• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.345-353
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• 2012

Objectives : The author has studied about correlation of gingival exposure upon smiling and oral facial status that reduce facial aesthetic. Methods : The subjects in this study are 91 female vulunteers who were in aged $21.4{\pm}1.89$ in Suwon. Objectives should be normal oral and facial status without the prosthodontic, orthodontic appliance or conqenital missing tooth, and agree to be examined the oral status and impression taking. 1.Measure the length of gingival exposure upon smiling. 2.Measure of the size on central incisor. 3.Measure of Facial. SPSS(SPSS 10.0 for windows, SPSS Inc, Chicago, USA) was utilized for calculating the correlation coefficient between gingival exposure upon smiling and facial status. Regression analysis was calculated in order to predict the R square for gingival exposure upon smiling. Results : 1.Correlation coefficient between the gingival exposure and length of maxillary central incisor was calculated as reversed correlation(r=-.302, p<0.01), and between the gingival exposure and the ratio of the length of central incisor/width of central incisor was revealed as reversed correlation(r=-.250, p<0.05) on smiling. 2.There was correlation between the gingival exposure and the facial height(r=.351, p<0.01), the lower facial height(r=.454, p<0.01) and the upper lip height(r=.274, p<0.01) upon smiling. 3.There was correlation between the gingival exposure and the ratio of the facial height/facial width(r=.358, p<0.05), the ratio of the upper facial height/facial width(r=.214, p<0.05), and the ratio of the lower facial height/facial height(r=.383, p<0.01) upon smiling. 4.The equation of the regression analysis for gingival exposure upon smiling could be estimated as gingival exposure upon smiling=-5.139+.279${\times}$lower facial height-.615${\times}$maxillary central incisal length-.05${\times}$nasolabial angle. Conclusions : Considering these results, it recommended that treatment planning should be designed in consideration of such factors as the length of maxillary central incisor, facial height, upper lip height and lower facial height, in order to promote the easthetic problems of face on smiling.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 1997

The crystal structures of $Sr_{31}K_{30}-X\;(Sr_{31}K_{30}Si_{100}A1_{92}O_{384};\;a=25.169(5) {\AA}$) and $Sr_{8.5}Tl_{75}-X (Sr_{8.5}Tl_{75}Si_{100}A1_{92}O_{384};\;a=25.041(5) {\AA}$) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group $\=F{d3}\;at\;21(1)^{\circ}C$. Each crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream of aqueous $Sr(ClO_4)_2\;and\;(K\;or\;T1)NO_3$ whose mole ratio was 1 : 5 for five days. Vacuum dehydration was done at $360^{\circ}C$ for 2d. Their structures were refined to the final error indices $R_1=0.072\;and\;R_w=0.057$ with 293 reflections, and $R_1= 0.058\;and\;R_w=0.044$ with 351 reflections, for which $I>2{\sigma}(I)$, respectively. In dehydrated $Sr_{31}K_{30}-X,\;all\;Sr^{2+}$ ions and $K^+$ ions are located at five different crystallographic sites. Six-teen $Sr^{2+}$ ions per unit cell are at the centers of the double six-rings (site I), filling that position. The remaining 15 $Sr^{2+}$ ions and 17 $K^+$ ions fill site II in the supercage. These $Sr^{2+}$ and $K^+$ ions are recessed ca $0.45{\AA}\;and\;1.06{\AA}$ into the supercage, respectively, from the plane of three oxygens to which each is bound. ($Sr-O=2.45(1){\AA}\;and\;K-O=2.64(1){\AA}$) Eight $K^+$ ons occupy site III'($K-O=3.09(7){\AA}\;and\;3.11(10){\AA}$) and the remaining five $K^+$ ions occupy another site III'($K-O=2.88(7){\AA}\;and\;2.76(7){\AA}$). In $Sr_{8.5}Tl_{75}-X,\;Sr^{2+}\;and\;Tl^+$ ions also occupy five different crystallographic sites. About 8.5 $Sr^{2+}$ ions are at site I. Fifteen $Tl^+$ ions are at site I' in the sodalite cavities on threefold axes opposite double six-rings: each is $1.68{\AA}$ from the plane of its three oxygens ($T1-O=2.70(2){\AA}$). Together these fill the double six-rings. Another 32 $Tl^+$ ions fill site II opposite single six-rings in the supercage, each being $1.48{\AA}$ from the plane of three oxygens ($T1-O=2.70(1){\AA}$). About 18 $Tl^+$ ions occupy site III in the supercage ($T1-O=2.86(2){\AA}$), and the remaining 10 are found at site III' in the supercage ($T1-O=2.96(4){\AA}$).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.342-351
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• 2016

This study was carried out to develop an optimized analytical method using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) applied to canthaxanthin, which is not yet designated as a food colorant in Korea, as well as to perform validation and uncertainty evaluation of this method. Official methods of AOAC, UK, and Japan with HPLC-UV detection were evaluated for the analysis of canthaxanthin by comparison of linearity, resolution, selectivity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision, recovery, inter-laboratory tests, and uncertainty measurement. The calibration curves showed high linearity with an $R_2$ value of over 0.999 for canthaxanthin standard solutions in all three official methods. The official method of Japan exhibited the best results in terms of resolution and selectivity, including the lowest LOD and LOQ. The average coefficients of variation were calculated as less than five of three institutes with a precision value less than 1, accuracy near 100%, and recovery ratio between $100{\pm}10%$. The expanded uncertainty for canthaxanthin was estimated to be $39.5{\pm}5.29mg/kg$ (95% confidence level, k=2), and the uncertainty of measurement was 13.4%. In this study, official methods of canthaxanthin were compared and the validities verified. The results will be further applied to establish an authorized analytical method for canthaxanthin in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.124-137
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine differences in the perceived importance and frequency of nurse role behaviors for medical and surgical nurses and to examine the relationship between perceived importance and frequency of nurse role behaviors in the two groups. Method: A descriptive design was used with convenience sampling of 351 medical and surgical nurses in the 40 hospitals with over 500 beds. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results: 1) The total score for perceived importance of nurse role behaviors was $4.09{\pm}.53$ for medical nurses and $4.13{\pm}.53$ for surgical nurses. 2) The total score for frequency was $3.15{\pm}.54$ for medical nurses and $3.24{\pm}.56$ for surgical nurses. 3) The perceived importance of nurse role behaviors was higher than the frequency, but the difference between two groups was not significant. 4) The perceived importance of nurse role behaviors was highly correlated with frequency (r=.579, p=.000) for the two groups. Conclusion: Medical and surgical nurses perceived the importance nurse role behavior but the frequency of the behavior is lower. Therefore, further research is needed to develop strategies to increase the frequency of nurse role behaviors.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.341-351
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated anti-oxidative and anti-bacterial constituents from Rhododendron weyrichii leaves. DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities were screened for the ethanol extract and solvent fractions. Potent scavenging activities were appeared from the extract, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (BuOH) fractions. Upon the anti-bacterial tests using Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes, extract, n-hexane (Hex) and EtOAc fractions showed strong activities. To isolate the active constituents, the EtOAc fraction was further purified to afford five phytochemicals; ursolic acid (1), corosolic acid (2), asiatic acid (3), astragalin (4) and isoquercetin (5). All of the compounds 1-5 were isolated for the first time from this plant. Among the isolates, the compound 4 and 5 showed strong DPPH and ABTS⁺ radical scavenging activities. Also, compound 3 exhibited the most potent anti-bacterial activity. In addition, the content of astragalin isolated from this plant was determined by UPLC and the quantity was about 8.1 mg/g for the 70% ethanol extract and 34.8 mg/g for the EtOAc fraction. Based on these results, it is concluded that R. weyrichii extract could be potentially applicable as anti-oxidative and anti-bacterial ingredients in cosmetic formulations.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.351-357
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• 2012

To determine whether the seaweed Saccharina japonica can effectively utilize dissolved nutrients from Sebastes schlegeli fish cultures, a laboratory experiment was conducted in a static system for 7 days at ESFRI, NFRDI in Korea. The experiment included an S. schlegeli monoculture system and an S. schlegeli-S. japonica IMTA system. Saccharina schlegeli density ($415{\pm}24g$; mean${\pm}$SE) remained the same in all treatments, whereas seaweed density varied across treatments of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 kg (control and T1-T4, respectively). During the experiment, nutrient ($NH_4^+$ and $PO_4^{3-}$) concentrations were measured at 24-h intervals. $NH_4^+$ concentration of the control group increased from $0.117{\pm}0.021mg/L$ at the start of experiment to $5.836{\pm}0.904mg/L$ at the end of experiment. $NH_4^+$ concentrations of each treatment were $3.004{\pm}0.040$, $2.086{\pm}0.133$, $1.642{\pm}0.121$ and $0.775{\pm}0.007mg/L$ in T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively, at the end of experiment. The concentration of $PO_4^{3-}$ exhibited a similar trend to $NH_4^+$ concentration. $NH_4^+$ and $PO_4^{3-}$ concentrations significantly decreased with increased S. japonica thallus density each day (P<0.05). The nutrient removal efficiency (NRE) and nutrient uptake rate (NUR) showed different relationships with changes in thallus density; NRE increased but NUR decreased as thallus density increased. Based on measured concentrations of $NH_4^+$ and S. japonica weight, regression analysis defined the relationship between as an exponential function, $Y=3.8165e^{-0.505X}$ ($R^2$ = 0.9552). Our results demonstrated that S. japonica can function as an efficient component in IMTA with environmental and potentially economic benefits for fish hatcheries.