten days after feeding 2-acetylaminofluorene(2-AAF) was injected intraperitoneally twice every week at the level of 50mg/kg body weight for 7 weeks. Liver microsomal and cytosolic fractions were collected to determine the microsomal fatty acid composition lipid peroxide(malondialdehyde MDA) contents glucose 6-phosphatase(G6 Pase) activity cytochrome(Cyt) P-450 contents and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase(G6 Pase) activity cytochrome(Cyt) P-450 contents and cytosolic glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity. The fatty acid composition in microsomal fraction was reflected by different dietary fats. By 2-AAF treatment linoleic acids were increased regardless of the diet MDA contents were higher in CO group than it was in BT group. However 2-AAF treatment decreased MDA contents in all dietary groups. G6Pase activity of BT group was higher than those of the other gropus. CO group had the highest Cyt P-450 contents and 2-AAF treatment lowered Cyt P-450 contents only in CO gropu GST activites were higher in CO than in BT group whereas the enzyme activites were increased by 20AAF treatment in all dietary groups. These results suggest that dietary fats and 2-AAF treatment in all dietary groups,. These results suggest that dietary fats and 2-AAF treatment affect microsomal fatty acid composition The enzyme activities concerned with liver damage were influenced differently by dietary fats and 2-AFF treatment Although PO diet contains much more polyunsaturated fatty acids than CO diet PO diet doesn't cause more oxidant stress compared with CO diet in these data.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.1 s.29
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• pp.281-294
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• 1995

The effect of Sam Hwa San on the Na-K-ATPase activity was evaluated in microsomal fraction prepared from rabbit cerebral cortex to determine whether Sam Hwa San affects Na-K-ATPase activity of nervous system. Sam Hwa San markedly inhibited the Na-K-ATPase activity in a dose-dependent manner with an estimated $I_{50}$ of 0.12%. Optimal pH for the Na-K-ATPase activity was at 7.5 in the presence or absence of Sam Hwa San. The degree of inhibition by the drug more increased at acidic and alkalic pHs than neutral pH. Kinetic studies of substrate and cationic activation of the enzyme indicate classic noncompetitive inhibition fashion for ATP, Na and K, showing significant reduction in Vmax without a change in Km. Dithiothreitol, a sulfhydryl reducing reagent, partially protects the inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity by Sam Hwa San. Combination of Sam Hwa San and ouabain showed higher inhibition than cumulative inhibition. These results suggest that Sam Hwa San inhibits Na-K-ATPase activity in central nervous system by reacting with, at least a part, sulfhydryl group and ouabain binding site of the enzyme protein, but with different binding site from those of ATP, Na and K.