• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2022

As interest in microsatellites increases, research has been actively conducted recently on the performance and use, as well as the orbital design and deployment techniques, for the microsatellite constellations. The purpose of this study was to investigate orbital deployment techniques using thrust and differential atmospheric drag control (DADC) for the Walker-delta constellation. When using thrust, the time and thrust required for orbital deployment vary, depending on the separation speed and direction of the satellite with respect to the launch vehicle. A control strategy to complete the orbital deployment with limited performance of the propulsion system is suggested and it was analyzed. As a result, the relationship between the deployment period and the total thrust consumption was derived. It takes a relatively longer deployment time using differential air drag rather than consuming thrusts. It was verified that the satellites can be deployed only with differential air drag at a general orbit of a microsatellite constellation. The conclusion of this study suggests that the deployment strategy in this paper can be used for the microsatellite constellation.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.123-130
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• 2005

In this study, we evaluated the CH4 and CO conversion efficiencies over the oxidation catalysts for natural gas vehicle with lean-burn system. On the fresh catalyst, the conversion efficiency was increased when the loading of precious metal was increased. On the aged catalyst, the conversion efficiency was decreased as increasing the excess air ratio. We could confirm the measuring conversion efficiency of the unsteady state with the FTIR and that of steady state with the GC The temperature increasing ratio of unsteady state is acceptable from 3$^{\circ}C$/min. to 15$^{\circ}C$/min. for the evaluation of catalyst conversion performance , which has within the 4$\%$ of the difference of conversion efficiency. We observed a physical behavior of the thermal aged catalyst's surface using TEM and BET device. It was found that the precious metal was grown to the micro-scopic size by thermal aging process.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2011

A finite element analysis for the wing and landing gear of a composite target-drone air vehicle was performed. For the wing analysis, two load cases were considered: a 5g symmetric pull-up and a -1.5g symmetric push-over. For the landing gear analysis, a sinking velocity of 1.4 m/s at a 2g level landing condition was taken into account. MSC/NASTRAN and LS-DYNA were utilized for the static and dynamic analyses, respectively. Finite element results were verified by the static test of a prototype wing under a 6g symmetric pull-up condition. The test showed a 17% larger wing tip deflection than the finite element analysis. This difference is believed to come from the material and geometrical imperfections incurred during the manufacturing process.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2001.04a
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• pp.231-234
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• 2001

OBD-II regulations are already effective in many countries. The California Air Resources Board(CARB) first issued regulations in 1985 for the 1988 model year, known as OBD-I, and required the vehicle's engine management computer to warn the driver by means of a dash-mounted light if a malfunction occurred in either the oxygen sensor, the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) valve or the evaporative emission system purge solenoid, and to store information on troubles that have no recurrent characteristics. This paper presents two methods of wireless monitoring OBD signal, which is one of the ECU output for self diagnostic measurement. RF module is used to monitor ECU's Self diagnostic signal remotely. Two kinds of measurement systems which are based on micro-controller(80C196KC) for portable detection and PC for sever are considered for receiving the RF signal. Therefore, possibility of real-time monitoring of ECU's self diagnostic signal remotely is verified on this paper.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.303-328
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• 2015

A design methodology is presented to develop the hingeless control surfaces for MAV using adhesively bonded Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) actuators. These actuators have got the capability to deflect the trailing edge surfaces of the wing to attain the required maneuverability, besides achieving the set aerodynamic trim condition. A scheme involving design, analysis, fabrication and testing procedure has been adopted to realize the trailing edge morphing mechanism. The stiffness distribution of the composite MAV wing is tailored such that the induced deflection by piezoelectric actuation is approximately optimized. Through ground testing, the proposed concept has been demonstrated on a typical MAV structure. Electromechanical analysis is performed to evaluate the actuator performance and subsequently aeroelastic and 2D CFD analyses are carried out to see the functional requirements of wing trailing edge surfaces to behave as elevons. Efforts have been made to obtain the performance comparison of conventional control surfaces (elevons) with morphing wing trailing edge surfaces. A significant improvement in lift to drag ratio is noticed with morphed wing configuration in comparison to conventional wing. Further, it has been shown that the morphed wing trailing edge surfaces can be deployed as elevons for aerodynamic trim applications.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.241-250
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• 2007

A study was carried out on the level of heavy metals, total coliform and benzo(a)pyrene that may be introduced through by-product fertilizers or air pollution to turfgrass in natural turfgrass playground in elementary schools around the western coast and eastern mountain areas in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The level of heavy metals found in turfgrass was in the order of Cu > Zn > Pb > Cd. The majority of heavy metals was found in the roots. It is presumed that the absorption of some air pollutants and by-product fertilizers or chemical fertilizers. The level of benzo(a)pyrene showed an average of 0.05ng/g with a range between 0.02 to 0.08ng/g in the leaves. In the meantime, none was detected in the stems, while the average for roots was 0.02ng/g with a range between 0.01 and 0.03ng/g. The level detected is that found background level, however, benzo(a)pyrene can be introduced partly from the unstable combustion of fossil fuel or through vehicle emissions. Total coliform distributed in grass showed an average of 12MPN/100ml with a range between 2 and 36MPN/100ml. The density of total coliform displayed no regional predominance. However, in some urban areas, the density was slightly higher. The feces of pets or by-product fertilizers may have contributed to the input of pathogenic micro-organism. Yet the level was found to be negligible.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.311-314
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• 2007

Aerodynamic characteristics of an insect-type flapping wings were carried out to obtain the design parameters of Micro Hovering Air Vehicle. A pair of wing model was scaled up about 200 times and applied two pairs of 4-bar linkage mechanism to mimic the wing motion of a fruit fly(Drosophila). To verify the Weis-Fogh mechanism, a pair of wings revolved on the 'Delayed Rotation'. Lift and drag were measured in conditions of the Reynolds number based on wing tip velocity of about 1,200 and the maximum angle of attack of 40$40^{\circ}$. Inertia forces of a wing model were also measured by using a 99.98% vacuum chamber and subtracted on measured data in air. In the present study, high lift effect of Weis-Fogh mechanism was appeared in the middle of upstroke motion.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.28
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• pp.7.1-7.9
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• 2013

Objectives We investigated the particle mass size distribution and chemical properties of air pollution particulate matter (PM) in the urban area and its capacity to induce cytotoxicity in human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells. Methods To characterize the mass size distributions and chemical concentrations associated with urban PM, PM samples were collected by a 10-stage Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor close to nearby traffic in an urban area from December 2007 to December 2009. PM samples for in vitro cytotoxicity testing were collected by a mini-volume air sampler with $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ inlets. Results The PM size distributions were bi-modal, peaking at 0.18 to 0.32 and 1.8 to $3.2{\mu}m$. The mass concentrations of the metals in fine particles (0.1 to $1.8{\mu}m$) accounted for 45.6 to 80.4% of the mass concentrations of metals in $PM_{10}$. The mass proportions of fine particles of the pollutants related to traffic emission, lead (80.4%), cadmium (69.0%), and chromium (63.8%) were higher than those of other metals. Iron was the dominant transition metal in the particles, accounting for 64.3% of the $PM_{10}$ mass in all the samples. We observed PM concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects on BEAS-2B cells. Conclusions We found that exposure to $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10}$ from a nearby traffic area induced significant increases in protein expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8). The cell death rate and release of cytokines in response to the $PM_{2.5}$ treatment were higher than those with $PM_{10}$. The combined results support the hypothesis that ultrafine particles from vehicular sources can induce inflammatory responses related to environmental respiratory injury.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.637-646
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• 2010

A time-domain panel method based on the potential flow theory and the time-stepping method is developed to predict the steady/unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of FM07, which is the BWB (Blended-wing body) type MAV. In the aerodynamic analyses, we used two types of the initial model(Case I) and the improved model(Case II), which is moved the gravity center toward the rear and has larger aspect ratio. In the steady aerodynamic analyses, it is revealed that improved model has higher lift to drag ratio(L/D) and more stable pitch characteristic than those of the initial model. In the unsteady aerodynamic analyses for sudden acceleration motion similar to the launch phase of MAV, it seemed that there is a rapid increase of the lift coefficient after the launch and unsteady results are good agreed compare with steady results in just a few times. In the analysis for pitch oscillation motion, which is occurred at the cruise condition of the FM07, it shows that unsteady aerodynamic coefficients looped around steady results and the improved model has more sensitive aerodynamic characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2006

This paper presents the development and application of a conducting shape memory polyurethane (CSMPU) actuator. While conventional shape memory polyurethanes were activated by external heat source, conducting shape memory polyurethanes introduced in 2004 are activated by electric power. Conducting shape memory polyurethane actuators were manufactured by adding carbon nano tube to conventional shape memory polyurethane. The main problem of the CSMPU developed in 2004 was bad dispersion of carbon nano tubes. In this paper, we tried to find how to solve the dispersion problem, and with a lot of elaborative works, conducting shape memory polyurethane actuators which had better electrical characteristics were developed. Then the actuation performance of the conducting shape memory polyurethane actuators was also measured and assessed. Finally, the possibility of applications were examined through the installation to Micro Air Vehicle.