• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.71-88
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• 2016

Metakaolin, a dehydroxylated product of the mineral kaolinite, is one of the most valuable admixtures for high-performance concrete applications, including constructing reinforced concrete bridges and impact- and fire-resistant structures. Concretes produced using metakaolin become more homogeneous and denser compared to normal-strength concrete. Yet, these changes cause a change of volume throughout hardening, and increase the brittleness of hardened concrete significantly. In order to examine how the use of metakaolin affects the fracture and mechanical behavior of high-performance concrete we produced concretes using a range of water to binder ratio (0.42, 0.35 and 0.28) at three different weight fractions of metakaolin replacement (8%, 16% and 24%). The results showed that the rigidity of concretes increased with using 8% and 16% metakaolin, while it decreased in all series with 24% of metakaolin replacement. Similar effect has also been observed for other mechanical properties. While the peak loads in load-displacement curves of concretes decreased significantly with increasing water to binder ratio, this effect have been found to be diminished by using metakaolin. Pore structure analysis through mercury intrusion porosimetry test showed that the addition of metakaolin decreased the critical pore size of paste phases of concrete, and increasing the amount of metakaolin reduced the total porosity for the specimens with low water to binder ratios in particular. To determine the optimal values of water to binder ratio and metakaolin content in producing high-strength and high-performance concrete we applied a multi-objective optimization, where several responses were simultaneously assessed to find the best solution for each parameter.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.159-175
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• 2018

The main aim of this study is to investigate the possible effects of metakaolin on strength and durability properties of concrete. For this purpose, concrete mixtures are produced by substituting cement with metakaolin 0, 5, 10 and 20% by weight. The amount of binder for the concrete mixtures are 300 and $400kg/m^3$ with a constant water to cement ratio of 0.6. Compressive and bending strengths, freeze-thaw and high-temperature resistances, capillary coefficients and rapid chloride permeability properties were determined and compared each other. Because of all the experiments conducted, it has been found that the use of metakaolin as a pozzolanic additive in concrete have positive effects especially on compressive and bending strengths, capillary, rapid chloride permeability, freeze-thaw resistance, and high temperatures, up to $800^{\circ}C$. The results indicated that the performance of concrete can be enhanced by metakaolin. Particularly, compressive strength and durability properties have found to be improved with increasing metakaolin content which is attributed to pozzolanic activity and filler effect. Furthermore, metakaolin has relatively positive impacts under elevated temperatures and freeze-thaw effects. However, almost all the strengths of entire concrete specimens are lost at $800^{\circ}C$. Consequently, the optimum metakaolin substitution ratio can be suggested to be 20% as per this study.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.131-139
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• 2020

The current study focused on the preparation of low-cost PVC-based adsorbing membrane. Metakaolin, as available adsorbent, was embedded into the PVC matrix via solution blending method. The as-prepared PVC/metakaolin mixed matrix membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), pure water permeability and contact angle measurements. The results confirmed the improvement of PWP and hydrophilicity due to the presence of metakaolin in the PVC matrix. Additionally the structure of PVC membrane was changed due to the incorporation of metakaolin in the polymer matrix. The static adsorption capacity of all samples was determined through dye removal. The effect of metakaolin dosage (0-7%) and pH (4, 8, 12) on dye adsorption capacity was investigated. The results depicted that the highest adsorption capacity was achieved at pH of 4 for all samples. Additionally, adsorption data were fitted on Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models to determine the appropriate governing isotherm model. Finally, the dynamic adsorption capacity of the optimum PVC/metakaolin membrane was studied using dead-end filtration cell. The dye removal efficiency was determined for pure PVC and PVC/metakaolin membrane. The results demonstrated that PVC/metakaolin mixed matrix membrane had a high adsorption capacity for dye removal from aqueous solution.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 춘계 학술발표회 제16권1호
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• pp.196-199
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• 2004

Metakaolin is a cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete. This material is now used as substitute for silica-fume. In this paper, we tested the compressive strength of concrete according to the substitute ratio of metakaolin, silica-fume. And we did the durability test such as chloride ion diffusion and chemical attack. In the compressive strength test, the result shows that $10\%$ substitute of metakaolin & silica-fume for binder is optimum. In the chloride ion diffusion test, according to the increase of substitute of metakaolin & silica-fume for binder, the diffusion coefficient is more reduced. And in the chemical attack test, according to the increase of substitute, the resistance is more excellent. In the durability test, we recognized that metakaolin is able to used as a substitute for silica-fume.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2019

Metakaolin (MK), which is increasingly being used to produce high performance concrete, is produced by calcining purified kaolinite between 650 and $700^{\circ}C$ in a rotary kiln. The carbonation resistance of metakaolin blended concrete is lower than that of control concrete. Hence, it is critical to consider carbonation durability for rationally using metakaolin in the concrete industry. This study presents microstructure modeling during the carbonation of metakaolin blended concrete. First, based on a blended hydration mo del, the amount of carbonatable substances and porosity are determined. Second, based on the chemical reactions between carbon dioxide and carbonatable substances, the reduction of concrete porosity due to carbonation is calculated. Furthermore, $CO_2$ diffusivity is evaluated considering the concrete composition and exposed environment. The carbonation depth of concrete is analyzed using a diffusion-based model. The proposed microstructure model takes into account the influences of concrete composition, concrete curing, and exposure condition on carbonation. The proposed model is useful as a predetermination tool for the evaluation of the carbonation service life of metakaolin blended concrete.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.539-544
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• 2002

The properties of mortar and concrete including metakaolin as a partial cement replacement were investigated in terms of fluidity and compressive strength. The results show that mortar and concrete in which 10 % of cement is replaced with metakaolin exhibit much higher compressive strength after 3 days of hydration than ordinary Portland cement, indicating that metakaolin can be used in the production of high strength concrete replacing silica fume. The type of superplasticizer largely affected on the fluidity and compressive strength of mortar and concrete including metakaolin. It was concluded that when metakaolin is used for the purpose of manufacturing high strength concrete, it is desirable to use PNS based blends rather than PNS, PMS and polycarboxylate based superplasticizer.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2004년도 추계 학술발표회 제16권2호
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• pp.217-220
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• 2004

Metakaolin is a cementitious material for producing high-strength concrete. This material is now used as substitute for silica-fume. In this paper, we did the durability test such as chloride ion diffusion, chemical attack. repeated freezing and thawing, carbonation. In the chloride ion diffusion test, according to the increase of substitute of metakaolin & silica-fume for binder, the diffusion coefficient is more reduced. And in the chemical attack test, according to the increase of substitute, the resistance is more excellent. In the other durability test, the concrete using metakaolin is also compared with those of the portland cement concrete and silica fume concrete. According to these tests, we recognized that metakaolin is able to be used as a substitute for silica-fume.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.277-288
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• 2004

알칼리-실리카반응은 시멘트 내의 알칼리와 화학적으로 불안정한 반응성 골재와의 화학반응으로서, 그 결과 콘크리트의 팽창과 균열을 발생하는 작용이다 본 연구에서는 우수한 포조란반응 특성을 나타내는 새로운 광물혼화재로 부각되고 있는 메타카오린의 알칼리-실리카반응 억제 효과에 대하여 연구하였다. 다양한 치환율로 메타카오린을 혼합한 모르타르 공시체를 제작하여, 알칼리-실리카 반응성 시험(ASTM C 1260), 압축강도 시험 및 유동성 시험을 실시하고, 시멘트 수화물에서의 구성성분 변화에 대한 XRD 정량분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과, 메타카오린의 혼합은 시멘트 페이스트내의 가용 포트랜다이트의 함량을 급속히 감소시키는 빠른 포조란반응 및 수화반응 특성을 나타내어, 알칼리-실리카 반응에 의한 팽창을 억제하고 우수한 압축강도를 발현하는 것으로 나타났다. 시멘트에 메타카오린의 혼합에 의한 알칼리-실리카 반응에 의한 팽창억제는 치환율 15% 이상, 즉 시멘트 페이스 내의 가용 포트랜다이트 함량이 약 10% 이하가 될 경우 효과적이다. 메타카오린의 혼합에 의한 알칼리-실리카 반응에 의한 팽창 억제는 유해성이 높은 알칼리-칼슘-실리카 겔의 형성이 억제된 결과와 포조란 효과에 의한 치밀하고 균질한 시멘트 페이스트 형성으로 인한 알칼리 용액의 침투가 억제된 결과에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 15% 이상의 메타카오린의 혼합은 보통의 모르타르보다 높은 초기강도를 발현하였으며, 후기강도는 전 치환율 범위에서 보통의 모르타르 이상의 아주 우수한 강도를 나타내었다. 강도발현 특징은 메타카오린에 의한 빠른 포조란반응 및 수화특성을 반영하고 있다.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.173-180
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• 2005

메타카올린은 고성능 콘크리트를 제조하기 위해 콘크리트에 혼합재로서 사용되는 결합재의 일종이다. 이 재료는 일반적으로 국내에서는 내화벽돌의 재료로 많이 사용되었으나, 현재는 이러한 고성능 콘크리트를 제조하기 위하여 필요한 실리카흄의 대용으로 사용되어지고 있다. 본 연구는 실리카흄 및 메타카올린 두 결합재를 콘크리트 중에 일정량 치환하여 몰르타르 및 콘크리트의 압축강도, 인장강도, 휨강도와 같은 역학적 시험뿐만 아니라, 염소이온확산시험, 화학침식에 대한 저항성 시험, 동결융해저항성 시험과 같은 내구성시험을 병행 실시하였다. 역학적 시험결과 메타카올린을 결합재전체 대비 10에서 15%정도 치환 사용했을 때 가장 적당한 강도결과를 보였다. 그리고, 메타카올린 및 실리카흄 두 결합재의 치환율이 증가할수록 염소이온확산이 훨씬 줄어드는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고, 두 결합재의 미세분말에 의한 충전효과에 의해 일반 콘크리트에 비해 화학적침식저항성이 훨씬 뛰어남을 보였다. 다른 내구성 시험에서도 메타카올린을 사용한 콘크리트가 실리카흄을 사용한 콘크리트에 상응하는 상당한 역학적, 내구특성을 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 이들 시험을 통해 우리는 메타카올린이라는 재료가 충분히 고가의 실리카흄을 대체가능할 수 있을 것이라고 판단할 수 있었다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2009

본 연구는 메타카올린을 혼합한 시멘트 경화체의 황산마그네슘 침식 저항성을 평가하며, 관련 성능저하 모드를 고찰하기 위하여 수행되었다. 메타카올린의 대체율을 4단계로 조절하여 모르타르를 제조하였으며, 두 종류 황산마그네슘 용액 (0.424% 및 4.24% $MgSO_4$)에 360일 동한 침지한 후 재령별 외관조사 및 선형팽창 정도를 모니터링하였다. 아울러, XRD, DSC 및 SEM/EDS와 같은 기기분석 기법을 이용하여 황산마그네슘 용액에 침지한 메타카올린 혼합 시멘트페이스트 중에 생성된 반응생성물 조사 및 미세구조 분석을 실시하였다. 본 실험에서 수행한 실험 결과에 의하면, 메타카올린의 대체율이 증가할수록 모르타르의 황산마그네슘 저항성이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이러한 현상이 나타난 이유는 황산마그네슘 침식에 의하여 생성된 gypsum 및 thaumasite와 같은 반응생성물의 영향 때문인 것으로 판단된다.