• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.51-69
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• 1989

To investigate edge vegetation structure and edge species in Kaya Mountain National Park, field survey was executed from July to August, 1989 and the result are as follows. Cantilevered and advancing types of edge vegetation were observed on site, The relative importance values of major species were changed along distance from edge to forest interior and were seemed to be affected by aspect, soil moisture and present tree layer vegetation. Especially, light-oriented species were observed as a codominant species under pine tree canopy due to selective allelopathy effect and thin canopy. Ecological indices according to the distance from edge to forest interior did not show regular pattern, but edge depth was estimated as 15-20m, approximately, Dominant species of edge seemed to be affected by soil moisture rather than altitude and aspect, but floristic similarities seemed to be affected by altitude. Frequency classes of edge species were different by aspect, altitude and physiogra-phical location. Lespedeza maximowiczii, Weigela subsessilis and Fraxinus rhynchophylla showed high frequency class in all environment conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.523-534
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• 1998

Six trails of Naesorak(west Sorak) district of Soraksan National Park were selected to investigate the use impacts on environmental edterioration of trail according to the different amount of use. The entire width, and slope of trail as the trail condition surveyed at the total of 132 points were significantly varied with the amount of use. Major deterioration types of trail were rock-exposure, root-exposure, deepening and divergence in order of frequency. Deteriorated points were significantly different in trail conditions from non-deteriorated points, and these latter generally appeared at the lowed altituede than the former on each trail. Naesorak district still seemed to have poorer use-impacts than Oesarak(east sorak) district. The dominant species in upper layer of trail edge vegetation differed from trail to trail, but in shrub layer Lespedeza maximowiczii, lindera obutsiloba for valley trail and Rhododendron schlipenbavhii for slope trail. The species diversity and coverage of shrub layer in trail edge were the highest on the Ose'am trail and each trail was dissimilar in species composition of shrub layer of edge vegetation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.241-251
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• 1994

Use impacts on environmental deteriorations were studied on the four major trails and a campsite of Tokyuksan National Park in 1993. The entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail as the trail condition were significantly greater on the more heavily used trail. Percentages of rock-exposed, deepening, root-exposed points as the deterioration types of trail which were surveyed at the total of 106 points were higher and trail conditions were significantly different from those of non-deteriorated points. On the Paekryon trail, the damaged area more severe than Class 4 reaches about 910$m^2$/km and the use impact and deterioration on campsites were accelerated. The dominant trees of the the upper and lower layer in trail edge vegetation could be Quercus serrata and Acer pseudo-sieboldianum for Paekryon trail, Q. mongolica and Tripterigium regelii for the other trails. A. pseudo-sieboldianum, Q. serrata, Rhus trichocarpa, Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Symplocos chinensis for Pilosa were classified for tolerant species to use impacts.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.135-154
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• 1994

To investigate the forest structure in valley of Kumpotan-Paekryunsa of Tokyusan National Park, fourty plots were set up and surveyed. According to the analysis of classification by TWINSPAN, community divided by 8 groups. The divided groups are Carpinus laxiflora-C. cordata community(I), Pinus densiflora-C. laxiflora-Quercus serrata community(II), C. laxiflora community(III), Q. mongolica-C. laxiflora community(IV), Q. spp. community(V, Ⅵ), and Fraxinus mandshurica community(Ⅶ, Ⅷ). In the analysis of ordination techniques, DBH distribution, environmental variables etc., community Ⅶ and Ⅷ were pointed out edaphic climax. So the successional trends seems to be from P. densiflora through Q. mongolica, Q. serrata to C. laxiflora, C. cordata, F. mandshurica in canopy layer. And in the subtree and shrub layer, it was expected that Rhododendron mucronulatum, Rh. schlippenbachii, Rhus trichocarpalongrightarrowAcer pseudo-sieboldianum, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Euonymus oxyphyllus, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosalongrightarrowStaphylea bumalda, Weigela subsessilis. According to the results of the analysis for the relationship between environmental variables and species, F. mandshurica correlated with exchangeable cations significantly.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.252-255
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• 2009

In this study we investigated the natural habitats of Allium grayi, Allium monanthum, Allium tuberosum' and Allium schoenoprasmum to develop a fundamental database for their breeding and cultivation. Both Allium grayi and Allium monanthum were growing wild mainly in the areas with the altitude of ${\leq}\;300\;m$. The natural habitats of Allium grayi and Allium monanthum were limited to the altitude of 1,000 and 800 m, respectively. Allium thunbergii was growing at a wide range of altitude from the lowlands (${\geq}\;100\;m$) to the high elevated areas (${\leq}\;1,000\;m$) whereas Allium maximowiczii was growing wild only at the high altitude of ${\geq}\;900\;m$. The number and the size of the natural habitat of Allium grayi were greater than those of Allium monanthum. The natural habitats of Allium grayi were in the Gyeonggi, Gangwon, Jeolla, and Gyeongsang Provinces whereas those of Allium monanthum were found mainly in the Chungcheong and Jeju Provinces. Allium grayi was growing wild in both inland and seaside districts whereas Allium monanthum was mainly in the inland areas.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the cultivation of Allium victorialis var. platyphyllum in the area covered with forest vegetation. The populations of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum in Ulleungdo were naturally growing in the communities of Fagus japonica var. multinervis, Acer okamotoanum, Pinus parviflora, Tsuga sieboldii, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, Tilia amurensis, and Alnus maximowiczii. On average, the study area of A. victorialis var. platyphyllum population was located in the places of 563 m above sea level, and in the slope area of $27.8^{\circ}$. Soil texture of its inhabitation site mainly consisted of sandy soil, sandy loam, loamy sand, and loam. The depth of the organic layer was 6 cm on average, soil pH 5.4, available phosphate content 18.5 ppm, and cation exchange capacity $18.6cmol_c/kg$. The correlation between the site factors and soil factors by CCA analysis showed that the community of beech tree indicated positive correlation with carbon, nitrogen, sand content, and cation exchange capacity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.325-337
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• 2019

This study was conducted to analyze character of distribution of plants by landforms and altitude in Mt. myeonbong. The chemical properties of soil in this study sites were as follows; pH 4.86, organic 52.53 g/kg, $P_2O_5$ 7.57 mg/kg, potassium $0.18cmol^+/kg$, calcium $2.45cmol^+/kg$ and magnesium $0.49cmol^+/kg$. Generalists in the upper layer were analyzed as follows; Quercus mongolica, Pinus densiflora, Quercus variabilis, and specialists; Carpinus cordata, Tilia amurensis, Morus bombycis etc. In the middle layer, generalists were Betula schmidtii, Quercus mongolica, Sorbus alnifolia and specialists; Lindera erythrocarpa, Quercus serrata, Staphylea bumalda etc. Generalist of shrubs; Lindera obtusiloba, Rhododendron mucronulatum, Sorbus alnifolia, and specialists; Morus bombycis, Pinus densiflora, Deutzia glabrata etc. Generalists of herbaceous layer; Rhus tricocarpa, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Polygonatum odoratum var. pluriflorum and specialists; Liparis kumokiri, Davallia mariesii and Chrysosplenium flagelliferum etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.530-542
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• 2021

To establish the basic unit for the ecological management of the Larix kaempferiplantations in the Baekdudaegan protected area, we classified the vegetation types using TWINSPAN and DCA ordination analysis based on the vegetation information collected from 119 plots and analyzed their spatial arrangement status. Vegetation types were classified into seven types, including Quercus mongolica-Rhododendron schlippenbachii type, Q. mongolica-Lespedeza maximowiczii type, Cornus controversa-Morus australis type, Q. mongolica-Carpinus cordata type, Lindera erythrocarpa-Rosa multiflora type, Q. serrata-Zanthoxylum schinifolium type, and Q. serrata-Sasa borealis type and they have usually reflected differences in the floristic composition according to latitude, elevation, establishment period, operation history, characteristics of the surrounding stands, and degree of disturbance. Furthermore, using the Jaccard coefficient to comparethe floristic composition similarity between Larix kaempferiplantations and surrounding potential natural vegetation (Q. mongolica and Q. serrata forests), although some differences depended on vegetation types, it was 0.21 on average with Q. mongolica forest and 0.32 with Q. serrata forest, indicating that the floristic composition was still heterogeneous.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.575-582
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• 2019

Moss is used as an important material in indoor landscaping as well as outdoor landscaping. Moss is vivid green during growth and excellent in ornamental value. But when temperature drops, moss stops growth, turns brown or loses its ornamental value. In the present experiment, for the purpose of classifying native mosses according to the growth response to low temperature, the temperature of the plant growth chamber was set to 15℃/5℃ (16h/8h, day/night) and 5℃ (24h) for 8 weeks using nine native moss species. Thereafter, the temperature of the plant growth chamber was set to 20℃, and then the changes of moss block area and moss color were measured. The changes of moss block area and moss color were measured using a Photoshop program, after each moss block was photographed. As a result, Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.). Beauv., Etodon luridus (Griff.) A. Jaeger, Bachythecium plumosum (Hedw.) Schimp, Plagiomnium cuspidatum (Hedw.) T.J. Kop, and Hypnum plumaeforme Wilson showed a small decrease in moss block area at low temperature, and their recovery were the fastest at 20℃. These three species had higher green values at low temperature compared to other species, and the greenness increased rapidly at 20℃. On the other hand, Atrichum undulatum (Hedw.). Beauv., Marchantia polymorpha L., and Thuidium cymbifolium (Mitt.) A. Jaeger showed the smallest block area at low temperature and the lowest recovery even at 20℃. Their green values also decreased significantly at low temperature, and maintained low green value even at 20℃. These results showed that these three moss species are sensitive to low temperature. The remaining Myuroclada maximowiczii, Plagiomnium cuspidatum, and H. erectiusculum showed moderate responses to low temperature compared to other six species of mosses.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.495-504
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to understand the characteristics of Cd and Pb accumulation in various tissues of poplar species and the effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculation on the accumulation of above two heavy metals in the tissues. The mycelial inoculum of ectomycorrizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius was produced in peatmoss and vermiculite mixtures, and inoculated into potted soil with fresh cuttings of four species of Populus, P. alba ${\times}$ glandulosa (Pag). P. koreana ${\times}$ nigra var. italica (Pkn), P. nigra ${\times}$ maximowiczii(Pnm), and P. euramericana(Pe). The potted soils were added with 0, 30, and 80 ppm Cd, and 0, 50, and 300 ppm Pb. The cuttings were grown outdoors for about five months until the plants were harvested for measurement of growth, mycorrhizal infection, and metal contents in leaves, stems, and roots. The total dry weight of Pe treated with Cd and Pb was increased by mycorrhizal inoculation, while that of three other species was not affected by the inoculation. Cd was accumulated in the highest concentration in Pag and its concentration was increased by four times by mycorrhizal inoculation. The Pag accumulated Cd in the highest concentration in the leaves, while three other species accumulated Cd most in the roots. Pb was accumulated in the highest concentration in the roots of all the four species, while Pkn accumulated Pb in the leaves as much as in the roots. Without mycorrhizal inoculation Pe accumulated Pb most among the four species, while Pkn with mycorrhizal inoculation accumulated Pb two times more than in the same species without mycorrhizal inoculation. It was concluded that Pag was the most effective species among the four poplar species in Cd absorption from contaminated soil, and that Pe instead effectively absorbed Pb. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased the Cd accumulation in the tissues by four times in Pag and also increased Pb accumulation by two times in Pkn, with leaves being the major sites of metal accumulation. It may be possible to use these two poplar species in remedying the metal in the soil through the raking and removing the litter out of the contaminate site.