• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 2012

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether taurine supplementation in combination with fructose improves both energy metabolism and exercise capacity. Eight collegiate female subjects were recruited for the study. Each subject went through threecross-over designs: control(fluid), fructose, and taurine plus fructose supplementation trials. Subjects received taurine supplementation 100 mg/kg a day for two weeks. After the supplementation, all subjects take 10% fructose at 15 min prior to exercise, immediately before exercise, and every 15 min during exercise. Subjects received 150 ml fluid as placebo during the same procedure. The subjects performed submaximal exercise at the exercise intensity of 60% for 45 min and then 80% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO_2max) until exhaustion time. A 10ml blood sample was taken for measuring the level of glucose, ammonia, lactate, free fatty acids, and insulin every 15 min during exercise at 60% of VO_2max. The blood glucose levels was significantly higher at 45 min and 50 min exercise after supplementation of fructose, and immediately before exercise and 50 min exercise after taurine plus fructose compared to the placebo trial. However, the values tended to be lower in taurine plus fructose supplementation compared to the fructose trial. The levels of both lactate and ammonia were significantly lower compared to the placebo, while the exhaustion time was significantly increased. The level of free-fatty acids was significantly lower at 30, 45, and 50 min after fructoseand fructose plus taurine supplementation compared to the placebo trial. The level of glucagon was significantly lower at 15, 30, 45, and 50 min after fructose and fructose plus taurine supplementation compared to the placebo trial. There was no differences in insulin concentration among three treatments. This thesis concludes that combined taurine and fructose supplementation prior to exercise may improve exercise tolerance time and energy metabolism, lowering the muscle fatigue factors such as lactate and ammonia.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1315-1323
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• 1998

Effect of oral taurine supplementation on plasma total and phospholidpid -fatty acid profiles and their metabolism were evaluated in healthy female adults. Among twenty five female volunteers(23.6$\pm$0.3 years old ) participated in the taruine supplementation program(6g taurine /day), twenty four subjects succesfully completed the 2 week program , and only nine subjects continued to take taurine for another 2 weeks. Levels of plasma fatty acids and taruine were measured by gas-liquid chromatobraphy and an automated amino acid analyzer based on ion exchange chromatography, respectively. Plasma taurine concentration s of the subjects were 108. 7$\pm$3.4 , 184.2$\pm$8.2 and 235.9$\pm$77.0$\mu$emol/L at 0 , 2 and 4 weeks of taurine supplementation. Fatty acid compositions and elongation and desaturation indices of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma total lipids were not influenced by oral taurine supplementation. However, fatty acid compositions and their metabolism in plasma phospholipids were significantly affected by taurine supplementation in female adults. Compared to the values for 0 week, the percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) in plasma phospholipid was significantly lowered at 2 weeks, but elevated at 4 weeks of taurine supplementation. In contrast , the percentage of phospholipid PUFA significantly increased at 2 weeks and decreased at 4 weeks of taurine supplementation from to the values for 0 weeks. Foru weeks of oral taurine supplementation signifinatly elevated the eongation index(20 : 4$\omega$6 ⇒22 : 4 $\omega$6, p<0.01), and decreased the desaturation index (20 : 3 $\omega$6 ⇒20 : 4 $\omega$6 , p<0.01) of $\omega$6 fatty acids in plasma phospholipids. Plasma taurine concentration was positively correlated with the percentage of 14 : 0 fatty acids and the enlongation index o f$\omega$3 fatty acids(20 : 5 $\omega$3 ⇒22 : 5 $\omega$3), and thenegatively correlated with the percentage of 20 : 0 in plasma phospholipids. These results indicate that oral taurine supplementation for 4 weeks signidicantly elelvated the percentage of SFA, and lowered the percentage of PUFA in plasma phospholipids with no influence on plasm total fatty aicd composition in healthy female adults.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.865-870
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• 2009

In this study, we have attempted to understand the effects of taurine on serum and liver concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides in broiler chickens and mice in the post-absorptive state, and on in vitro protein synthesis in the livers of broiler chickens and laying hens, as well as the effects of taurine on in vivo protein synthesis in the liver of mice. The experimental animals were subjected to 24 h of starvation in order to perpetuate a post-absorptive state. Serum concentrations of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the taurine groups than in the controls in both the broilers and the mice. However, taurine resulted in a significant (p<0.05) reduction in liver concentrations of total cholesterol and triglycerides, relative to what was seen in the control groups of both animals. Taurine stimulated the in vitro synthesis of 57-kDa, 40-kDa and 23-kDa proteins in the liver of broilers, but inhibited the in vitro synthesis of 54-kDa, 37-kDa and 24-kDa proteins. Taurine in the liver of laying hens exerted effects on in vitro protein synthesis, with the exception of the 26-kDa protein which was not detected in broiler liver, but was inhibited by taurine in the liver of laying hens. Unlike the findings regarding in vitro protein synthesis in the liver of broilers or laying hens, taurine appeared to stimulate the synthesis of only two proteins, a 47-kDa and a 40-kDa protein, in the liver of mice. Overall, theses findings indicate that taurine treatment results in a reduction in cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, and also affects protein synthesis in the livers of broilers, laying hens, and mice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.145-145
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• 1998

In the present study, we have demonstrated that taurine could stimulate the production of nitric oxide and the activity of ERK2 (extracellular signal regulated protein kinase or pp42 MAP kinase). Nitric oxide(NO), the product of inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS), is known to be implicated in the metabolism of bone. ERK cascade plays a key role in the gene expression of iNOS in osteoblastic cell. We investigated whether taurine (l-20mM) could stimulate ERK2 activity, nitric oxide production, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in osteoblast-like UMR-106 cells. Nitric oxide was measured spectophotometrically as nitrite and the activation of ERK2 and iNOS was studied using Western 145 blot analysis. Taurine increased the production of nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner and the effect was reached to a maximum at 10 mM. The activation of iNOS were consistent with NO levels. The tyrosine phosphorylation of ERK2 was increased by taurine in a time-dependent manner. The these result suggest that taurine might stimulate the production of nitric oxide in osteoblast-like cells by the activation of ERK2 and could regulate the metabolism of bone via nitric oxide.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.218-223
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• 2003

Effect of taurine treatment on metabolism of glutathione (GSH) was studied in adult male ICR mice. An acute injection of taurine (250 mg/kg, ip) resulted in a significant decline of hepatic GSH level at t = 6 hr, but plasma GSH level was not altered. The activity of GSH-related enzyme in liver, such as GSH peroxidase, GSSG reductase, GSH S-transferases, ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase or ${\gamma}$-glutamyltranspeptidase, was not affected by taurine at t = 2.5 or 6 hr. Plasma cysteine and cystine levels were elevated rapidly following taurine treatment. Hepatic cysteine level was decreased by taurine, reaching a level approximately 70％ of control at t = 4 and 6 hr. In conclusion, the results indicate that an acute dose of taurine decreases hepatic GSH level by reducing the availability of cysteine, an essential substrate for synthesis of this tripeptide in liver. It is also suggested that taurine may decrease the cysteine uptake by competing with this S-amino acid for a non-specific amino acid transporter.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.137-141
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• 2002

Taurine, amino acid, chemically known as 2-amino ethane sulphonic acid was discovered more than two hundred years ago from ox bile. it is widely distributed in both mammals and nonmammals. It is found in considerably high amount in hUl11an: a normal adult of 70 kgs contains about 70 grams of taurine. Taurine with this much concentration, is involved in almost all life processes. Its deficiency causes several abnormalities in major organs like brain, eye and heart. Taurine-bone interaction is latest addition to its long list of actions. In bone cells, taurine is also found in high concentration. Taurine is found to help in enhancing the bone tissue formation which is evidenced by increased matrix formation and collagen synthesis. Besides stimulating the bone tissue formation, it also inhibits the bone loss through inhibiting the bone resorption and osteoclast formation. Thus, taurine acts as a double agent. In addition to these two major actions of taurine in bone, it also has beneficial effect in wound healing mld bone repair. Taurine possess radioprotective properties, too. As it is a naturally available molecule, it can be used as a preventive agent. Taurine has a potential to replace bisphosphonates which are currently in use for the inhibition of bone loss but this needs in depth study. As taurine is involved in bone formation and inhibition of bone loss, a detailed study can make it a single marker of bone metabolism. All these taurine-bone interaction is a symbol of their deep involvement but still require further extension to make taurine as a choice for tile sound bone health.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.880-893
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• 2015

Taurine is an abundant amino acid in many animals, including humans. Relatively large amounts of taurine are found in leukocytes, heart, muscles, retinas, kidneys, bones, and liver. Taurine has antioxidant effects; it reacts with hydrogen peroxide to prevent oxidation of the cell membrane. Taurine enhances the effects of anticancer drugs, while also reducing side effects, and taurolidine, a taurine derivative, has been shown to exhibit anti-cancer effects without notable side effects in several types of cancer. Taurine aids in cholesterol metabolism by increasing the rate of synthesis of bile acids, and, thus, reduces triglyceride levels. In addition, taurine is involved in the growth and differentiation of nerve cells and is associated with some neurological disorders. Taurine aids in bone formation and prevents bone dissolution. Moreover, taurine prevents liver damage from a variety of drugs and, thus, protects the liver. Taurine is involved in the development and function of the retina and lens. It also has anti-atherosclerotic and anti-thrombotic effects that protect against cardiovascular disease. Taurine may have additional physiological functions, and warrants further investigation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.225-241
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• 2018

Taurine is an abundant, ${\beta}-amino$ acid with diverse cytoprotective activity. In some species, taurine is an essential nutrient but in man it is considered a semi-essential nutrient, although cells lacking taurine show major pathology. These findings have spurred interest in the potential use of taurine as a therapeutic agent. The discovery that taurine is an effective therapy against congestive heart failure led to the study of taurine as a therapeutic agent against other disease conditions. Today, taurine has been approved for the treatment of congestive heart failure in Japan and shows promise in the treatment of several other diseases. The present review summarizes studies supporting a role of taurine in the treatment of diseases of muscle, the central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system. In addition, taurine is extremely effective in the treatment of the mitochondrial disease, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and offers a new approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, and inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis. The review also addresses the functions of taurine (regulation of antioxidation, energy metabolism, gene expression, ER stress, neuromodulation, quality control and calcium homeostasis) underlying these therapeutic actions.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.84-93
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• 2001

This study was to evaluate the effect of dietary taurine on bone mass loss in ovariectomized rats. Forty Sprauge-Dawly female rats (body weight 200$\pm$22 ) were divided into four groups. Control (sham) group was fed without taurine and the other three ovariectomized groups were fed the diets with 0%, 1% and 2% taurine for eight weeks. There was no significant difference in Plasma taurine level among the three ovariectomized groups. The sham group showed higher calcium level in femur than that of the other ovariectomized groups. There was no significant difference in phosphorus level in femur among the four groups. The levels of magnesium and zinc in sham group was higher than those of in the ovariectomized groups. The sham and 1% taurine fed ovariectomized group showed higher level of sodium than 0% and 2% taurine fed ovariectomized groups. Body weight and diet intake in sham group were lower than those of in the three ovariectomized groups due to ovariectomy. Breaking force and specific gravity of femur were not different significantly among the four groups. The level of minerals in l% taurine fed ovariectomized group was higher than that of in 0% taurine fed ovariectomized group even though the level of minerals in ovariectomized was lower than In sham group, which indicates that taurine supplementation might have benificial effects on osteoporosis.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.164-169
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of taurine supplementation time on the activity of the enzymes metabolizing lipid peroxide in the liver of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats, Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed the purified diet for 7 weeks. They were supplemented with or without 1% taurine in drinking water before or after STZ injection or during all experimental procedure. In comparison to diabetic group without taurine, glucose-6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity was decreased in diabetic group supplemented with taurine before STZ injection, and it was increased in diabetic group supplemented with taurine after STZ injection, but the difference was not significant. Glutathione S-transferase(GST) activity was significantly increased by the injection of STZ. However, the GST activities of diabetic groups exposed to taurine after STZ injection or during all experimental procedure were significantly decreased. Glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activities was significantly decreased by STZ injection. However, only in diabetic group supplemented with taurine before STZ injection, GPx activities was not decreased by the STZ injection. These results suggest that taurine supplementation may change the activities of GSH-related enzymes metabolizing lipid peroxide in the liver of streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats and that may be helpful for the prevention of diabetic complication.