• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 2011

The effects of high pressure homogenization (microfluidization) on physicochemical properties of normal maize and oxidized maize starch film were studied. The molecular dispersibility of amlyose and amylopectin and the disintegration of granular structure had a marked effect on the physicochemical properties of starch films. The high pressure homogenized starch films showed increased solubility and transmittance due to the absence of gelatinized starch granules. The tensile strength of starch film increased significantly with decreasing oxygen permeability after high pressure homogenization, indicating that starch molecules were more uniformly and fully dispersed during the film formation. As a result, a clear starch film with improved mechanical properties was obtained after high pressure homogenization due to the increased interactions between the uniformly dispersed starch molecules.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.281-287
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• 2011

Background: Biodegradable polymers have increasingly been recognized for various biological applications in recent years. Here we examined the immunostimulatory activities of the novel poly(aspartic acid) conjugated with L-lysine (PLA). Methods: PLA was synthesized by conjugating L-lysine to aspartic acid polymer. PLA-nanoliposomes (PLA-NLs) were prepared from PLA using a microfluidizer. The immunostimulatory activities of PLA-NLs were examined in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs). Results: PLA-NLs increased the number of BM-DCs when added to cultures of GM-CSF-induced DC generation on day 4 after the initiation of cultures. Examination of the phenotypic properties showed that BM-DCs generated in the presence of PLA-NLs are more mature in terms of the expression of MHC class II molecules and major co-stimulatory molecules than BM-DCs generated in the absence of PLA-NLs. In addition, the BM-DCs exhibited enhanced capability to produce cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$. Allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions also confirmed that the BMDCs were more stimulatory on allogeneic T cells. PLA- NL also induced further growth of immature BM-DCs that were harvested on day 8. Conclusion: These results show that PLA-NLs induce the generation and functional activities of BM-DCs, and suggest that PLA-NLs could be immunostimulating agents that target DCs.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 1998

Aclarubicin(ACL)-entrapped freeze dried liposomes were prepared using Microfludizer to attain a sustained release at targeted organs in a prolonged time so that it can reduce th e side effect and maximize the therapeutic effect. The freeze-dried liposomes were evaluated for pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180, cytotoxicity against L1210 and A549 tumor cells, spleen toxicity and myelosuppressive action. The $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8hr}$ values were $122{\pm}42,\;382{\pm}140,\;419{\pm}171,\;835{\pm}206\;and\;443{\pm}309{\mu}g{\cdot}min/ml$ for free ACL. ACL-liposome formulation I, II, III and IV, respectively. Cytotoidcity of ACL-entrapped liposomes against L1210 and A549 tumor cells was 2-4 times higher than that of free aclarubicin. ACL-liposome formulation I(PC/CHOL/TA) showed the most potent antitumor activity against Sarcoma 180 in mice. The loss of body weight was much smaller with ACL-entrapped liposomes than free ACL after I.p. injection at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day. Compared to free ACL, ACL-entrapped liposomes expressed a lower and delayed spleen toxicity up to 5th day after I.v. administration. Myelosupperssion seemed to be lower with ACL-entrapped liposome of PC/PC-hydrate/CHOL/TA (formulation III) than free aclarubicin.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.319-322
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• 2003

Many studies have been attempted to overcome the problems of paclitaxel related to the extremely low aqueous solubility of paclitaxel and the unexpected side-effects caused by $Cremophor^{\circledR}$ EL in a commercial paclitaxel formulation, $Taxol^{\circledR}$. In order to formulate a new delivery system suitable for intravenous administration without toxic excipients, in this study, paclitaxel was incorporated into solid lipid nanoparticles (Px-SLN) by hot homogenization technique using a microfluidizer. Particle size and zeta potential were measured by a Zetasizer. In vitro drug release experiment was performed by a dialysis diffusion method. Each Px-SLN or $Taxol^{\circledR}$ was intravenously administered to the male Sprague-Dawley rats at a dose of 5 mg/kg as paclitaxel. Blood samples were deproteinated with acetonitrile and assayed for paclitaxel by the validated HPLC/MS/MS method. Mean particle size and zeta potential were measured as 72.1 nm (< Polydispersity 0.3) and -41.5 mV, respectively. The content of paclitaxel in SLN was 1.42 mg/ml and the drug loading efficiency was $71.2{\pm}4.3%$. The $AUC_t$ of Px-SLN was 3.4-fold greater than that of $Taxol^{\circledR}$. The Px-SLN might be a promising candidate for an alternative formulation for the parenteral delivery of paclitaxel.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.178-191
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• 2003

OMC is essentialiy necessary compound in sun goods as organic UV protecting products. But the skin-trouble problem is raising because of skin penetration of OMC. In this study, non-capsulated pure OMC was compared with Organic-Inorganic-Nano-hybrid OMC for skin penetration force and SPF degree. Organic- Inorganic Nano-Hybrid OMC is OMC trapped in the pore of the mesoporous silica synthesized by the sol-gel method after OMC is nanoemulsified in the system of the hydrogenated Lecithin/ Ethanol/caprylic/capric triglyceride/OMC/water. OMC- nano- emulsion was obtained by a microfluidizing process at 1000bar and then micelle size in the nanoemulsion solution is 100-200nm range. Mesoporous silica nano-hybrid OMC was prepared by the process; surfactant was added in dissolved OMC-Nanoemulsion, then the rod Micelle was formed. OMC-nanoemulsion was capsulated in this rod Micelle and then silica precursor was added in the OMC-nanoemulsion solution. Through the hydrolysis reaction of the silica precursor, mesoporous silica concluding OMC-Nanocapsulation was obtained. The nano-hybrid surface of this OMC-Nanoemulsion-Inorganic system was treated with polyalkyl-silane compound. OMC-Mesoporous silica Nano-hybrids coated with polyalkyl-silane compound show the higher sun protecting factor (SPF Analyzer: INDEX 10-15) than pure OMC and could reduce a skin penetration of OMC. The physico-chemical properties of these nano-hybrids measured on the SPF index, partical size, strcture, specific surface area, pore size, morphology, UV absorption, rate of the OMC dissolution using SPF Analyzer, Laser light scattering system, XRD, BET, SEM, chroma Meter, HPLC, Image analyzer, microfluidizer, UV/VIS. spectrometer.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.260-265
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• 2013

In this study, nano-emulsions containing 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.10% ethyl acetate fraction of Hippophae rhamnoides (H. rhamnoides) leaf extracts were prepared. The particle size, particle size distribution and skin permeability of the nano-emulsions were evaluated for five weeks. Nano-emulsion was prepared by the sequential use of homogenizer and microfluidizer. Nano-emulsion containing the ethyl acetate fraction exhibited a monodispersed form. Nano-emulsion containing 0.03% ethyl acetate fraction was the most stable for five weeks. The in vitro skin permeation study of nano-emulsion containing 0.03% ethyl acetate fraction was carried out using Franz diffusion cell. The nano-emulsion showed a better skin permeability than that of O/W emulsion. These results indicate that the nano-emulsion containing the ethyl acetate fraction of H. rhamnoides leaf extract showed a remarkable stability and skin permeability than that of O/W emulsion.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.248-256
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• 2000

We investigated the property of formation of mono-vesicle(designated nano-some) with using of the combined co-emulsifiers and phospholipid. Nano-some was prepared with hydrogenated lecithin(HL) and diethanolamine cetyl phosphate(DEA-CP) by swelling reaction. Kojic acid and kojic dipalmitate could be made stabilization by nano-some system using microfluidizer(MF). Nano-some has a good affinity to skin by means of this system. The composition was compounded by 2% of hydrogenated lecithin (phosphatidyl choline contained with 75%, 0.5% of DEA-CP and 0.5% of diglyceryl dioleate (DGDO). To make nano-some, several conditions of MF have to be considered as follows. The optimum pH was 6.0. The pressure was 10,000psi and passage temperature was at $306^{\circ}C$. The nano-some base was passed to homogenize continually 3 times through MF. The Particle size distributions of the vesicles were with in $57{\sim}75.7nm$(mean 66nm) by measuring the Zetasizer-3000. Zeta potential of vesicles with 3 times passage through MF was -24.8mV. Formations for nano-some vesicle certificated photograph by scanning electric magnification (SEM). Stability of nano-some was very good for 6months. The turbidity was very good transparency compared nano-some with liposome. It was formed the mono vesicle in the opposite direction to be formed the multi-lamellar vesicle of liposome.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.268-279
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• 2003

The nano capsulation of the ceramide was a technique that capsulated ceramide III and tocopheryl linoleate at the mono-vesicle, so as to act the horny layer in skin. It was used 0.5-5.0 wt% of hydrogenated lecithin and 0.01~2.00 wt% of lysolecithin as the membrane-strengthen agents of the mono-vesicle, 5.0~10 wt% of propylene glycol and 5.0~10.0 wt% of ethyl alcohol made by high-pressure Microfluidizer. To enhance the moisturizing efficacy and treat an atopy skin, used ceramide III and tocopheryl linoleate as the active ingredients, and it was made the nano-capsule that synthetic emulsifiers were free. The optimal condition of capsulation of nano ceramide was as follows. The conditions were 3 times at 1,000bar and 60-7$0^{\circ}C$. The particle size showed 63.1$\pm$7.34 nm such as the transparence water as the results for measuring by the laser light scattering. A zeta potential value was -55.1$\pm$0.84 ㎷. The result of the clinical test, the moisturizing effect (in-vivo, n=8, p-value<0.05) was improved 21.15% compared to control, as well as it was improved 36.31 % before the treatment. Moreover, the effectiveness of atopy skin indicated positive reaction that patients were 10 volunteers.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

Water-lipid soluble multivitamin formulations were widely used to reduce the disease and stress of animals as husbandry has made a remarkable progress in recent. But the efficiency of these formulations is far from satisfactory. So, this study was attempted to develop the physically and chemically stable and useful multivitamin o/w emulsion. Multivitamin o/w emulsion composed of water, soybean oil (10%, v/v), vitamin A, D, E, K, $B_2,\;B_6,\;B_{12}$ and panthenol. To make a stable o/w emulsion, the egg lecithin (2%, w/v) and glycerin (2.5%, w/v) were used for emulsifier and thickening agent, respectively. The oil in water emulsion system was manufactured by microfluidizer and the physicochemical stability of this emulsion was evaluated. The average particle size and interfacial tension were measured. From the result of interfacial tension tested, critical micelle concentration of the egg lecithin was 0.5% (w/v) and optimal concentration for the preparation of emulsion was 2% (w/v). The mean particle size was about $0.6\;{\mu}m$ which was suitable for injections. Short-term accelerated stability as physical stability study was tested by centrifuging and freeze-thawing the emulsion samples. The additions of vitamins resulted in the increment of particle size and reduction of physical stability of emulsion. But it is not an enormous problem for the stability of emulsion. Also, we have performed the long-period preservation stability test for the vitamins. All vitamins were analysed by HPLC. The result of storage under $4^{\circ}C$ and dark conditions demonstrated that all vitamins were maintained stable at least 16 weeks, except for vitamin $B_{12}$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 1997

To make a stable o/w emulsion, the effects of egg lecithin as an emulsifier and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as an auxiliary emulsifier on the physical stability of emulsion were investigated. The oil-in-water emulsion system was manufactured by microfluidizer and evaluated the physical stability. Average particle size and size distribution of emulsion was measured by dynamic light scattering analyzer and interfacial tension was measured. From the interfacial tension tested, critical micelle concentration of the egg lecithin was 0.1 %w/v and optimal concentration for the preparation of emulsion was 1.0 %w/v. The mean particle size was about $0.2\;{\mu}m$ which was suitable for injections. The short-term accelerated stability studies were conducted by centrifugation, freeze-thaw method and shaking of the emulsion samples. The addition of PVP was caused the reduction in the particle size and improved the physical stability of emulsion. These results suggested that a mixed interfacial film comprising the egg lecithin and PVP was formed at the o/w interface and it was effective in preventing phase separation under thermic or mechanical stress. We used antineoplaston A10 (A10) as a model drug which is peptide and amino acid derivative having a action to the living organism against the development of neoplastic growth by a nonimmunological progress. It has a poor solubility in water and there may be a difficulty in formulation of A10. Emulsion formulation study about A10 was performed. Solubility of A10 in emulsion was about five times as high as that in water. From the results of solubility and partition coefficient, almost A10 molecules in o/w emulsion exist in the interface between oil and water.