• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.232-237
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• 2004

Purpose: DNR order is generally accepted for cancer patients near the end of life at Hospice Ward. It means not only no CPR when cardiopulmonary arrest develops but no aggressive meaningless medical interventions. Usually on admission, we discuss with the patients' family about DNR order at the Hospice Ward. Recently, we experienced a terminal lung cancer patient who had been on the ventilator for two months after pulmonary arrest. CPR and artificial ventilation were performed because patient's family refused DNR order. There is no consensus when, who, and how DNR order could be written for terminal cancer patients in Korea, yet. Methods: Hospice charts of 60 patients who admitted between Jan and Jun 2003 to Hospice Ward were reviewed retrospectively. Results: The median age was 66(range $31{\sim}93$) and there were 31 males and 29 females. Their underlying cancers were lung (12), stomach (12), biliary tract (7), colon (6), pancreas (4) and others (19). The persons who signed DNR order were son (22), spouse(19), daughter (16) and others (3). But, there was no patients who signed DNR order by oneself. Thirty families of 60 patients signed on day of admission and 30 signed during hospitalization when there were symptom aggravation (19), vital sign change (4), organ failure (3) and others (4). There were 13 patients who died within 5 days after DNR order. Most of patients died at our hospice ward, except in 1 patient. The level of care was mostly 1, except in 2 patients. (We set level of care as 3 categories. Level 1 is general medical care: 2 is general nursing care: 3 is terminal care.) Conclusion: We have to consider carefully discussing DNR order with terminal cancer patients in the future & values on withholding futile intervention.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.81-94
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• 2003

Objectives：Developmental reading disorder is a condition which manifests significant developmenttal delay in reading ability or persistent errors. About 3-7% of school-age children have this condition. The purpose of the present study was to validate the diagnostic values of Word/Nonword Reading Test and Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task for the purpose of overcoming the caveats of Basic Learning Skills Test. Methods：Sixty-three reading-disordered patients(mean age 10.48 years old) and sex, age-matched 77 normal children(mean age 10.33 years old) were selected by clinical evaluation and DSM-IV criteria. Reading I and II of Basic Learning Skills Test, Word/Nonword Reading Test, and Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task were carried out to them. Word/Nonword Reading Test：One hundred usual highfrequency words and one hundred meaningless nonwords were presented to the subjects within 1.2 and 2.4 seconds, respectively. Through these results, automatized phonological processing ability and conscious letter-sound matching ability were estimated. Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task：mirror image letters which reading-disordered patients are apt to confuse were used. Reliability, concurrent validity, construct validity, and discriminant validity tests were conducted. Results：Word/Nonword Reading Test：the reliability(alpha) was 0.96, and concurrent validity with Basic Learning Skills test was 0.94. The patients with developmental reading disorders differed significantly from normal children in Word/Nonword Reading Test performances. Through discriminant analysis, 83.0% of original cases were correctly classified by this test. Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task：the reliability(alpha) was 0.86, and concurrent validity with Basic Learning Skills test was 0.86. There were significant differences in scores between the patients and normal children. Factor analysis revealed that this test were composed of saccadic mirror image processing, global accuracy, mirror image processing deficit, static image processing, global vigilance deficit, and inattention-impulsivity factors. By discriminant analysis, 87.3% of the patients and normal children were correctly classified. Conclusion：The patients with developmental reading disorders had deficits in automatized visuallexical route, morpheme-phoneme conversion mechanism, and visual information processing. These deficits were reliably and validly evaluated by Word/Nonword Reading Test and Letter-Symbol Discrimination Task.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.211-220
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• 2004

The Chaos theory of complexity and Fractal theory which became a prominent figure as a new paradigm of natural science should be understood not as whole, and not into separate elements of nature. Fractal Dimensions are used to measure the complexity of objects. We now have ways of measuring things that were traditionally meaningless or impossible to measure. They are capable of describing many irregularly shaped objects including man and nature. It is compatible method of application to express complexity of nature in the dimension of non-fixed number by placing our point of view to lean toward non-linear, diverse, endless time, and complexity when we look at our world. Fractal Dimension allows us to measure the complexity of an object. Having a wide application of fractal geometry and Chaos theory to the art field is the territory of imagination where art and science encounter each other and yet there has not been much research in this area. The formative word has been extracted in this study by analyzing objective data to grasp formative principle and geometric characteristic of (this)distinct figures of Fractals. With this form of research, it is not so much about fractal in mathematics, but the concept of self-similarity and recursiveness, randomness, devices expressed from unspeakable space, and the formative similarity to graphic design are focused in this study. The fractal figures have characteristics in which the structure doesn't change the nature of things of the figure even in the process if repeated infinitely many times, the limit of the process produces is fractal. Almost all fractals are at least partially self-similar. This means that a part of the fractal is identical to the entire fractal itself even if there is an enlargement to infinitesimal. This means any part has all the information to recompose as whole. Based on this scene, the research is intended to examine possibility of analysis of fractals in geometric characteristics in plasticity toward forms in graphic design. As a result, a beautiful proportion appears in graphic design with calculation of mathematic. It should be an appropriate equation to express nature since the fractal dimension allows us to measure the complexity of an object and the Fractla geometry should pick out high addition in value of peculiarity and characteristics in the complex of art and science. At the stage where the necessity of accepting this demand and adapting ourselves to the change is gathering strength is very significant in this research.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.339-346
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• 2004

Matrix, produced by Larry & Andy Wachowski, was relatively precisely dealt with the cyber world. After the movie was released, it had a mania for the movie and was adopted into a various forms of cultural products. It was remade not only into the parodies of the other movies and TV programs, but also the clothes and miscellaneous items of the movie were reincarnated as an unique cultural trend. The cause of the popularity is the fresh storyline as well as the sophisticated visual effects and good-looking actors. The agony of the protagonist was connected with the people outside the movie who are yearning for the ideal world. He was confused at the fact that his circumstances which were believed as the real world were not tortally true, complicated between the sensually phisical truth and the spiritual truth and had an will for the freedom that would ransack the truth and save the other people from the fictitious world. Consequently, the movie has got sympathies with many audiences suggesting the situation that has no a firm belief of the reality, the difference between the real and the cyber world is meaningless and the faked images of the high-technology are overturned This thesis tries to study the present that the real images are excessly duplicated and consumed, related to the Jean Baudrillard's theory, 'Hyperreel'. Replaced the real objects by a technical programming in the Matrix world, there happens the image-violence that the true nature is slaughterred by images. In the world where the reproducts are more actual than the reality and pretends to be real, only semiotics are consumed and produced. That is to say, the tortally programmed images has no references and aims, therefore should be produced in an 'impediment-strategy' like a faked crisis. That is the step of 'Simulation' that artificially reincarnates the real. Based upon the Baudrillard's theory, 'Simulacre', this study tries to research today's post-modern situation that the boundary of the real world and the faked copy is vague and vanishing, through the analysis of the cyber world of the movie 'Matrix'.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.29-56
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• 2021

Recently, various types of products have been launched with the rapid growth of the e-commerce market. As a result, many users face information overload problems, which is time-consuming in the purchasing decision-making process. Therefore, the importance of a personalized recommendation service that can provide customized products and services to users is emerging. For example, global companies such as Netflix, Amazon, and Google have introduced personalized recommendation services to support users' purchasing decisions. Accordingly, the user's information search cost can reduce which can positively affect the company's sales increase. The existing personalized recommendation service research applied Collaborative Filtering (CF) technique predicts user preference mainly use quantified information. However, the recommendation performance may have decreased if only use quantitative information. To improve the problems of such existing studies, many studies using reviews to enhance recommendation performance. However, reviews contain factors that hinder purchasing decisions, such as advertising content, false comments, meaningless or irrelevant content. When providing recommendation service uses a review that includes these factors can lead to decrease recommendation performance. Therefore, we proposed a novel recommendation methodology through CNN-based review usefulness score prediction to improve these problems. The results show that the proposed methodology has better prediction performance than the recommendation method considering all existing preference ratings. In addition, the results suggest that can enhance the performance of traditional CF when the information on review usefulness reflects in the personalized recommendation service.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.32
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• pp.31-70
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• 2016

Jongmyo Jeryeak [Royal ancestral shrine music] is a precious cultural heritage, which has been played till now since two great kings Sejong and Sejo who made it. But going through Japanese occupation, Jongmyo Jeryeak has been changed into a music totally different from the music the two kings intended. And the changed Jongmyo Jeryeak is being played these days. The original Jongmyo Jeryeak, which was made by the two kings, remains in old music scores. Therefore there is a need to investigate the differences between the original and current Jongmyo Jeryeak by interpreting the old music scores and recovering the original. This paper recovers the origianl Jongmyo Jeryeak from the music score Daeakhubo and compares it with the current Jongmyo Jeryeak. The results are as follows. The origianl Jongmyo Jeryeak is a set of common songs made with Hyangak and Gochiak to sing the verses which extol royal ancestors' virtues. All of the musical elements are matched with the verses so that the meaning of the verses is transmitted naturally. Jangdan musical time musical structure are matched with the structure of verses, and the musical motif of the songs is matched with the meaning of the verses. The music, which is easy and expresses the meaning of the verses well, demonstrates King Sejong's talent as a musician. The current Jongmyo Jeryeak is a set of special songs in which Sigimsae is emphasized rather than the meaning of the verses. The melodies are broken into pieces inconsistently, the meaningless word 'ae' is added thoughtlessly, and Jangdan musical time musical structure are unrelated to the verses. Therefore the meaning of the verses is not transmitted at all. These changes, which were made during the period of Japanese occupation, seem to desecrate the verses of the original songs. The melodies, which are broken into pieces inconsistently, revive into the current mysterious ritual music through Sigimsae. But in order to be a proper ritual music, some corrections have to be made to convey the meaning of the verses.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.35
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• pp.181-216
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• 2020

The incarnation of Jesus and Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being are important theological theories in their respective religions, Christianity and Daesoon Jinrihoe. Both theories are the doctrinal devices necessary for the religious description of each religion. However, this kind of study is likely to result in a theological study that generates religious apologia or explanations. Therefore, it is impossible and meaningless to define the theory of another religion as meta-discourse in terms of one's own religious viewpoint. From a traditional theological point of view, the incarnation is an exceptionalist case wherein God descended as a human being named Jesus to save humanity from original sin. In the case of Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being, its religious features appear in various forms, so the attempt to unify these two is not an objective method of religious studies. However, this paper aims to find the religious significance of Jesus' incarnation and Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being by understanding them from a third-person terminology or third-person religious viewpoint rather than from a specific theological position. To this end, this paper will use Kim Jong-seo's position that the concept of Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being was borrowed from the concept of the incarnation of Jesus as the premise of the research generated in this paper. Therefore, this paper avoids the quest for "Total Christ" or "Total Jeungsan" that integrates and views the divine and human elements of Jesus and Jeungsan. This is because such a research method becomes a theological study. Instead, it excludes transcendental elements or metaphysical aspects that discuss the divine pre-existences of Jesus and Jeungsan and clarifies the significance of the incarnation and Jeungsan's descending to earth as a human being at the physical level in terms which are objective and verifiable. According to this research methodology, this paper develops a discussion after presupposing the hypothetical names of "incarnationist religion" and "divine descent in human avatar religion." However, the two presuppositions mentioned above contain elements of criticism that they are materialistic interpretations that completely eliminate connotations of divinity and religious significance. Nevertheless, it can be said that the two presuppositions have academic significance due to the way in which they avoid the current entanglement of transcendence and instead aim for modernistic relevance.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1371-1383
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• 2022

In this study, the amount of coal waste dump was calculated using six Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) produced between 2006 and 2018 in Jangseong-dong, Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do, and the subsidence was observed by applying the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric SAR (PSInSAR) technique on the Sentinel-1 SAR images. As a result of depositing activities using DEMs, a total of 1,668,980 m³ of coal waste was deposited over a period of about 12 years from 2006 to 2018. The observed subsidence rate from PSInSAR was -32.3 mm/yr and -40.2 mm/yr from the ascending and descending orbits, respectively. As the thickness of the waste pile increased, the rate of subsidence increased, and the more recent the completion of the deposit, the faster the subsidence tended to occur. The subsidence rates from the ascending and descending orbits were converted to vertical and horizontal east-west components, and 22 random reference points were set to compare the subsidence rate, the waste rock thickness, and the time of depositing completion. As a result, the subsidence rate of the reference point tended to increase as the thickness of the waste became thicker, similar to the PSInSAR results in relation to the waste thickness. On the other hand, there was no clear correlation between the completion time of the deposits and the rate Of subsidence at the reference points. This is because the time of completion of the deposits at all but 5 of the 22 reference points was too biased in 2010 and the correlation analysis was meaningless. As in this study, the use of DEM and PSInSAR is expected to be an effective alternative to compensate for the lack of field data in the safety management of coal waste deposits.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.336-344
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• 2009

This survey was carried out to estimate the contents of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, and As) in 10 kinds of dried marine products (n=189) which are closely related to food resources. The contents of heavy metals were estimated by inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP) and mercury analyzer. The values of heavy metals in dried marine products were as follows (Mean${\pm}$SD (range), mg/kg). The average contents of heavy metals in the dried marine products were Hg $0.058{\pm}0.069$ (0.002~0.502) mg/kg, Pb $0.178{\pm}0.598$ (ND~5.130) mg/kg, Cd $0.306{\pm}0.610$ (ND~6.802) mg/kg, As $5.282{\pm}6.158$ (ND~71.760) mg/kg. The range of heavy metal contents in dried marine products are low level, except of lead contents (n=2). In the comparison of heavy metal content by anchovy size, it was shown that cadmium, mercury and arsenic were meaningfully different. The contents of heavy metals by the shape of shrimp and Alaska Pollack were shown that the result of each group was meaningless. In the comparison imported production with domestic production, in the case of common squid, cadmium and arsenic were meaningfully different. The weekly average intakes of Hg, Pb and Cd from dried marine products takes about 1.17~11.52% of PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) that FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee has set to evaluate their safeties.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.51-84
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• 2011

It seems essential to examine the factors that may affect relationship commitment of subcontractors to parent companies in the industrial market in Korea in an effort to construct a win-win-type cooperative network among them. Lots of studies have been focusing on the consumer goods market. Relatively few studies have been focused on industrial market. In the industrial goods market subcontractors used to sell their parts or services only to a small number of parent companies in a large quantity, resulting in decisive control of subcontractors over the quality of parent companies' finished goods. This is why relationship between subcontractors and parent companies is extremely important. From this viewpoint, this study aims to survey and analyze empirically the paths leading to relationship commitment of subcontractors toward the parent companies which are required to incite them to build up a collaborative network by means of subcontractors' entrepreneurship. For this aim, market orientation effects of entrepreneurship as well as factors of performance and trust are particularly set forth as the bases of developing hypotheses in this study in order to explore the paths from entrepreneurship to relationship commitment as follows. First, the path of entrepreneurship-market orientation-communication-trust- relationship commitment; second, the path of entrepreneurship-market orientation-performance-relationship commitment; third, the path of entrepreneurship-market orientation-transaction specific asset investment -trust-relationship commitment; and fourth, the path in which the entrepreneurship is expected to promote direct transaction specific asset investment by parent companies to induce their trust and, eventually, relationship commitment of subcontractors. The outcomes of the empirical analysis in this study may be summed up as follows: First, the conclusions of preceding studies are also supported here by the fact that the entrepreneurship of subcontractors promotes their market orientation (hypothesis 9), indicating that the entrepreneurship can facilitate collection, proliferation of and response to market informations. On the contrary, however, the assumption that the entrepreneurship of subcontractors might directly accelerate transaction specific asset investment by parent companies (hypothesis 8) is rejected. Second, although the influence of subcontractors' entrepreneurship on parent companies' investment of assets peculiar to their transactions is not affirmed, the assumption is found to be supported that subcontractors' market orientation would expedite the parent companies' investment of assets peculiar to their transactions. Moreover, it is also confirmed that parent companies' investment of assets peculiar to transactions would promote subcontractors' trust toward the parent companies (hypothesis 6), signifying that parent companies may level up their trust in subcontractors when they make great amount of efforts to invest in the assets peculiar to transactions, not behaving opportunistically, Third, the hypotheses 4 and 5 also turn out to be supported by the analysis as the former assumes that market orientation could promote communication and the latter relates that the communication between subcontractors and parent companies would prompt trust, both results in affirming that market orientation could introduce open communication to speed up sharing of information and that sharing of information by way of communication might give an impetus to trust. Fourth, the assumption that subcontractors' market orientation would expedite performance (hypothesis 3) is also proved favorably to the significant level equivalent to that of preceding studies. Fifth, same as preceding studies, it is also verified in this study that the benefit (outcomes) awarded by parent companies to subcontractors will be a direct cause exercising a positive impact upon relationship commitment(hypothesis 2) and that the trust of subcontractors toward parent companies may have affirmative influence on the relationship commitment(hypothesis 1). Overall, the first, second and third paths are identified as being supported by the hypotheses among constituent factors, while the fourth path is deemed meaningless since it is shown that the entrepreneurship exercises no effects on parent companies' investment in the assets peculiar to transactions.