• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.763-766
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• 2010

An efficient and simple fermentation process was developed for the production of ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) by Lactobacillus sakei B2-16. When the L. sakei B2-16 was cultivated in the rice bran extracts medium containing 4% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, and 12% monosodium glutamate, the maximum GABA concentration reached 660.0 mM with 100% conversion yield, showing the 2.4- fold higher GABA concentration compared with the modified MRS medium without the rice bran extracts. The GABA production was scaled-up from a laboratory scale (5 l) to a pilot (300 l) and a plant (5,000 l) scale to investigate the application possibility of GABA production to industrial fields. The production yields at the pilot and plant scales were similar to the laboratory scale using rice bran extracts medium, which could be effective for the low-cost production of GABA.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.363-366
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• 2004

In order to obtain an industrial strain with higher L(+)-lactic acid yield, the wild type strain Rhizopus oryzae PW352 was mutated by means of Nitrogen ions implantation (l5 Kev, $7.8 \times 10^{14} - 2.08 \times 10^{15} ions/Cm^2$ and two mutants RE3303 and RF9052 were isolated. After 36 h shake-flask cultivation, the concentration of L(+)-lactic acid reached 131-136 g/l, the conversion rate of glucose was as high as 86%-90% and the productivity was 3.61 g/l.h. It was almost a 75% increase in lactic acid production compared with the wild type strain. Maximum fermentation temperature of RF9052 was increased to $45^{\circ}C$ from original $36^{\circ}C$. At the same time, the preferred range of fermentation temperature of RF9052 was broadened compared with PW352.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.137-144
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• 2012

Among various pretreatment processes for bioethanol production, extrusion pretreatment, one of cheap and simple process was investigated to efficiently produce fermentable sugars from micro alga, Chlorella sp. The biomass was pretreated in a single screw extruder at five different barrel temperatures of 45, 50, 55, 60 and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively with five screw rotation speed of 10, 50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm. The pretreated biomass was reacted with two different hydrolyzing enzymes of cellulase and amyloglucosidase since the biomass contained different types of carbohydrates, compared to cellulose of agricultural by-products such wheat and corn stovers, etc. In general, higher glucose conversion yield was obtained as 13.24 (%, w/w) at $55^{\circ}C$ of barrel temperature and 100 rpm of screw speed conditions. In treating 5 FPU/glucan of cellulase and 150 Unit/mL of amyloglucosidase, ca. 64% of cellulose and 40% of polysaccharides in the micro alga were converted into glucose, which was higher yields than those from other reported data without applying an extrusion process. 84% of the fermentable sugars obtained from the hyrolyzing processes were fermented into ethanol in considering 50% of theoretical maximum fermentation yield of the yeast. These results implied that high speed extrusion could be suitable as a pretreatment process for the production of bioethanol from Chlorella sp.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2012

이산화탄소를 이용하여 디메틸카보네이트(DMC)를 제조하는 반응은 지구온난화 현상의 주요 원인으로 지적되는 이산화탄소의 효율적 전환 방법의 하나로 주목 받고 있다. DMC는 유독한 포스겐과 디메틸슬페이트를 대체하는 반응 매개체, 가솔린 연료 첨가제, 폴리카보네이트 수지의 전구체 등으로 다양하게 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 에틸렌카보네이트(EC)와 메탄올의 에스테르 교환반응에 의한 DMC의 제조 반응에 대하여 이온성 액체와 금속 촉매의 특성을 조사하였다. 촉매 스크리닝 실험 결과 [Choline][OH]와 [BMIm][OH]가 금속염인 MgO, ZnO, CaO보다 더 좋은 촉매 활성을 나타내었다. [Choline][OH] 촉매에 대해서 반응변수인 반응온도, MeOH/EC 몰비, 이산화탄소 압력이 반응에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 반응온도가 높고 MeOH/EC 몰비가 클수록 EC의 전화율이 증가하였다. 그러나 이산화탄소 압력의 영향에서는 1.34 MPa에서 최고의 DMC 수율을 나타내었고 그 이상의 압력에서는 DMC 수율이 오히려 감소하였다. $ZnCl_2$를 조촉매로 사용한 경우 각각 촉매의 활성보다 더 높은 활성을 나타내어 시너지 효과가 관찰되었으며, 이것은 혼합촉매의 산-염기적 특성에 기인하는 것으로 판단된다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.518-524
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• 1994

Cytodex III 마립담체를 이용하여 무혈청배지에서 인간선장 세포를 배양하였다. 무혈청애지에서 미립담체 표변에 세포들은 정상적으로 부착하고 확 산하면셔 세포들은 담체에서 담체로 이동하여 생육 하였다. 미립담체에 접착 수율은 1%의 혈청 을 포 함된 배지에서는 약 93%인 반면에 무혈청배지에 서는 85% 정도로 나타났다. 접착된 세포의 90% 이상이 유가식 및 연속배양에서 탐체의 표변에 접 착한 후 6시간 후에 확산하며 생육하였다. 유가식 배양에셔 서1포농도와 최대 scu-P A 농도는 각각 $9.1{\times}10^5$ cells/m!와 1790 IU/ml이였고 연속배양에 셔는 각각 $2.5{\times}10^6$ cells/m]와 1820 IU/ml로 나타났다. 또한 저혈청배지에셔는 scu-P A가 tc-P A로의 전환율이 10% 정도로 높은데 비교하여 무혈 청배지에서는 전환율이 4.8%로 낮은 것으로 나타났 다. 이처럼 무혈청배지는 저혈청배지에셔보다 낮은 tc-P A로의 전환율을 유지할 수 있는 이점이 었다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.97-104
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• 2013

Methyl alcohol is one of the basic intermediates in the chemical industry and is also being used as a fuel additive and as a clean burning fuel. In this study, conversion of carbon dioxide to methyl alcohol was investigated using catalytic chemical methods. Ceramic monoliths (M) with $400cell/in^2$ were used as catalyst supports. Monolith-supported CuO-ZnO catalysts were prepared by wash-coat method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using ICP analysis, TEM images and XRD patterns. The catalytic activity for carbon dioxide hydrogenation to methyl alcohol was investigated using a flow-type reactor under various reaction temperature, pressure and contact time. In the preparation of monolith-supported CuO-ZnO catalysts by wash-coat method, proper concentration of precursors solution was 25.7% (w/v). The mixed crystal of CuO and ZnO was well supported on monolith. And it was known that more CuO component may be supported than ZnO component. Conversion of carbon dioxide was increased with increasing reaction temperature, but methyl alcohol selectivity was decreased. Optimum reaction temperature was about $250^{\circ}C$ under 20 atm because of the reverse water gas shift reaction. Maximum yield of methyl alcohol over CuO-ZnO/M catalyst was 5.1 mol% at $250^{\circ}C$ and 20 atm.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.344-354
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• 2015

이온성 액체를 이용한 거대억새의 전처리 특성을 알아보기 위하여 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc])와 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][OAc]) 두 종류의 이온성 액체로 $90^{\circ}C$, $110^{\circ}C$, $130^{\circ}C$ 세 온도조건에서 전처리를 진행하였다. 반응 온도가 높아짐에 따라 cellulose-rich product (CP)의 수율은 87.2%에서 67.6%로 점차 감소하였으며 ionic liquid lignin (ILL)의 수율은 2.2%에서 9.9%로 증가하였다. CP는 ILL에 비해 탄소함량은 낮았지만, 산소함량은 높게 나타났다. CP의 효소당화 결과 $110^{\circ}C$에서 [Emim][OAc]로 전처리하여 얻은 CP의 당화율이 56.7%로 가장 높게 나타났다. ILL의 열중량 분석 결과에 의하면 전처리 온도가 증가함에 따라 최대분해율은 점차 감소하였으며, 최대분해온도는 [Emim][OAc]로 처리한 ILL이 $274{\sim}279^{\circ}C$로 [Bmim][OAc]의 $2701{\sim}294^{\circ}C$보다 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. 전처리 온도가 $90^{\circ}C$에서 $130^{\circ}C$로 증가함에 따라 ILL 내 ${\beta}$-O-4 결합빈도는 [Emim][OAc]의 경우 $2315{\mu}mol/g$에서 $591{\mu}mol/g$으로, [Bmim][OAc]의 경우 $1936{\mu}mol/g$에서 $2478{\mu}mol/g$으로 감소하였다. ILL의 S/G ratio는 [Bmim][OAc]용액으로 $110^{\circ}C$에서 처리하였을 때 1.2로 가장 높게 나타났다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 2014

본 연구는 농업 부산물인 옥수수대(corn stover)를 이용하여 묽은 황산법(DSA; dilute sulfuric acid)과 암모니아 침지법(SAA; soaking in aqueous ammonia) 그리고 암모니아 재순환 침출법(ARP; ammonia recycle percolation)을 비교하여 각 전처리법의 특징과 장단점을 분석하였고, 동시당화공동발효를 통한 에탄올 생산을 비교하였다. ARP, DSA, SAA를 이용하여 전처리된 고형물(3% 글루칸 투입)을 15 FPU/g-glucan, 30 CBU/g-glucan의 상업용 효소(Spezyme CP와 Novozyme 188;)와 E. coli KO11 균주(ATCC$^{(R)}$ 55124)를 이용하여 동시당화공동발효를 수행하였다. 전처리 후에 남은 고형물에 있는 당의 최대이론적 에탄올 수율은 각각 87, 90 그리고 78%였다. 이것은 전처리되지 않은 원래 옥수수대의 총 당량(글루칸 +자일란) 대비 각각 69, 58, 및 74%에 해당하는 것으로 SAA의 수율이 가장 높게 관찰되었다. 또한 전처리 당화액을 이용한 동시당화공동발효 실험결과는 DSA의 당화액이 발효균주에 대하여 가장 높은 독성을 나타내었고 ARP 전처리 당화액이 그 다음으로 저해효과가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 결국 SAA를 이용하여 전처리한 후 리그닌이 풍부한 당화액은 이용하지 않고 전처리된 고형물과 동시당화공동발효 공정을 이용한 에탄올 생산이 가장 간단하면서 경제적인 공정으로 제안되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.856-862
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to optimize the slurry contents and salt concentrations for ethanol production from hydrolysates of the seaweed Eucheuma spinosum. A monosaccharide concentration of 44.2 g/l as 49.6% conversion of total carbohydrate of 89.1 g/l was obtained from 120 g dw/l seaweed slurry. Monosaccharides from E. spinosum slurry were obtained by thermal acid hydrolysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. Addition of activated carbon at 2.5% (w/v) and the adsorption time of 2 min were used in subsequent adsorption treatments to prevent the inhibitory effect of HMF. The adsorption surface area of the activated carbon powder was 1,400-1,600 m²/g and showed selectivity to 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) from monosaccharides. Candida tropicalis KCTC 7212 was cultured in yeast extract, peptone, glucose, and high-salt medium, and exposed to 80, 90, 100, and 110 practical salinity unit (psu) salt concentrations in the lysates. The 100 psu salt concentration showed maximum cell growth and ethanol production. The ethanol fermentations with activated carbon treatment and use of C. tropicalis acclimated to a high salt concentration of 100 psu produced 17.9 g/l of ethanol with a yield (Y_EtOH) of 0.40 from E. spinosum seaweed.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.187-193
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• 2013

A galactose fermentation bacterium producing lactose from red seaweed, which was known well to compromise the galactose as main reducing sugar, was isolated from button mushroom bed in Buyeo-Gun, Chungchugnamdo province. The lactic acid bacteria MONGB-2 was identified as Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. tolerans by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. When the production of lactic acid and acetic acid by L. paracasei MONGB-2 was investigated by HPLC analysis with various carbohydrates, the strain MONGB-2 efficiently convert the glucose and galactose to lactic acid with the yield of 18.86 g/L and 18.23 g/L, respectively and the ratio of lactic acid to total organic acids was 1.0 and 0.91 g/g for both substrates. However, in the case of acetic acid fermentation, other carbohydrates besides galactose and red seaweed hydrolysate could not be totally utilized as carbon sources for acetic acid production by the strain. The lactic acid production from glucose and galactose in the fermentation time courses was gradually enhanced upto 60 h fermentation and the maximal concentration reached to be 16-18 g/L from both substrates after 48 h of fermentation. The initial concentration of glucose and galactose were completely consumed within 36 h of fermentation, of which the growth of cell also was maximum level. In addition, the bioconversion of lactic acid from the red seaweed hydrolysate by L. paracasei MONGB-2 appeared to be about 20% levels of the initial substrates concentration and this results were entirely lower than those of galactose and glucose showed about 60% of conversion. The apparent results showed that L. paracasei MONGB-2 could produce the lactic acid with glucose as well as galactose by the homofermentation through EMP pathway.