Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2017.251

Effects and Mechanisms of Taurine as a Therapeutic Agent  

Schaffer, Stephen (Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama)
Kim, Ha Won (Department of Life Science, University of Seoul)
Publication Information
Biomolecules & Therapeutics / v.26, no.3, 2018 , pp. 225-241 More about this Journal
Abstract
Taurine is an abundant, ${\beta}-amino$ acid with diverse cytoprotective activity. In some species, taurine is an essential nutrient but in man it is considered a semi-essential nutrient, although cells lacking taurine show major pathology. These findings have spurred interest in the potential use of taurine as a therapeutic agent. The discovery that taurine is an effective therapy against congestive heart failure led to the study of taurine as a therapeutic agent against other disease conditions. Today, taurine has been approved for the treatment of congestive heart failure in Japan and shows promise in the treatment of several other diseases. The present review summarizes studies supporting a role of taurine in the treatment of diseases of muscle, the central nervous system, and the cardiovascular system. In addition, taurine is extremely effective in the treatment of the mitochondrial disease, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS), and offers a new approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as diabetes, and inflammatory diseases, such as arthritis. The review also addresses the functions of taurine (regulation of antioxidation, energy metabolism, gene expression, ER stress, neuromodulation, quality control and calcium homeostasis) underlying these therapeutic actions.
Keywords
Taurine; Cytoprotection; Neurodegenerative diseases; Antioxidation; ER stress; MELAS;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Alleyne, T., Mohan, N., Joseph, J. and Adogwa, A. (2011) Unraveling the role of metal ions and low catalytic activity of cytochrome C oxidase in Alzheimer's disease. J. Mol. Neurosci. 43, 284-289.   DOI
2 Aon, M. K. A., Tocchetti, C. G., Bhatt, N., Paolocci, N. and Cortassa, S. (2015) Protective mechanisms of mitochondria and heart function in diabetes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 22, 1563-1586.   DOI
3 Ramila, K. C., Jong, C. J., Pastukh, V., Ito, T., Azuma, J., Schaffer, S. W. (2015) Role of protein phosphorylation in excitation-contraction coupling in taurine deficient hearts. Am. J. Physiol. 308, H232- H239.
4 Rasola, A. and Bernardi, P. (2011) Mitochondrial permeability transition in $Ca^{2+}$-dependent apoptosis and necrosis. Cell Calcium 50, 222-233.   DOI
5 Read, W. O. and Welty, J. D. (1963) Effect of taurine on epinephrine and digoxin induced irregularities of the dog heart. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 139, 283-289.
6 Ricci, C., Pastukh, V., Leonard, J., Turrens, J., Wilson, G., Schaffer, D. and Schaffer, S. W. (2008) Mitochondrial DNA damage triggers mitochondrial superoxide generation and apoptosis. Am. J. Physiol. 294, C413-C422.   DOI
7 Ricci, L., Valoti, M., Sgaragli, G. and Frosini, M. (2009) Protection by taurine of rat brain cortical slices against oxygen glucose deprivation- and reoxygenation-induced damage. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 621, 26-32.   DOI
8 Ricciardi, L., De Nigris, F., Specchia, A. and Fasano, A. (2015) Homotaurine in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci. Res. 36, 1581-1587.
9 Rikimaru, M., Ohsawa, Y., Wolf, A. M., Ichimiya, H., Kamimura, N., Nishimatsu, S., Ohta, S. and Sunada, Y. (2012) Taurine ameliorates impaired mitochondrial function and prevents stroke-like episodes in patients with MELAS. Intern. Med. 51, 3351-3357.   DOI
10 Elvevoll, E. O., Eilertsen, K. E., Brox, J., Dragnes, B. T., Falkenberg, P., Olsen, J. O., Kirkhus, B., Lamglait, A. and Osterud, B. (2008) Seafood diets: and antiatherogenic effects of taurine and n-3 fatty acids. Atherosclerosis 200, 396-402.   DOI
11 Franconi, F., Bennardini, F. and Mattana, A., Miceli, M., Ciuti, M., Mian, M., Gironi, A., Anichini, R. and Seghieri, G. (1995) Plasma and platelet taurine are related in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effect of taurine supplementation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 1115-1119.   DOI
12 Froger, N., Cadetti, L., Lorach, H., Martins, J., Bemelmans, A. P., Dubus, E., Degardin, J., Pain, D., Forster, V., Chicaud, L., Ivokovic, I., Simonutti, M., Fouquet, S., Jammoul, F., Leveillard, T., Benosman, R., Sahel, J. A. and Picaud, S. (2012) Taurine provides neuroprotection against retinal ganglion cell degradation. PLoS ONR 7, e42017.   DOI
13 Froger, N., Moutsimilli, L., Cadetti, L., Jammoul, F., Wang, Q. P., Fan, Y., Gaucher, D., Rosolen, S. G., Neveux, N., Cynober, L.. Sahel, J. A. and Picaud, S. (2014) Taurine: the comeback of a neutraceutical in the prevention of retinal degenerations. Prog. Retin. Eye Res. 41, 44-63.   DOI
14 Imai, M., Asano, T. and Murakami, S. (2014) Potential role of taurine in prevention of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Amino Acids 46, 81-88.   DOI
15 Hu, J., Xu, X., Yang, J., Wu, G., Sun, C. and Lv, Q. (2009) Antihypertensive effect of taurine in rat. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 643, 75-84.
16 Ideishi, M., Miura, S., Sakai, T., Sasaguri, M., Misumi, Y. and Arakawa, K. (1994) Taurine amplifies renal kallikrein and prevents salt-induced hypertension in Dahl rats. J. Hypertens. 12, 653-661.
17 Ikubo, N., Saito, M., Tsounapi, P., Dimitriadis, F., Ohmasa, F., Inoue, S., Shimizu, S., Kinoshita, Y. and Satoh, K. (2011) Protective effect of taurine on diabetic rat endothelial dysfunction. Biomed. Res. 32, 187-193.   DOI
18 Ripps, H. and Shen, W. (2012) Review: taurine: a "very essential" amino acid. Mol. Vis. 18, 2673-2686.
19 Jong, C. J., Azuma, J. and Schaffer, S. W. (2012) Mechanism underly-ing the antioxidant activity of taurine: prevention of mitochondrial oxidant production. Amino Acids 42, 2223-2232.   DOI
20 Neuwirth, L. S., Volpe, N. P., Ng, S., Marsillo, A., Corwin, C., Madan, N., Ferraro, A. M. and El Idrissi, A. (2015) Taurine recovers mice emotional learning and memory disruptions associated with fragile X syndrome in context gear and auditory-cued conditioning. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 803, 425-438.
21 Rosa, F. T., Freitas, E. C., Deminice, R., Jordao, A. A. and Marchini, J. S. (2014) Oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity after taurine supplementation: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Eur. J. Nutr. 53, 823-830.   DOI
22 Gaull, G. E. (1986) Taurine as a conditionally essential nutrient in man. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 5, 121-125.   DOI
23 Bouckenooghe, T., Remacle, C. and Reusens, B. (2006) Is taurine a functional nutrient? Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 9, 728-733.   DOI
24 Boudini, S., Sena, S., Theoblad, H., Sheng, X., Wright, J. J., Hu, X. X., Aziz, S., Johnson, J. I., Bugger, H., Zaha, V. G. and Abel, E. D. (2007) Mitochondrial energetics in the heart in obesity-related diabetes: direct evidence for increased uncoupled respiration and activation of uncoupling proteins. Diabetes 56, 2457-2466.   DOI
25 Brownlee, M. (2005) The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes 54, 1615-1625.   DOI
26 Fujita, T. and Sato, Y. (1986) Changes in blood pressure and extracellular fluid with taurine in DOCA-salt rats. Am. J. Physiol. 250, R1014-R1020.
27 Furukawa, T., Yamada, J., Akita, T., Matsushima, Y., Yanagawa, Y. and Fukuda, A. (2014) Role of taurine-mediated tonic GABAA receptor activation in the radial migration of neurons in the fetal mouse cerebral cortex. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 8, 88.
28 Gaull, G. E. (1989) Taurine in pediatric nutrition: review and update. Pediatrics 83, 433-442.
29 Wu, J., Kohno, T., Georgiev, S. K., Ikoma, M., Ishii, H., Petrenko, A. B. and Baba, H. (2008) Taurine activates glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptors in rat substantia gelatinosa neurons. Neuroreport 19, 333-337.   DOI
30 Wu, J. Y. and Prentice, H. (2010) Role of taurine in the central nervous system. J Biomed. Sci. 17, S1.   DOI
31 Yamori, Y., Liu, L., Ikeda, K., Miura, A., Mizushima, S., Miki, T. and Nara, Y. (2001) Distribution of twenty-four hour urinary taurine excretion and association with ischemic heart disease mortality in 24 populations of 16 countries: results from the WHO-CARDIAC study. Hypertens. Res. 24, 453-457.   DOI
32 Yamori, Y., Liu, L., Mori, M., Sagara, M., Murakami, S., Nara, Y. and Mizushima, S. (2009) Taurine as the nutritional factor for the longevity of the Japanese revealed by a world-wide epidemiological survey. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 643, 13-25.
33 Yamori, Y., Murakami, S., Ikeda, K. and Nara, Y. (2004) Fish and lifestyle- related disease prevention: experimental and epidemiological evidence for anti-atherogenic potential of taurine. Clin. Expt. Pharmacol. Physiol. 31, S20-S23.   DOI
34 Katakawa, M., Fukuda, N., Tsunemi, A., Mori, M., Maruyama, T., Matsumoto, T., Abe, M. and Yamori, Y. (2016) Taurine and magnesium supplementation enhances the function of endothelial progenitor cells through antioxidation in healthy men and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 39, 848-856.   DOI
35 Jong, C. J., Ito, T. and Schaffer, S. W. (2015) The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy are defective in the taurine-deficient heart. Amino Acids 47, 2609-2622.   DOI
36 Junyent, F., Romero, R., De Lemos, L., Ultrera, J., Camins, A., Pallas, M. and Auladell, C. (2010) Taurine treatment inhibits CaMKII activity and modulates the presence of calbindin D28k, calretinin and parvalbumin in the brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 88, 136-142.   DOI
37 Junyent, F., Ultrera, J., Romero, R., Pallas, M., Camins, A., Duque, D. and Auladell, C. (2009) Prevention of epilepsy by taurine treatments in mice experimental model. J. Neurosci. Res. 87, 1500- 1508.   DOI
38 Kato, T., Okita, S., Wang, S., Tsunekawa, M. and Ma, N. (2015) The effects of taurine administraiton against inflammation in heavily exercised skeletal muscle of rats. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 803, 773-784.
39 Kim, C. and Cha, Y. N. (2014) Taurine chloramine produced from taurine under inflammation provides anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Amino Acids 46, 89-100.   DOI
40 Kim, K. S., Oh, D. H., Kim, J. Y., Lee, B. G., You, J. S., Chang, K. J., Chung, H. J., Yoo, M. C., Yang, H. I., Kang, J. H., Hwang, Y. C., Ahn, K. J., Chung, H. Y. and Jeong, I. K.. (2012) Taurine ameliorates hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia by reducing insulin resistance and leptin level in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty. (OLETF) rats with long-term diabetes. Exp. Mol. Med. 44, 665-673.   DOI
41 Maia, A. R., Batista, T. M., Victorio, J. A., Clerici, S. P., Delbin, M. A., Carneiro, E. M. and Davel, A. P. (2014) Taurine supplementation reduces blood pressure and prevents endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in post-weaning protein restricted rats. PLoS ONE 9, e105851.   DOI
42 Li, Y., Hu, Z., Chen, B., Bu, Q., Lu, W., Deng, Y., Zhu, R., Shao, X., Hou, J., Zaho, J., Li, H., Zhang, B., Huang, Y., Lv, L., Zhao, Y. and Cen, X. (2012) Taurine attenuates methamphetamine-induced autophagy and apoptosis in PC12 cells through mTOR signaling pathway. Toxicol. Lett. 215, 1-7.   DOI
43 Lindblom, R., Higgins, G., Coughlan, M. and de Haan, J. B. (2015) Targeting mitochondria and reactive oxygen species-driven pathogenesis in diabetic nephropathy. Rev. Diabet. Stud. 12, 134-156   DOI
44 Lombardini, J. B. (1996) Taurine depletion in the intact animal stimulates in vitro phosphorylation of an approximately 44-kDa protein present in the mitochondrial fraction of the rat heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 28, 1957-1961.   DOI
45 Oprescu, A. I., Bikopoulos, G., Naassan, A., Allister, E. M., Tang, C., Park, E., Uchino, H., Lewis, G. F., Fantus, I. G., Rozakis-Adcock, M., Wheeler, M. B. and Giacca, A. (2007) Free fatty acid-induced reduction in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion: evidence for a role of oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes 56, 2927-2937.   DOI
46 Novotny, M. J., Hogan, P. M., Paley, D. M. and Adams, H. R. (1991) Systolic and diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle induced by dietary taurine deficiency in cats. Am. J. Physiol. 261, H121-H127.
47 Ogawa, M., Takahara, A., Ishijima, M. and Tazaki, S. (1985) Decrease of plasma sulfur amino acids in essential hypertension. Jpn. Circ. J. 49, 1217-1224.   DOI
48 Oja, S. S. and Saransaari, P. (2013) Taurine and epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 104, 187-194.   DOI
49 Oriyanhan, W., Yamazaki, K., Miwa, S., Takaba, K., Ikeda, T. and Komeda, M. (2005) Taurine prevents myocardial ischemia/reperfusioninduced oxidative stress and apoptosis in prolonged hypothermic rat heart preservation. Heart Vessels 20, 278-285.   DOI
50 Pandya, K. G., Budhram, R., Clark, G., Lau-Cam, C. A. (2013) Comparative evaluation of taurine and thiotaurine as protectants against diabetes-induced nephropathy in a rat model. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 775, 371-394.
51 Park, E., Park, S. Y., Dobkin, C. and Schuller-Levis, G. (2014) Development of a novel cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase knockout mouse: dietary taurine reduces neonatal mortality. J. Amino Acids 2014, 346809.
52 Pearl, P. L., Schreiber, J., Theodore, W. H., McCarter, R., Barrios, E. S., Yu, J., Wiggs, E., Jianping, H. and Gibson, K. M. (2014) Taurine trial in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency and elevated CNS GABA. Neurology 82, 940-944.   DOI
53 Park, E., Quinn, M. R. and Schuller-Levis, G. (2000) Taurine chloramine attenuates the hydrolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase- 9 in LPS-activated murine peritoneal macrophages. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 483, 389-398.
54 Park, E., Schuller-Levis, G. l., Jia, J. H. and Quinn, M. R. (1997) Preactivation exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to taurine chloramine attenuates subsequent production of nitric oxide and expression of iNOS mRNA. J. Leukoc. Biol. 61,161-166.   DOI
55 Park, S. H., Lee, H., Park, K. K., Kim, H. W., Lee, D. H. and Park, T. (2006) Taurine-induced changes in transcription profiling of metabolism- related genes in human hepatoma cells HepG2. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 583, 119-128
56 Petty, M. A., Kintz, J. and DiFrancesco, G. F. (1990) The effects of taurine on atherosclerosis development in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 180, 119-127.   DOI
57 Prentice, H., Modi, J. P. and Wu, J. Y. (2015) Mechanisms of neuronal protection against excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2015, 964518
58 Chazov, E. I., Malchikova, L. S., Lipina, N. V., Asafov, G. B. and Smirnov, V. N. (1974) Taurine and electrical activity of the heart. Circ. Res. 35 Suppl 3, 11-21.
59 Cannon, J. R., Tapias, V., Na, H. M., Honick, A. S., Drolet, R. E. and Greenamyre, J. T. (2009) A highly reproducible rotenone model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 34, 279-290.   DOI
60 Chan, C. Y., Sun, H. S., Shah, S. M., Agovic, M. S., Ho, I., Friedman, E. and Banerjee, S. P. (2013) Direct interaction of taurine with the NMDA glutamate receptor subtype via multiple mechanisms. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 775, 45-52
61 Chen, W., Guo, J., Zhang, Y. and Zhang, J. (2016) The beneficial effects of taurine in preventing metabolic syndrome. Food Funct. 7, 1849-1863.   DOI
62 Chiang, S. T. H., Yeh, S. M., Chen, Y. C. and Lin, S. L., Tseng, J. K. (2014) Investigation of the protective effects of taurine against alloxan-induced dia betic retinal changes via electroretinogram and retinal histology with New Zealand White rabbits. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 631549.
63 Schaffer, S. W., Ballard-Croft, C., Azuma, J., Takahashi, K., Kakhniashvili, D. G. and Jenkins, T. E. (1998) Shape and size changes induced by taurine depletion in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Amino Acids 15, 135-142.   DOI
64 Schaffer, S. W., Jong, C. J., Ito, T. and Azuma, J. (2014a) Role of taurine in the pathogenesis of MELAS and MERRF. Amino Acids 46, 47-56.   DOI
65 Schaffer, S. W., Jong, C. J., Ito, T. and Azuma, J. (2014b) Effect of taurine on ischemia-reperfusion injury. Amino Acids 46, 21-30.   DOI
66 Schaffer, S. W., Jong, C. J., Warner, D., Ito, T. and Azuma, J. (2013) Taurine deficiency and MELAS are closely related syndromes. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 776, 153-165
67 Malik, A. N., Parsade, C. K., Ajaz, S., Crosby-Nwaobi, R. C., Gnudi, L., Czajka, A. and Sivaprasad, S. (2015) Altered circulating mitochondrial DNA and increased inflammation in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 110, 257-265.   DOI
68 Yamori, Y., Taguchi, T., Hamada, A., Kunimasa, K., Mori, H. and Mori, M. (2010) Taurine in health and diseases: consistent evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies. J. Biomed. Sci. 17, S6.   DOI
69 Yanagita, T., Han, S. Y., Hu, Y., Nagao, K., Kitajima, H. and Murakami, S. (2008) Taurine reduces the secretion of apolipoprotein B100 and lipids in HepG2 cells. Lipids Health Dis. 7, 38.   DOI
70 Yatabe, Y., Miyakawa, S., Miyazaki, T., Matsuzaki, Y. and Ochiai, N. (2003) Effects of taurine administration in rat skeletal muscles on exercise. J. Orthop. Sci. 8, 415-419.   DOI
71 Mantovani, J. and DeVivo, D. C. (1979) Effects of taurine on seizures and growth hormone release in epileptic patients. Arch. Neurol. 36, 672-674.   DOI
72 Marcinkiewicz, J. and Kontny, E. (2014) Taurine and inflammatory diseases. Amino Acids 46, 7-20.   DOI
73 Marcinkiewicz, J., Grabowska, A., Bereta, J. and Stelmaszynska, T. (1995) Taurine chloramine a product of activated neutrophils inhibits in vitro the generation of nitric oxide and other macrophage inflammatory mediators. J. Leukoc. Biol. 58, 667-674.   DOI
74 McCarty, M. F. (2013) Nutraceutical strategies for ameliorating the toxic effects of alcohol. Med. Hypotheses 80, 456-462.   DOI
75 Scicchitano, B. M. and Sica, G. (2016) The beneficial effects of taurine to counteract sarcopenia. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. [Epub ahead of print].
76 Ra, S. G., Choi, Y., Akazawa, N., Ohmori, H. and Maeda, S. (2016) Taurine supplementation attenuates delayed increase in exerciseinduced arterial stiffness. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 41, 618-623.   DOI
77 Ra, S-G., Miyazaki, T., Ishikura, K., Nagayama, H., Komine, S., Nakata, Y., Maeda, S., Matsuzaki, Y.,and Ohmori, H. (2013) Combined effect of branched-chain amino acids and taurine supplementation on delayed onset muscle soreness and muscle damage in highintensity eccentric exercise. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 10, 51.   DOI
78 Schaffer, S. W., Shimada-Takaura, K., Jong, C. J., Ito, T. and Takahashi, K. (2016) Impaired energy metabolism of the taurine-deficient heart. Amino Acids 48, 549-558.   DOI
79 Schaffer, S. W., Solodushko, V. and Kakhniashvili, D. (2002) Beneficial effect of taurine depletion on osmotic sodium and calcium loading during chemical hypoxia. Am. J. Physiol. 282, C1113-C1120.   DOI
80 Schmidt, S. Y., Berson, E. L. and Hayes, K. C. (1976) Retinal degeneration in cats fed casein. I. Taurine deficiency. Invest. Ophthalmol. 15, 47-52.
81 Sergeeva, O. A., Fleischer, W., Chepkova, A. N., Warskulat, U. and Haussinger, D. (2007) $GABA_A$ receptor modification in taurine transporter knockout mice causes striatal disinhibition. J. Physiol. 585, 539-548.   DOI
82 Shetewy, A., Shimada-Takaura, K., Warner, D., Jong, C. J., Mehdi, A. B., Alexeyev, M., Takahashi, K. and Schaffer, S. W. (2016) Mitochondrial defects associated with B-alanine toxicity: relevance to hyper-beta-alaninemia. Mol. Cell Biochem. 416, 11-22.   DOI
83 DeLuca, A., Piernon, S., Liantonio, A., Cetrone, M., Camerion, C., Bodvael, F., Mirabella, M., Servidei, S., Ruegg, U. T. and Conte Camerino, D. (2003) Enhanced dystrophic progression in mdx mice by exercise and beneficial effects of taurine and insulin-like growth factor-1. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 304, 453-463.   DOI
84 Dawson, R., Jr., Biasetti, M., Messina, S. and Dominy, J. (2002) The cytoprotective role of taurine in exercise-induced muscle injury. Amino Acids 22, 309-324.   DOI
85 Dawson, R., Jr., Liu, S., Jung, B., Messina, S. and Eppler, B. (2000) Effects of high salt diets and taurine on the development of hypertension in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat. Amino Acids 19, 643-664.   DOI
86 DeLuca, A., Pierno, S. and Conte Camerino, D. (2015) Taurine: the appeal of a safe amino acid for skeletal muscle disorders. J. Transl. Med. 13, 243.   DOI
87 Durelli, L., Mutani, R. and Fassio, F. (1983) The treatment of myotonia: evaluation of chronic oral taurine therapy. Neurology 33, 599-603.
88 Dutka, T. L., Lamboley, C. R. l., Murphy, R. M. and Lamb, G. D. (1985) Acute effects of taurine on sarcoplasmic reticulum $Ca^{2+}$ accumulation and contractility in human type I and type II skeletal muscle fibers. J. Appl. Physiol. 117, 797-805.
89 Eby, G. and Halcomb, W. W. (2006) Elimination of cardiac arrhythmias using oral taurine with L-arginine with case histories: hypothesis for nitric oxide stabilization of the sinus node. Med. Hypotheses 67, 1200-1204.   DOI
90 Arrieta, F., Balsa, J. A., de la Puerta, C., Botella, J. I., Zamarron, I., Elias, E., Del Rio, J. I., Alonso, P., Candela, A., Blanco-Colio, L. M., Eqido, J., Navarro, P. and Vazquez, C. (2014) Phase IV prospective clinical study to evaluate the effect of taurine on liver function in postsurgical adult patients requiring parenteral nutrition. Nutr. Clin. Pract. 29, 672-680.   DOI
91 Azuma, J., Sawamura, A. and Awata, N. (1992) Usefulness of taurine in chronic congestive heart failure. Jpn. Circ. J. 56, 95-99.   DOI
92 Bai, J., Yao, X., Jiang, L., Zhang, Q., Guan, H., Liu, S., Wu, W., Qiu, T., Gao, N., Yang, L., Yang, G. and Sun, X. (2016) Taurine protects against $As_2O_3$-induced autophagy in livers of rat offsprings through PPARΥ pathway. Sci. Rep. 6, 27733.   DOI
93 Balshaw, T. G., Bampouras, T. M., Barry, T. J. and Sparks, S. A. (2013) The effect of acute taurine ingestion on 3-km running performance in trained middle-distance runners. Amino Acids 44, 555-561.   DOI
94 Barbeau, A. and Donaldson, J. (1974) Zinc, taurine and epilepsy. Arch. Neurol. 30, 52-58.   DOI
95 Trachtman, H., Futterweit, S., Maesaka, J., Ma, C., Valderrama, E., Fuchs, A., Tarectetecan, A., Rao, P. S., Sturman, J. A. and Boles, T. H. et al. (1995) Taurine ameliorates chronic streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 269, F429-F438.
96 El Idrissi, A. and L'Amoreaux, W. J. (2008) Selective resistance of taurine- fed mice to isoniazide-potentiated seizures: in vivo functional test for the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Neuroscience 156, 693-699.   DOI
97 El Idrissi, A., Messing, J., Scalia, J. and Trenkner, E. (2003) Prevention of epileptic seizures by taurine. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 526, 515-525.
98 Terrill, J. R., Pinniger, G. J., Graves, J. A., Grounds, M. D. and Arthur, P. G. (2016b) Increasing taurine intake and taurine synthesis improves skeletal muscle function in the mdx mouse for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J. Physiol. 594, 2095-2110.   DOI
99 Ulrich-Merzenich, G., Zeitler, H., Vetter, H. and Bhonde, R. R. (2007) Protective effects of taurine on endothelial cells impaired by high glucose and oxidized low density lipoproteins. Eur. J. Nutr. 46, 431-438.   DOI
100 Venturini, A., Ascione, R., Lin, H., Polesel, E., Angelini, G. D. and Suleiman, M. S. (2009) The importance of myocardial amino acids during ischemia and reperfusion in dilated left ventricle of patients with degenerative mitral valve disease. Mol. Cell Biochem. 330, 63-70.   DOI
101 Warskulat, U., Flogel, U., Jacoby, C., Hartwig, H. G., Thewissen, M., Merx, M. W., Molojavyl, A., Heller-Stilb, B., Schrader, J. and Haussinger, D. (2004) Taurine transporter knockout depletes muscle taurine levels and results in severe skeletal muscle impairment but leaves cardiac function uncompromised. FASEB J. 18, 577-579.   DOI
102 Hamilton, E. J., Berg, H. M., Easton, C. J. and Bakker, A. J. (2006) The effect of taurine depletion on the contractile properties and fatigue in fast-twitch skeletal muscle of the mouse. Amino Acids 31, 273-278.   DOI
103 Hadj-Said, W., Froger, N., Ivkovic, I., Jimenez-Lopez, M., Dubus, E., Degardin-Chicaud, J., Simonutti, M., Quenol, C., Neveux, N., Villegas- Perez, M. P., Agudo-Barriuso, M., Vidal-Sanz, M., Sahel, J. A., Picaud, S. and Garcia-Ayuso, D. (2016) Quantitative and topographical analysis of the losses of cone photoreceptors and retinal ganglion cells under taurine depletion. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 57, 4692-4703.   DOI
104 Hagar, H. H., El Etter, E. and Arafa, M. (2006) Taurine attenuates hypertension and renal dysfunction induced by cyclosporine A in rats. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 33, 189-196.   DOI
105 Hallan, S. and Sharma, K. (2016) The role of mitochondria in diabetic kidney disease. Curr. Diab. Rep. 16, 61.   DOI
106 Han, X. and Chesney, R. W. (2012) The role of taurine in renal disorders. Amino Acids 43, 2249-2263.   DOI
107 Han, X., Patters, A. B., Ito, T., Azuma, J., Schaffer, S. W. and Chesney, R. W. (2015) Knockout of the TauT gene predisposes C57BL/6 mice to streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy. PLoS ONE 10, e0117718.   DOI
108 Bergamini, L., Mutani, R., Delsedime, M. and Durelli, L. (1974) First clinical experience on the antiepileptic action of taurine. Eur. Neurol. 11, 261-269.   DOI
109 Barua, M., Liu, Y. and Quinn, M. R. (2001) Taurine chloramine inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-alpha gene expression in activated alveolar macrophagesdecreased NF-KappaB activation and IkappaB kinase activity. J. Immunol. 167, 2275-2281.   DOI
110 Bellentani, S., Pecorari, M., Cordonna, P., Marchegiano, P., Manenti, F., Basisio, E., Defabiani, E. and Galli, G. (1987) Taurine increases bild acid poll size and reduces bile saturation index in the hamster. J. Lipid Res. 28, 1021-1027.
111 Blake, D. J., Weir, A., Newey, S. E. and Davies, K. E. (2002) Function and genetics of dystrophin and dystrophin-related proteins in muscle. Physiol. Rev. 82, 291-329.   DOI
112 Rumpl, E., Gerstenbrand, F., Hengl, W. and Binder, H. (1977) Electrophysiogical and neuropharmacological studies in a patient with progressive myoclonus-epilepsy. Elektromyograph. Verwandte. Geb. 8, 77-81.
113 Sagara, M., Murakami, S., Mizushima, S., Liu, L., Mori, M., Ikeda, K., Nara, Y. and Yamori, Y. (2015) Taurine in 24-h urine samples is inversely related to cardiovascular risks of middle aged subjects in 50 populations of the world. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 803, 623-636.
114 Sahin, M. A., Yucel, O., Guler, A., Doganci, S., Jaholliari, A., Cinqoz, F., Arslan, S., Gamsizkan, M., Yaman, H. and Demirkilic, U. (2011) Is there any cardioprotective role for taurine during cold ischemic period following global myocardial ischemia? J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 6, 31.   DOI
115 Santos, J. M., Mishra, M. and Kowluru, R. A. (2014) Posttranslational modification of mitochondrial transcription factor A in impaired mitochondria biogenesis. Implications in diabetic retinopathy and metabolic memory phenomenon. Exp. Eye Res. 121, 168-177.   DOI
116 Hara, M. R. and Snyder, S. H. (2007) Cell signaling and neuronal death. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 47, 117-141.   DOI
117 Winiarska, K., Szmanski, K., Gorniak, P., Dudziak, M. and Bryla, J. (2009) Hypoglycaemic, antioxidative and nephroprotective effects of taurine in alloxan diabetic rabbits. Biochimie 91, 261-270.   DOI
118 Wu, F., Koenig, K. L., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., Jonas, S., Afanasiyeva, Y., Wojcik, O. P., Costa, M. and Chen, Y. (2016) Serum taurine and stroke risk in women: A prospective, nested case-control study. PLoS ONE 11, e0149348.   DOI
119 Wu, H., Jin, Y., Wei, J., Jin, H., Sha, D. and Wu, J. Y. (2005) Mode of action of taurine as a neuroprotector. Brain Res. 1038, 123-131.   DOI
120 Han, Z., Gao, L. Y., Lin, Y. H., Chang, L., Wu, H.Y., Luo, C. X. and Zhu, D. Y. (2016) Neuroprotection of taurine against reactive oxygen species is associated with inhibiting NADPH oxidases. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 777, 129-135.   DOI
121 Harada, H., Isujino, T., Watari, Y., Nonaka, H., Emoto, N. and Yokoyama, M. (2004) Oral taurine supplementation prevents fructose-induced hypertension in rats. Heart Vessels 19, 132-136.   DOI
122 Airaksinen, E. M., Oja, S. S., Marnela, K.-M., Leino, E. and Paakkonen, L. (1980) Effects of taurine treatment on epileptic patients. Prog. Clin. Biol. 39, 157-166.
123 Abramov, A. Y. and Duchen, M. R. (2008) Mechanisms underlying the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential in glutamate excitotoxicity. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1777, 953-964.   DOI
124 Abramov, A. Y., Scorziello, A. and Duchen, M. R. (2007) Three distinct mechanisms generate oxygen free radicals in neurons and con-tribute to cell death during anoxia and reoxygenation. J. Neurosci. 27,1129-1138.   DOI
125 Ahmadian, M., Roshan, D. and Ashourpore, E. (2017) Taurine supplementation improves functional capacity, myocardial oxygen consumption and electrical activity in heart failure. J. Diet. Suppl. 14, 422-432.   DOI
126 Albrecht, J. and Schousboe, A. (2005) Taurine interaction with neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS: an update. Neurochem. Res. 30, 1615-1621.   DOI
127 Alkholifi, F. K. and Albers, D. S. (2015) Attenuation of rotenone toxicity in SY5Y cells by taurine and N-acetyl cysteine alone or in combination. Brain Res. 1622, 409-413.   DOI
128 Sato, Y., Ogata, E. and Fujita, T. (1991) Hypotensive action of taurine in DOCA-salt rats--involvement of sympathoadrenal inhibition and endogenous opiate. Jpn. Circ. J. 55, 500-508.   DOI
129 Saransaari, P. and Oja, S. S. (2010) Modulation of taurine release by glutamate receptors and nitric oxide. Prog. Neurobiol. 62, 407-425.
130 Saronwala, A., Tournay, A., and Garguss, J. J. (2008) Taurine treatment of succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) deficiency reverses MRI-documented globus lesions and clinical syndrome. In Proc. Am. Coll. Med. Genet., 15th Ann. Clinical Genet. Meeting, March 12-16 2008. Phoenix, AZ, USA.
131 Schaffer, S. W., Azuma, J. and Mozaffari, M. (2009) Role of antioxidant activity of taurine in diabetes. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 87, 91- 99.   DOI
132 Coughlan, M. T., Higgins, G. C., Nguyen, T. V., Penfold, S. A., Thallas- Bonke, V., Tan, S. M. et al. (2016) Deficiency in apoptosis-inducing factor recapitulates chronic kidney disease via aberrant mitochondrial homeostasis. Diabetes 65, 1085-1098.   DOI
133 Ishikura, K., Miyazaki, T., Ra, S. G., Endo, S., Nakamura, Y., Matsuzaka, T., Miyakawa, S. and Ohmori, H. (2011) Effect of supplementation on the alterations in amino acid content in skeletal muscle with exercise in rat. J. Sports Sci. Med. 10, 306-314.
134 Ito, T., Kimura, Y., Uozumi, Y., Takai, M., Muraoka, S., Matsuda, T., Ueki, K., Yoshiyama, M., Ikawa, M., Okabe, M., Schaffer, S. W., Fujio, Y. and Azuma, J. (2008) Taurine depletion caused by knocking out the taurine transporter gene leads to cardiomyopathy with cardiac atrophy. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. 44, 927-937.   DOI
135 Ito, T., Miyazaki, N., Schaffer, S. and Azuma, J. (2015a) Potential antiaging role of taurine via proper protein folding: a study from taurine transporter knockout mouse. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 803, 481-487.
136 Chorazy-Massalska, M., Kontny, E., Kornatka, A., Rell-Bakalarska, M., Marcinkiewicz, J. and Maslinski, W. (2004) The effect of taurine chloramine on pro-inflammatory cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from rheuatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients. Clin. Exp. Rheumatol. 22, 692-698.
137 Conte-Camerino, D., DeLuca, A., Mambrini, M., Ferrannini, E., Franconi, F, Giotta, A. and Bryant, S. H. (1989) The effects of taurine on pharmacologically induced myotonia. Muscle Nerve 12, 898-904.   DOI
138 Cuisinier, C., Gailly, P., Francaux, M. and Lebacq, J. (2000) Effects of guanidinoethane sulfonate on contraction of skeletal muscle. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 483, 403-409.
139 Czajka, A. and Malik, A. N. (2016) Hyperglycemia damage to mitochondrial respiration in renal mesangial and tubular cells: implication for diabetic nephropathy. Redox. Biol. 10, 100-107.   DOI
140 da Silva, L. A., Tromm, C. B., Bom, K. F., Mariano, I., Po0zzi, B., da Rosa, G. L., Tuon, T., da Luz, G., Vuolo, F., Petronilho, F., Cassiano, W., De Souza, C. T. and Pinho, R. A. (2014) Effects of taurine supplementation following eccentric exercise in young adults. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 39, 101-104.   DOI
141 Damiano, M., Galvan, L., Deglon, N. and Brouillet, E. (2010) Mitochondria in Huntington's disease. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1802, 52-61.   DOI
142 Das, J. and Sil, P. C. (2012) Taurine ameliorates alloxan-induced renal injury, oxidative stress-related signaling pathways and apoptosis in rats. Amino Acids 43, 1509-1523.   DOI
143 Jeejeebhoy, F., Keith, M., Freeman, M., Barr, A., McCall, M., Kurian, R., Mazer, D. and Errett, L. (2002) Nutritional supplementation with MyoVive repletes essential cardiac myocyte nutrients and reduces left ventricular size in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Am. Heart J. 143, 1092-1100.   DOI
144 Gharibani, P. M., Modi, J., Pan, C., Menzie, J., Ma, Z., Chen, P. C., Tao, R., Prentice, H. and Wu, J. Y. (2013) The mechanism of taurine protection against endoplasmic reticulum stress in an animal stroke model of cerebral artery occlusion and stroke-related conditions in primary neuronal cell culture. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 776, 241-258.
145 Ito, T., Schaffer, S. W. and Azuma, J. (2012) The potential usefulness of taurine on diabetes mellitus and its complications. Amino Acids 42, 1529-1539.   DOI
146 Ito, T., Yoshikawa, N., Inui, T., Miyazaki, N., Schaffer, S. W. and Azuma, J. (2014a) Tissue depletion of taurine accelerates skeletal muscle senescence and leads to early death in mice. PLoS ONE 9, e107409.   DOI
147 Ito, T., Yoshikawa, N., Ito, H., Schaffer, S. W. (2015b) Impact of taurine depletion on glucose control and insulin secretion in mice. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 129, 59-64.   DOI
148 Ito, T., Yoshikawa, N., Schaffer, S. W. and Azuma, J. (2014b) Tissue taurine depletion alters metabolic response to exercise and reduces running capacity in mice. J. Amino Acids 2014, 964680.
149 Sun, Q., Wang, B., Li, Y., Sun, F., Li, P., Xia, W., Zhou, X., Li, Q., Wang, X., Chen, J., Zeng, X., Zhao, Z., He, H., Liu, D. and Zhu, Z. (2016) Taurine supplementation lowers blood pressure and improves vascular function in prehypertension: randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled study. Hypertension 67, 541-549.   DOI
150 Sugiura, H., Okita, S., Kato, T., Naka, T., Kawanishi, Sl., Ohnishi, S. l., Oshida, Y. and Ma, N. (2013) Protection by taurnine against iNOSdependent DNA damage in heavily exercised skeletal muscle by inhibition of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 775, 237-246.
151 Tan, B., Jiang, D. J., Huang H., Jia, S. J., Hu, C. P. and Li, Y. J. (2007) Taurine protects against low-density lipoprotein-induced endothelial dysfunction by the DDAH/ADMA pathway. Vascul. Pharmacol. 46, 338-345.   DOI
152 Terashima, M., Mitani, T., Hosokawa, Y., Nariai, Y., Imada, K., Kageyama, E. and Tanigawa, Y. (2003) Suppressive effect of taurine on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB-induced c-fos and c-jun mRNA expressions through extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in mesenchymal cell lines. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 49, 187-194.   DOI
153 Terrill, J. R., Grounds, M. D. and Arthur, P. G. (2015) Taurine deficiency, synthesis and transport in the mdx mouse model for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 66, 141-148.   DOI
154 Terrill, J. R., Grounds, M. D. and Arthur, P. G. (2016a) Increased taurine in pre-weaned juvenile mdx mice greatly reduces the acute onset of myofibre necrosis and dystropathology and prevents inflammation. PLoS Curr. 8, ecurrents.md.77,
155 Sivitz, W. I. and Yorek, M. A. (2010) Mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes: from molecular mechanisms to functional significance and therapeutic opportunitiees. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 12, 537-577.   DOI
156 Goodman, C. A., Horvath, D., Stathis, C., Mori, T., Croft, K., Murphy, R. M. and Hayes, A. (1985) Taurine supplementation increases skeletal muscle force production and protects muscle function during and after high-frequency in vitro stimulation. J. Appl. Physiol. 107, 144-154.
157 Gharibani, P., Modi, J., Menzie, J., Alexandrescu, A., Ma, Z., Tao, R., Prentice, H. and Wu, J. Y. (2015) Comparison between single and combined post-treatment with S-Methyl-N,N-diethylthiolcarbamate sulfoxide and taurine following transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat brain. Neuroscience 300, 460-473.   DOI
158 Ginguay, A., De Bandt, J. P. and Cynober, L. (2016) Indications and contraindications for infusing specific amino acids. (leucine, glutamine, arginine, citrulline and taurine) in critical illness. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care 19, 161-169.   DOI
159 Gokce, G., Ozsarlak-Sozer, G., Oran, I., Oktay, G., Ozkal, S. and Kerry, Z. (2011) Taurine suppresses oxidative stress-potentiated expression of lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor and restensosis in balloon-injured rabbit iliac artery. Clin. Expt. Pharmacol. Physiol. 38, 811-818.   DOI
160 Haber, C. A., Lam, T. K., Yun, Z., Gupta, N., Goh, T., Bogdanovic, E., Giacca, A. and Fantus, I. G. (2003) N-acetylcysteine and taurine prevent hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance in vivo: possible role of oxidative stress. Am. J. Physiol. 285, E744-E753.
161 Yokogoshi, H., Mochizuki, H., Nanami, K., Hida, Y., Miyachi, F. and Oda, H. (1999) Dietary taurine enhances cholesterol degradation and reduces serum and liver cholesterol concentrations in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. J. Nutr. 129, 1705-1712.   DOI
162 Koh, J. H., Lee, E. S., Hyun, M., Kim, H. M., Choi, Y. J., Lee, E. Y., Yadav, D. and Chung, C. H. (2014) Taurine alleviates the progression of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic rat model. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 397307.
163 Kim, K. S., Park, E. K., Ju, S. M., Jung, H. S., Bang, J. S., Kim, C., Lee, Y. A., Hong, S. J., Lee, S. H., Yang, H. I. and Yoo, M. C. (2007) Taurine chloramine differentially inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 1 and 13 synthesis in interleukin-1b stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Arthritis Res. Ther. 9, R80.   DOI
164 Kirino, Y., Goto, Y., Campos, Y., Arenas, J. and Suzuki, T. (2005) Specific correlation between the wobble modification deficiency in mutant tRNAs and the clinical features of a human mitochondrial disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102, 7127-7132.   DOI
165 Klamt, F. and Shacter, E. (2005) Taurine chloramine: an oxidant derived from neutrophils induces apoptosis in human B lymphoma cells through mitochondrial damage. J. Biol. Chem. 280, 21346- 21352.   DOI
166 Konig, P., Kriechbaum, G., Presslich, O., Schubert, H., Schuster, P. and Sieghart, W. (1977) Orally-administered taurine in therapyresistant epilepsy. Wien. Klin. Wochenschr. 89, 111-113.
167 Kurata, S., Ohtsuki, T., Wada, T., Kirino, Y., Takai, K., Saigo, K., Watanabe, K. and Suzuki, T. (2003) Decoding property of C5 uridine modification at the wobble position of tRNA anticodon. Nucleic Acids Res. 3, 245-246.   DOI
168 L'Amoreaux, W. J., Marsillo, A. and El Idrissi, A. (2010) Pharmacological characterization of $GABA_A$ receptors in taurine-fed mice. J. Biomed. Sci. 17, S14.   DOI
169 Modi, P. and Suleiman, M. S. (2004) Myocardial taurine, development and vulnerability to ischemia. Amino Acids 26, 65-70.   DOI
170 Milei, J., Ferreira, R., Llesuy, S., Forcada, P., Covarrubias, J. and Boveris, A. (1992) Reduction of reperfusion injury with preoperative rapid intravenous infusion of taurine during myocardial revascularization. Am. Heart J. 123, 339-345.   DOI
171 Moore, K. J. and Tabas, I. (2011) The cellular biology of macrophages in atherosclerosis. Cell 145, 341-355.   DOI
172 Mozaffari, M. S., Patel, C., Abdelsayed, R. and Schaffer, S. W. (2006) Accelerated NaCl-induced hypertension in taurine-deficient rat: role of renal function. Kidney Int. 70, 329-337.   DOI
173 Murakami, S. (2015) Role of taurine in the pathogenesis of obesity. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 59, 1353-1363.   DOI
174 Murakami, S., Nara, Y. and Yamori, Y. (1996) Taurine accelerates the regression of hypercholesterolemia in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci. 58, 1643-1651.   DOI
175 Zulli, A., Lau, E., Wijaya, B. P. P., Jin, X., Sutarga, K., Schwartz, G. D., Leamont, J., Wookey, P. J., Zinellu, A., Carru, C. and Hare, D. L. (2009) High dietary taurine reduces apoptosis and atherosclerosis in the left main coronary artery. Hypertension 53, 1017-1022.   DOI
176 Yoshimura, H., Nariai, Y., Etshima, M., Mitani, T. and Tanigawa, Y. (2005) Taurine suppresses platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB-induced PDGF-beta receptor phosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatase-mediated dephosphorylation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1745, 350-360.   DOI
177 Zhang, L., Yuan, Y., Tong, Q., Jiang, S., Xu, Q., Ding, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, R. and Zhang, K. (2016) Reduced plasma taurine level in Parkinson's disease: association with motor severity and levodopa treatment. Int. J. Neurosci. 126, 630-636.
178 Zheng, Y., Ceglarek, U., Huang, T., Wang, T., Heianza, Y., Ma, W., Bray, G. A., Thiery, J., Sacks, F. M. and Qi, L. (2016) Plasma taurine, diabetes genetic predisposition, and changes of insulin sensitivity in response to weight-loss diets. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metabol. 101, 3820-3826.   DOI
179 Murakami, S., Sakurai, T., Tomoike, H., Sakono, M., Nasu, T. and Fukuda, N. (2010) Prevention of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in the hyperlipidemia- and atherosclerosis-prone Japanese (LAP) quail by taurine supplementation. Amino Acids 38, 271-278.   DOI
180 Lam, N. V., Chen, W., Suruga, K., Nishimura, N., Goda, T. and Yokogoshi, H. (2006) Enhancing effect of taurine on CYP7A1 mRNA expression in Hep G2 cells. Amino Acids 30, 43-48.   DOI
181 Nakaya, Y., Minami, A., Harada, N., Sakamoto, S., Niwa, Y. and Ohnaka, M. (2000) Taurine improves insulin sensitivity in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rat, a model of spontaneous type 2 diabetes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71, 54-58.   DOI
182 Nara, Y., Yamori, Y. and Lovenberg, W. (1978) Effect of dietary taurine on blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biochem. Pharmacol. 27, 2689-2692.   DOI
183 Menzie, J., Prentice, H. and Wu, J. Y. (2013) Neuroprotective mechanisms of taurine against ischemic stroke. Brain Sci. 3, 877-907.   DOI
184 Horvath, D. M., Murphy, R. M., Mollica, J. P., Hayes, A. and Goodman, C. A. (2016) The effect of taurine and b-alanine supplementation on taurine transporter protein and fatigue resistance in skeletal muscle from mdx mice. Amino Acids 48, 2635-2645.   DOI
185 Hayes, K. C., Carey, R. E. and Schmidt, S. Y. (1975) Retinal degeneration associated with taurine deficiency in the cat. Science 188, 949-951.   DOI
186 Heim, M. K. and Gidal, B. E. (2012) Vigabatrin-associated retinal damage: potential biochemical mechanisms. Acta Neurol. Scand. 126, 219-228.
187 Higgins, G. C. and Coughlan, M. T. (2014) Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitophagy: the beginning and end to diabetic nephropathy? Br. J. Pharmacol. 171, 1917-1942.   DOI
188 Horvath, G. A., Hukin, J., Stockler-Ipsiroglu, S. G. and Aroichane, M. (2016) Eye findings on vigabatrin and taurine treatment in two patients with succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Neuropediatrics 47, 263-267.   DOI