• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.575-580
• /
• 2011

This study characterized water quality of groundwater and purified water used for drinking water in 30 schools in Gyeongsangbukdo Province. The results of the study showed that 43% of groundwater and 45% of purified water were not suitable for drinking. Among them, microbial contaminations were the most serious problem. In raw groundwater, the exceeding rates of total colony counts was the highest in August (53.6%). Purified water samples showed higher rate of exceeding drinking water standard for total colony counts while showing lower rate of exceeding drinking water standard for total coliforms and fecal coliforms in March and August. Overall, proper managements for microbial contaminations are required for both groundwater and purified water. Furthermore, special attention should toward students not to drink water when groundwater or purified water exceeds the drinking water quality standard.

• 한국식품영양학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.240-246
• /
• 2010

This study aimed to determine microbiological quality on vegetable salad used dressing added with Prunus mume extracts. For this study, Dressing were blended with Prunus mume extracts to different concentrations of 0, 10, and 20%. Microbiological effects of vegetable salad used dressing added with Prunus mume extracts were assessed during production process by measuring process time, temperature, pH and Aw and determining total plate counts and coliforms. Effects of vegetable salad used dressing added with Prunus mume extracts on total plate counts and coliforms were observed during holding at 3, $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 12 hours. Dressing added with Prunus mume extracts improved the microbiological quality and showed antibacterial properties when they are added to vegetable salad.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.257-260
• /
• 2006

The correlation between microbiological and sensory quality indexes was investigated for Korean seasoned side dishes stored under chilled conditions, by using both published data and experimental evaluation. Aerobic bacterial counts on the perishable Korean side dishes showed high inverse correlation with sensory quality and could also be regarded as a main cause of sensory quality deterioration. Therefore, monitoring or estimating the microbial growth on these products should be an effective means for estimating and extending their shelf life.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제31권5호
• /
• pp.1392-1396
• /
• 1999

우유의 저온살균시 품질손상의 원인이 되는 fouling발생을 극소화시키면서 균을 사멸시키기 위하여 마이크로파를 이용한 우유의 살균에 대한 연구를 시도하였다. 이에따라 연속식 마이크로파 HTST 시스템을 설계 제작한 후, 우유를 HTST$(72^{circ}C$, 15초)법으로 살균하되 열수만을 이용한 경우(MP0)와 마이크로파로 온도를 올린 후 열수에서 holding한 경우(MP1)와 마이크로파만을 활용한 경우(MP2)의 세가지로 구분하여 미생물의 사멸효과를 총생균수, 대장균수, 저온성세균수 및 phosphatase 활성으로 구분하여 비교해 보았다. 총균수와 저온성 세균수의 경우 세가지 HTST살균법 모두 살균후 초기균수의 3 log 정도 감소하는 살균효과를 보여주었다. 살균방법별 살균효과는 MP0>MP2>MP1의 순서를 보였고 유의차(p<0.05)도 있는 것으로 나타났으나 원유의 초기미생물수와 함께 통계처리할 경우는 살균방법 사이의 유의차는 보이지 않았다. 대장균과 phosphatase activity의 경우 세가지 HTST 살균법 모두 살균후 우유의 배양실험에서 대장균 집락이 확인되지 않거나 살균후 음성(negative)인 것으로 나타나 살균방법 사이의 살균효과에 차이가 없음을 확인시켜주었다. 따라서 마이크로파 단독처리(MP2) 또는 마이크로파로 승온시킨 후 원하는 온도에서 holding하는 병용법(MP1)을 활용할 경우 통상적 HTST법에서 문제가 되는 fouling을 방지하면서 거의 대등한 살균효과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 예상하였다 얻어진 연구결과를 토대로 우유 및 타 액상식품의 살균에도 확대 적용할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.585-594
• /
• 2018

Objective: This study was to determine the bacterial diversity and monitor the community dynamic changes during storage of vacuum-packaged sliced raw beef as affected by Lactobacillus sakei and Lactobacillus curvatus. Methods: L. sakei and L. curvatus were separately incubated in vacuumed-packaged raw beef as bio-protective cultures to inhibit the naturally contaminating microbial load. Dynamic changes of the microbial diversity of inoculated or non-inoculated (control) samples were monitored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 0 to 38 days, using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). Results: The DGGE profiles of DNA directly extracted from non-inoculated control samples highlighted the order of appearance of spoilage bacteria during storage, showing that Enterbacteriaceae and Pseudomonas fragi emerged early, then Brochothrix thermosphacta shared the dominant position, and finally, Pseudomonas putida showed up became predominant. Compared with control, the inoculation of either L. sakei or L. curvatus significantly lowered the complexity of microbial diversity and inhibited the growth of spoilage bacteria (p<0.05). Interestingly, we also found that the dominant position of L. curvatus was replaced by indigenous L. sakei after 13 d for L. curvatus-inoculated samples. Plate counts on selective agars further showed that inoculation with L. sakei or L. curvatus obviously reduced the viable counts of Enterbacteraceae, Pseudomonas spp. and B. thermosphacta during later storage (p<0.05), with L. sakei exerting greater inhibitory effect. Inoculation with both bio-protective cultures also significantly decreased the total volatile basic nitrogen values of stored samples (p<0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, the results proved the benefits of inoculation with lactic acid bacteria especially L. sakei as a potential way to inhibit growth of spoilage-related bacteria and improve the shelf life of vacuum-packaged raw beef.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• 제30권1호
• /
• pp.17-24
• /
• 2005

An efficient microbial control system was introduced into a garlic peeling system using pressurized water in order to improve the quality and the shelf-life of peeled garlic. High microbial density of the spoiled peeled garlic and the water used for peeling and washing indicated that an efficient microbial control system is necessary far the peeling system. Though Pseudomonas spp. and Penicillium spp. were closely related to the spoilage of peeled garlic, the spoilage of peeled garlic was thought to be caused mainly by nonspecific increase in microbial density. The shelf-life of the garlic peeled by pressurized water was longer than that of the garlic peeled by pressurized air, and the degree of damage had great effect on the shelf-life of peeled garlic. Ozonated water was effective in decreasing the microbial contamination and in increasing the shelf-life of peeled garlic. Based on the findings of the study, following improvements were made to the garlic peeling system using pressurized water; 1) the water circulation system was modified in order to completely separate the water for washing from the water for garlic peeling, 2) filtration and cooling equipments were introduced into the circulation system of the water for peeling, and 3) an ozone generator which could continuously supply ozonated water (dissolved ozone concentration of 0.4 ppm) was attached to the circulation system of the water for washing.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제14권2호
• /
• pp.120-125
• /
• 2009

Water stress has become a major concern in agriculture. Korea suffers from limited agricultural water supply, and wastewater reuse has been recommended as an alternative solution.A study was performed to examine the effects of microorganism concentration in the ponded-water of a paddy rice field with reclaimed-water irrigation for evaluating the microbial risk to farmers and neighborhoodchildren.Most epidemiological studies were performed based on an upland field, and they may not directly applicable to paddy fields. Beta-Poisson model was used to estimate the microbial risk of pathogen ingestion. Their risk value increased significantly high level after irrigation and precipitation.It implies that agricultural activities such as plowing, and fertilizing, and precipitation need be practiced a few days after irrigation considering health risks. The results about field application of the microbial risk assessment using E. coli showed difference according to monitoring time and treatment plot. Result of the microbial risk assessment showed that risk values of ground-water and reclaimed secondary waste water irrigation were lower than directly use of wastewater treatment plants' effluent. This paper should be viewed as a first step in the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment of E. coli to wastewater reuse in a paddy rice farming.

• Animal Bioscience
• /
• 제36권10호
• /
• pp.1596-1603
• /
• 2023

Objective: Sous-vide cooking offers several advantages for poultry meat, including enhanced tenderness, reduced cooking loss, and improved product yield. However, in duck meat, there are challenges associated with using the sous-vide method. The prolonged cooking time at low temperatures can lead to unstable microbial and oxidative stabilities. Thus, we aimed to assess how varying sous-vide cooking temperatures and durations affect the physicochemical and microbial characteristics of duck breast meat, with the goal of identifying an optimal cooking condition. Methods: Duck breast meat (Anas platyrhynchos) aged 42 days and with an average weight of 1,400±50 g, underwent cooking under various conditions (ranging from 50℃ to 80℃) for either 60 or 180 min. Then, physicochemical, microbial, and microstructural properties of the cooked duck breast meat were assessed. Results: Different cooking conditions affected the quality attributes of the meat. The cooking loss, lightness, yellowness, Hue angle, whiteness, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) values of the duck breast meat increased with the increase in cooking temperature and time. In contrast, the redness and chroma values decreased with the increase in cooking temperature and time. Cooking of samples higher than 60℃ increased the volatile basic nitrogen contents and TBARS. Microbial analysis revealed the presence of Escherichia coli and Coliform only in the samples cooked at 50℃ and raw meat. Cooking at lower temperature and shorter time increased the tenderness of the meat. Microstructure analysis showed that the contraction of myofibrils and meat density increased upon increasing the cooking temperature and time. Conclusion: Our data indicate that the optimal sous-vide method for duck breast meat was cooking at 60℃ for 60 min. This temperature and time conditions showed good texture properties and microbial stability, and low level of TBARS of the duck breast meat.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제27권9호
• /
• pp.1086-1095
• /
• 2017

기후변화로 인한 지표수 자원의 손실에 대비하기 위해 지하수 자원에 대한 관심이 대두되고 있다. 지하수 오염에 대한 모니터링 및 평가뿐 아니라 지하수 자원 관리를 위해 대수층 미생물 군집에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 대수층에서 미생물은 지하수에 부유하는 것보다 대부분이 대수층 퇴적토 입자 표면에 부착해서 서식한다. 하지만 대수층 퇴적토 시료 채취가 쉽지 않으므로 대부분의 대수층 미생물 군집 연구는 관정으로부터 채취한 지하수 시료의 부유 세포를 이용하였다. 오염된 대수층에서 미생물 군집에 대한 연구는 비교적 많으나, 오염되지 않은 대수층에서의 미생물 다양성과 수질개선을 위한 그들의 역할에 대한 정보는 여전히 부족한 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 대수층 지하수 내에 존재하는 세균의 생태와 군집 구조에 관해 기술하였다. 지금까지 보고된 연구에 의하면 오염되지 않은 대수층 지하수 미생물 군집은 대부분 Proteobacteria가 우세한 것으로 나타났다. 이들은 대수층 내의 기질(광물, 유기물 등)의 농도나 분포, 지하수의 성상, 인간의 활동 등에 영향을 받는다. 오염되지 않은 대수층 지하수 미생물 군집에 관한 연구는 지하수의 수질 개선에 관련된 생지화학적 과정을 더 잘 이해하기 위해 중요하며, 또한 대수층 오염에 따른 군집 변화를 모니터링 하기 위한 기초 자료로 이용될 수 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제37권8호
• /
• pp.712-721
• /
• 2004

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of heating and after-heating processed foods for implementation of a HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations. The evaluating points were microbial assessment and temperature of foods during receiving, cooking, and serving in heating process. In non-heating process, in addition to monitoring microbial assessment of food during preparation, cooking, and serving steps, the microbial populations of employees' hands and utensils and serving temperature were also evaluated. Microbiological quality was assessed using 3M Petrifilm$^{TM}$ to measure total plate count and coliforms for foods and utensils and Staphylococcus aureus for hands in five Gumi day-care centers. Microbiological quality assessment for foods and utensils is summarized as follows. Microbiological quality of the heating processed foods was satisfactory for cooking and serving steps. The internal temperature of food was above 74$^{\circ}C$. However, temperature control before the serving step was not achieved due to inappropriate time management between the cooking and serving steps. In the after-heating process, the total plate counts of boiled mungbean sprouts salad, blanched spinach salad, com vegetable salad were below the standard at the serving step. The majority of samples showed that coliforms exceeded the norm, which is thought to be the result of the cross-contamination from utensils. These results suggest that it is essential to educate employees on the importance of hand washing and of avoiding cross-contamination by using clean, sanitized equipment to serve food in the after-heating process. Establishing Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures (SSOPs) is an essential part of any HACCP system in day-care center foodservice operations.