• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2009

This study is to analyze numerically the spatial behaviors of the solute transport in a spatially correlated variable-aperture fracture under the effective normal stress conditions. Numerical results show that the solute transport in a fracture is strongly affected by the spatial correlation length of apertures and applied effective normal stress. According to increasing spatial correlation length, the mean residence time of solute is decreased and the tortuosity and Peclet number (is a dimensionless number relating the rate of advection of a flow to its rate of diffusion) is also decreased. These results mean that the geometry of the aperture distribution is favorable to the solute transport as the spatial correlation length is increased. However, according to the applied effective normal stress is increased, the mean residence time and tortuosity have a tendency to increase but the Peclet number is decreased. The main reason that the Peclet number is decreased, is that the solute is displaced by one or two channels with relatively higher local flow rate due to the increment of contact areas by increasing effective normal stress. Moreover, based on numerical results of the solute transport in this study, the exponential-type correlation formulae between the mean residence time and the effective normal stress are proposed.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.225-238
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• 2017

In this study, two viable measures of mean length and cumulative thickness of sand layers as important spatial statistics responsible for optimal SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) location for oil sand development were compared. For the comparisons, various deposits composed of sand and clay media were realized using a geostatistical simulator and the extent of steam chamber is simulated using multiphysics numerical simulator (dualphase flow and heat transfer). Based on the spatial statistics of each realization and the corresponding size of simulated steam chamber, the representativeness of two candidate measures (cumulative thickness and mean length of permeable media) were compared. The results of the geostatistical and SAGD simulations suggest that the mean length of permeable media is better correlated to the size of steam chamber than the cumulative thickness. Given those two-dimensional results, it is concluded that the cumulative thickness of the permeable media alone may not be a sufficient criterion for determining an optimal SAGD location and the mean length needs to be complementarily considered for the sound selections.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.131-140
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• 2019

This study is to observe species identification and early life history of Gnathopogon strigatus and to use it as a basis for taxonomic studies and conservation of species. For the experiments, the mature adults were collected at the Wang-suk Stream located in Namyang-ju city, Gyeong-gi Province and eggs were artificially fertilized by the wet method in the laboratory. The shape of the fertilized egg was globular, adhesive, opaque white in color and had no oil globules. The fertilized egg was 1.66~1.88 mm (average 1.76 mm, n=30) in diameter. The blastular stage occurred at 3 hours 05 minutes after fertilization and the gastrular stage was detected at 8 hours 30 minutes after fertilization. The embryo began to hatch about 54 hrs after fertilization under water temperature of $23{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ and the newly hatched larva (yolksac larva) were 4.1~4.7 mm (mean 4.4 mm, n=20) in total length (TL). The fourth day after hatching, the postlarva were 5.4~5.9 mm (mean 5.6 mm, n=20) in total length, their york sacs were completely absorbed and Start eating Artemia sp. Ten days after hatching, flexion larva were begins Notochord flexion were 7.5~8.6 mm (mean 8.1 mm, n=20) in total length. Sixteenth day after hatching, postflexion larva were complete Notochord flexion were 8.2~9.7 mm (mean 9.1 mm, n=20) in total length. At thirty-eight days after hatching, Juvenile were arrive integer all fin rays and similar to those of adults were 11.3~15.5 mm (mean 13.3 mm, n=20) in total length.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.699-714
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was to examine factors affecting the job satisfaction of dental hygienists. Methods : The subjects in this study were dental hygienists who worked at dental hospitals, dental clinics and general hospitals in the city of Gwangju. A survey was conducted by mail from January 2 to March 2, 2007. Out of the collected data, 208 answer sheets were analyzed. Results : 1. The dental hygienists investigated got a mean of 3.20 on job satisfaction. Among the job satisfaction factors, relationship with patients ranked highest(3.79), followed by relationship with colleagues(3.62), working environments(3.39), future prospects(3.30), professional status (2.89), pay(2.82) and required workload(2.58). 2. Regarding links between general characteristics and job satisfaction, the older dental hygienists were more satisfied with professional status, pay, required workload and relationship with patients. By marital status, the married dental hygienists expressed better satisfaction at professional status than the unmarried ones. By education, those who were receiving college education or received the same or higher education were more gratified than the junior college graduates. By the total length of career, the dental hygienists whose length of career was longer were more gratified with professional status, future prospects and relationship with patients. By workplace, the dental hospital workers were more satisfied with working environments, and the general hospital employees were more gratified with pay. The dental hospital employees were better satisfied with future prospects as well. As to the impact of the length of career at the current workplace, there was a tendency that those who worked at their current workplaces for a longer time expressed better satisfaction with professional status, pay and relationship with patients. By monthly mean income, the larger income earners had a tendency to be better gratified with professional status, pay and relationship with patients. 3. The general characteristics that were selected as independent variables were identified as the factors that exercised an influence on the job satisfaction of the dental hygienists and made an about 14.0% prediction of it. Out of those factors, the total length of career and monthly mean income had a statistically significant impact on that. Conclusions : The above-mentioned findings suggested that out of the seven job satisfaction components, they gave the lowest marks to satisfaction level with pay. As a result of making a multiple regression analysis, it's found that job satisfaction was under the influence of the total length of career and monthly mean income. Therefore there should be an improvement in the pay system in order to boost the job satisfaction of dental hygienists, and they should be paid properly in accordance with total length of career.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 2015

Objective : The purposes of this study was to analyze the effects of the stirrup length fitted to the rider's lower limb length and it's impact on less skilled riders during trot in equestrian events. Methods : Participants selected as subjects consisted of less skilled riders(n=5, mean age: $40.02{\pm}10.75yrs$, mean heights: $169.77{\pm}2.08cm$, mean body weights: $67.65{\pm}7.76kg$, lower limb lengths: $97.26{\pm}2.35cm$, mean horse heights: $164.00{\pm}5.74cm$ with 2 type of stirrups lengths(lower limb ratio 74.04%, and 79.18%) during trot. The variables analyzed consisted of the displacement for Y axis and Z axis(head, and center of mass[COM]) with asymmetric index, trunk front-rear angle(consistency index), lower limb joint(Right hip, knee, and ankle), and average vertical forces of horse rider during 1 stride in trot. The 4 camcorder(HDR-HC7/HDV 1080i, Spony Corp, Japan) was used to capture horse riding motion at a rate of 60 frames/sec. Raw data was collected from Kwon3D XP motion analysis package ver 4.0 program(Visol, Korea) during trot. Results : The movements and asymmetric index didn't show significant difference at head and COM, Also, 74.04% stirrups lengths in trunk tilting angle showed significant difference with higher consistency than that of 79.18% stirrups lengths. Hip and knee joint angle showed significant difference with more extended posture than that of 74.04% stirrups lengths during trot. Ankle angle of 79.18% stirrups length showed more plantarflexion than that of 74.04% stirrups lengths. Average vertical force of rider showed significant difference with higher force at 79.18% stirrups lengths than that of 74.04% stirrups lengths during stance phase. Conclusion : When considering the above, 74.04% stirrups length could be effective in impulse reduction with consistent posture in rather less skilled horse riders.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of kinesio taping in patients with degenerative arthritis. 40 female patients with degenerative arthritis were voluntarily recruited and randomly divided into experimental and control group. Experimental group(mean age was 73.4 years, height was 153.5cm, and weight was 59.9kg) was applied patellar inferior and medial gliding, quadriceps, tibial external rotation, gastrocnemius, and soleus using a kinesio tape. And control group(mean age was 72.7 years, height was 154cm, and weight was 58.6kg) was received a interferential current therapy(ENDOMED 582, Enraf－Nonius, Holland). And we received a consent form from all subjects. Measuring was conducted by using a 3－dimensional gait analysis system for measuring of stride length, cadence, and velocity. The results were as follow: Stride length was significantly increased after than before treatment(p<.05). Cadence was significantly increased after than before treatment(p<.05). And Velocity was significantly increased after than before treatment(p<.05). Cadence was a significant difference between experimental and control group(p<.05), but there was no significant difference stride length and velocity between two groups. So we suggest that kinesio taping has a effectiveness in patients with degenerative arthritis.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2002

The test of germination has been used as a good indicator to assess the toxicity of chemicals to plant. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of PAHs, anthracene and phenanthrene, on germination ratio, germination index and germination time of barley, tall fescue and alfafa. Anthracene and phenathrene induced to decrease the seedling length and increase the germination time of the experimental plants. But they did not affect the maximum germination ratio. While it was not correlated between seedling length and final germination ratio, it was shown a close relationship between seedling length and mean germination time of the plants. These results suggested that the mean of germination time and seedling growth could be useful to exmine the phyto -toxicological effect of PAHs. The mixture of anthracene and phenanthrene was examined to investigate the combined effect on seedling length; the mixture induced the reduction of seedling. This was meant that the mixture toxicity of PAHs might be not shown in the sum of each chemical toxicity.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.861-869
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• 1986

A numerical study has been conducted on the development of the velocity and temperature fields in a laminar flow through an eccentric annular duct. A bipolar coordinates system is adopted, and a numerical program is developed to analyze 3-dimensional parabolic flow problems. In the analysis of the velocity field, the entrance length has been defined as the distance where the axial pressure gradient is greater than that of the developed velocity field by 5%. The dimensionless hydrodynamic entry length increases with increasing eccentricity. In the transverse flow fields, the reverse flow region along the wall due to the developing axial velocity near the entrance of the duct is found. In the analysis of the temperature field, the thermal entry length has been defined as the axial distance where the mean fluid temperature is 5% less than that of the developed temperature field. The dimensionless thermal entry length increases as eccentricity or Prandtl number increases. The overshoot of the mean Nusselt number over the developed value at the zero-temperature wall is encountered, and the rate of the overshoot increases with the increase of the eccentricity and Prandtl number.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.327-335
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• 2011

Purpose: The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of medical staffing level as bed-to-medical staff ratio on patient outcomes as length of stay (LOS) among hospitals in Korea. Methods: Two hundred and fifty one hospitals participated in the study between January and March 2008. Data for the study was requested by an electronic data interchange from the Health Insurance Review Agency in 2008. In data analysis, SPSS WIN 15.0 program was utilized for descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression. Results: The mean score for length of stay was 13.6 days. The mean of operating bed-to-nurse ratio was 7.93:1. The predicting factors for LOS were bed-to-nurse's aide ratio, bed-to doctor's ratio, severely ill patient rate, and hospital type. These factors explained 28.9% of the variance in patient outcomes. Conclusion: This study results indicate that the relationship between medical staffing level and patient outcomes is important in the improvement of the quality of patient care. Thus, improvements in the quality of the nurse practice environment could improve patient outcomes for hospitalized patients.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.25-29
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• 2011

Purpose : We investigated the effect of anti-flexion taping at the proximal interphalangeal joints on the gait in stroke patients with clawing toe. Methods : Nineteen patients (mean age $63.26{\pm}9.16$ years) with clawing toe were studied. Gait performance was measured under two different conditions : (1) non-tape (2) application of tape. Gait velocity, step time and stride length were examined with the GAITRite system Results : Compared to the non-tape control condition, step time of the hemiparetic side increased significantly after the application of tape(p=0.03). There was no significant mean differences between the taped and control conditions for stride length of the hemiparetic side and velocity. Conclusion : Whilst the anti-flexion tape at the proximal interphalangeal joints changed the walking by providing significant step time effect, positive changes were noted in stride length of the hemiparetic side after tape application. These findings indicate that anti-flexion tape procedures do not significantly alter stride length of the hemiparetic side and velocity.