• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.116-124
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• 2010

This study aimed to assess whether the gender of the dental practitioner affects operative techniques in class 2 and class 5 resin composite restorations. In 2008, a nationwide survey was given to Korean dentists. Total 12,193 e-mails were distributed, 2,632 were opened by recipients, and 840 responses were collected. Of the respondents, 78.9% were male and 21.1% were female. The gender distribution in the age groups between respondents and the total population did not differ (p > 0.05). A chi-square test was used to compare technical differences between female and male dentists. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between gender and operative techniques in resin composite restoration. For class 2 resin composite restoration, female dentists were 1.87 times more likely than male dentists to do multiple incremental fillings (four layers or more) and 2.72 times more likely than males to spend 30 minutes or more for the treatment (p < 0.05). For class 5 resin composite restoration, female dentists were 2.69 times more likely than their male counterparts to use a cavity base or liner, 1.83 times more likely to do multiple incremental fillings (four layers or more) and 1.63 times more likely to spend 20 minutes or more for the procedure (p < 0.05). The gender factor was influential to individual operative techniques in restorative treatment.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (${\mu}TBS$), failure modes and bonding interfaces of self-etching and three self-adhesive resin cements to dentin and indirect composite resin. Cylindrical composite blocks (Tescera, Bisco Inc.) were luted with resin cements (PA: Panavia F 2.0, Kuraray Medical Inc., RE: RelyX Unicem Clicker, 3M ESPE., MA: Maxem, Kerr Co., BI: BisCem, Bisco Inc.) on the prepared occlusal dentin surfaces of 20 extracted molars. After storage in distilled water for 24 h, $1.0\;mm\;{\times}\;1.0\;mm$ composite-dentin beams were prepared. ${\mu}TBS$ was tested at a cross-head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test. Dentin sides of all fractured specimens and interfaces of resin cements-dentin or resin cements-composite were examined at FESEM (Field Emission-Scanning Electron Microscope). In conclusion, PA and RE showed higher bond strength and closer adaptation than MA and BI when indirect composite blocks were luted to dentin using a self-etching and three self-adhesive resin cements.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.6061-6070
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to examine relations on the autonomy, nursing performance based on the awareness and satisfaction of electronic medical record system for nurses. This Study was a descriptive survey design using convenience sampling. There were 194 general hospital nurses, who agreed to participate in this study, taken a structured questionnaire during august 2013. SPSS 20.0 version was used for descriptive analysis, frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficiency. The major findings of this study were as follows. The mean score on the awareness of EMR was 3.68, the mean score on the satisfaction was 3.47 and nursing autonomy mean score was 3.25, nursing performance mean score was 3.55. There were significant differences in the awareness according to working field and computer certificate. There were significant differences in satisfaction depending on whether they held computer certificates Head nurses and the above scored significantly higher in nursing performance compared to nurses at the lower position. Also, higher awareness was significantly related to higher satisfaction. Higher satisfaction was significantly related to higher nursing autonomy and performance. The findings of this study imply that nurses need to raise their EMR awareness and satisfaction and make best used of their qualification with their computer certificate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2016

A disaster can be defined in many ways based on perspectives, in addition, its types are able to classify differently by various standards. Considering the different perspectives, the disaster can be occurred by natural phenomenon that is like typhoon, earthquake, flood, and drought, and by the accident that is like collapse of facilities, traffic accidents, and environmental pollution, etc. Into the modern society, moreover, the disaster includes the damages by diffusion of epidemic and infectious disease in domestic animals. The disaster was defined by natural and man-made hazards in the past. As societies grew with changes of paradigm, social factors have been included in the concept of the disaster according to new types unexpected by new disease and scientific technology. Change the concept of social disasters, Ministry of Public Safety and Security (MPSS) has provided the regional safety index, which measures the safety level of a local government. However, this regional safety index has some limitation to use because this index provides the information for city unit which is a unit of administrative districts of urban. Since these administrative districts units are on a different level with urban and rural areas, the regional safety index provided by MPSS is not be able to direct apply to the rural areas. The purpose of this study is to determine the regional safety index targeting rural areas. To estimate the safety index, we was used for 3 indicators of the MPSS, a fire, a crime, and an infectious disease which are evaluable the regional safety index using an accessibility analysis. For determining the regional safety index using accessibility from community centers to public facilities, the safety index of fire, crime, and infectious disease used access time to fire station, police office, and medical facility, respectively. An integrated Cheongju, targeting areas in this study, is mixed region with urban and rural areas. The results of regional safety index about urban and rural areas, the safety index in rural area is relatively higher than in the urban. Neverthless the investment would be needed to improve the safety in the rural areas.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.218-233
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• 2005

Purpose : To investigate clinical-epidemologic aspect of infertility patients in Conmaul Oriental Hospital. Methods : From 2003, 5 to 2004, 4, a total 1223(female 943, male 280) patients was recruited, and their medical records were reviewed retrospectively. Results : The mean age of female was $31.83{\pm}3.63$ yesrs, and $34.08{\pm}3.66$ years in male. The mean BMI of female was $20.83{\pm}2.74$, and $24.36{\pm}3.03$ in male. The most common occupation of female was profession, administration, management.The primary infertility was 52.9% and the secondary infertility 47.1%. The most common past history in female was laparotomy. The mean duration of infertility was $3.32{\pm}2.5$ years and $3.9{\pm}2.63$ years in female and male. 83.6% of secondary infertility women experienced abortion. The incidence of patients with both combinded infertility factors of female and male was the most highest, and the most common single factor was ovulatory. 92.4% of female patients took sterility tests, 71.0% of male patients took semen analysis. 50.8% female took ovulation induction, IUI, IVF before coming. 8.91% of female and 72.14% of male were accompanied by their spouse. 61.2% of female took sterility test with their spouse. Female's duration of treatment was longer than man's. The most reliable source of choices was encouragement of family members, acquaintance. Conclusion : In this study, we presented staus concerend with infertility and the characteristics of patients went to oriental hospital. Furthermore, the study about oriental treatments and the results of that treatments is required.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of direct functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) of affected spinal cord on motor recovery following spinal cord injury in rats. Methods: After a contusion injury at the spinal level T9 using an NYU Impactor, functional magnetic stimulation was delivered by a magnetic stimulator through a round prototype coil (7 cm in diameter). Stimulation parameters were set as follows: repetition rate = 50 Hz (stimulus intensity 100% = 0.18 T), stimulation time = 20 min. Functional magnetic stimulation was administered twice a day, 5 days per week for 8 weeks starting 4 days after spinal cord injury. Functional magnetic stimulationwas delivered directly to the affected spinal cord. Outcomes of locomotor performance were assessed by the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale and by an inclined plane test weekly for 8 weeks. Results: In the BBB test, hindlimb motor function in the Functional magnetic stimulation group improved significantly more compared to the control group at 3, 4, 6, 7, and 8 weeks (p<0.05). In the inclined plane test, the angle of the plane in the functional magnetic stimulation group increased significantly more compared to the control group at 4, 5, 7, and 8 weeks (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that direct Functional magnetic stimulation of the lesional site may have beneficial effects on motor improvement after spinal cord injury.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.67-70
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• 2007

This study was done for the dietary effect of silk protein, molecular controlled silk sericin and silk fibroin, on colon cancer of animal. The ICR mice were given weekly injections of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMZ) for the initial 10 mg/kg with four weeks, and fed a diets supplemented with 3% (v/v) molecular controlled sericin and fibroin for 6 weeks, respectively. Then, the body weight, efficiency of dietary, typical histologic appearance of animal colon tissue and COX-2 effect were studied, too. Molecular controlled sericin protein are shown more higher dietary effect on animal colon cancer than fibroin supplemental case. The results suggest a potential usefulness of sericin as a chemopreventive for colon carcinogenesis and the development functional food.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 1995

This study was performed to find out the exposure level of mixed organic solvents, excretion of urinary hippuricacid and subjective symptoms according to the exposure of organic solvents of female workers who works on 5 shoes manufacturing industries in Taejon City from 24, september to 20, october 1993. The studied groups were divided into 3 groups that were consist of direct exposure group(48 workers), indirect exposure group(49 workers) and non-exposure group(68 workers) to the organic solvents. The exposure levels of toluene of direct exposure group which $89.86{\pm}56.20ppm$ had higher than that of indirect exposure group which had $40.23{\pm}47.21ppm$. In the exposure level of mixed organic solvent(R-value), direct exposure group was $2.84{\pm}1.53$ and exceeded approximatly 3 times the R-value. Whereas, indirect exposure group was not exceeded the R-value as $0.80{\pm}0.61$. In the excretion level of urinary hippuric acid, direct exposure group was $1.78{\pm}1.25g/l$, indirect exposure group was $1.22{\pm}0.93g/l$ and non-exposure group was $0.51{\pm}0.18g/l$ respectively. Therefore both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were significantly higher than non-exposure group(P<0.01). In the correlation between toluene levels and urinary hippuric acid level, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.8309, P<0.01), also indirect exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.5859, P<0.05) and also in the correlation between the R value of mixed organic solvents and the urinary hippuric acid levels, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.4492, P<0.05), and indirect exposure group had ositive correlation(R=0.7911, P<0.01). In the complain rates of the worker's subjective symptoms at work, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were higher than non-exposure group(P<0.05, P<0.01). But the sujective symptoms of "floating sensation" of direct exposure group had significantly higher than indirect exposure group. In the percent of subjective symptoms complaints during the worker's daily life, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group had generally more statistical significance than nonexposure group(P<0.01), direct exposure group had not statistical significant difference from indirect exposure group. As the results mentioned above, it has been analysed that the indirect at the adjacent manufaturing process are exposed to the considerable amount of solvent. Therefore, I think that there should be the betterment of surrounding through the complete working environment management to the occurrence source of the organic solvent, the changes of health management system to the indirect-exposed workers, and the systematic management of the special medical examination and the like.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1497-1501
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• 2006

The therapeutic anti-diabetic effect of Nelumbo Folium and a poly herbal formula (NOC) was evaluated in the streptozotocin (STZ 60 mg/kg, I.p.) induced diabetic rats. For this study, test articles were orally administrated once a day from 7 d after STZ-injection for 3 weeks. The fasting blood glucose, body weight, pancreas weight changes, oral glucose tolerance test, hemoglobin Alc (Hb A1c) level changes and the histopathological changes were observed. WNL-treated rat had lower fasting blood glucose levels compared to control group and NOC-treated rat had significantly lower fasting blood glucose levels, compared to control group (p < 0.05). After 21 days of extract treatment, body weight in control was reduced (p < 0.001). WNL and NOC groups were also reduced compared to control group but insignificantly. Pancreas weight of control group was reduced (p < 0.001), but the weight of NOC group were increased (P< 0.05). During the 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), WNL group were improved compared to control group (P < 0.05). NOC group were improved compared to control group but insignificantly. WNL and NOC groups had lower Hb Alc level compared to control group. In addition, atrophy of islet and decrease of insulin-producing cells were detected in STZ induced diabetes rats. However, these diabetic changes were decreased in WNL and NOC groups. These results suggest that N. Folium and NOC have favorable effects to inhibit the changes on the fasting blood glucose levels, pancreas weight, glucose tolerance, hemoglobin Alc and the histopathological changes of pancreas in STZ-induced diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

In this study, the proposal to seek ways to reduce the amount of radiation is drawn by comparing and analyzing CT Dose Index(CTDI) on the pediatric head CT which was performed at the busan regional hospitals, to the national diagnostic reference levels. As a result, it was appeared to exceed the amount of the dose recommendation in order of hospital, general hospital and senior general hospital in the hospital-specific classification and from 2 to 5 year, from 1 month to 1 year and from 6 to 10 year in the age-specific classification. In addition, the amount of the dose recommendation was exceed in order of helical, axial and volume in the scan-specific classification. As the results of the scan range reset to match the diagnostic reference level, the dose reduction showed 11.68%, 15.79% and 20.66% in senior general hospital, general hospital and hospital respectively. In the results of analysing patient average scan ranges which does not deviate from the guideline of patient dose recommendation, there was age of 1 month to 1 year, 2 to 5 year and 6 to 10 year of $03.2{\pm}11.8mm$, $110.5{\pm}14.5mm$, and $117.8{\pm}17.2mm$ respectively.