• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.315-324
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• 1997

This study was undertaken in an effort to develop a cryopreservation system of immature and mature porcine oocytes. For this aim, the experiments were designed to examine the effect of cryoprotectants and equdibration time on the viability of frozen-thawed oocytes by using trypan blue(TB) and fluorescene diacetate(FDA) test. The viability of frozen immature oocytes evaluated by TB test was slightly higher than that of frozen mature oocytes. The viability(25.O%) after IVM of frozen-thawed immature oocytes greatly decreased that(42.9%) of oocytes just after thawing, but it was higher than frozen-thawed mature oocytes(15.8%). When immature oocytes were equilibrated for 10, 20 and 30 minutes before freezing the oocyte viability was 20.0, 31.3 and 42.9%, respectively. There was a tendency for long equilibration before oocyte freezing to be more effective for the immature oocytes and a short equilibration time for mature oocytes. Although there was no difference in viability index of frozen oocytes hetween the viability test methods, the index of TB test was slightly higher than that of FDA test. The viability(FDA test) of frozen-immature oocytes with 3 different crtoprotectants was 22.2% for propylene glycol(PG), 9.3% for polyehtylene glycol(PEG) and 65.6% for PG+PEG, in which PG+PEG was more protective against freezing effect.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2020

This study reports the presence of mature and bi-sexual phase gonads in red spotted grouper, Epinephelus akaara after less than a year of cultivation in a commercial indoor tank and a net cage. In December 2018, juveniles were placed in an indoor tank and cultured for five months. In June 2019, the fish were transferred to a net cage and cultured until September. The rearing temperatures ranged from 19.86℃-24.65℃ in the indoor tank and 21.86℃-27.65℃ in the net cage. During the net cage culture period, specimens were randomly selected for histological gonad examination. The highest gonadosomatic index (GSI) value was measured in July (3.38±2.53), and dramatically decreased in August (0.44±0.21) and September (0.42±0.30). In July, some mature fish showed signs of vitellogenic stage oocyte development (vitellogenic and oil droplet stage oocytes), but immature fish were in an early developmental stage containing peri-nucleolus stage (PNS) oocytes. Bi-sexual phase gonads containing spermatocytes and spermatids were observed in the lumen and several PNS oocytes. By August and September, most specimens showed early-stage ovary development. However, mature testis (in August) and bi-sexual phase gonads (in September) were also observed. These results provide evidence for early puberty and hermaphroditism in the red spotted grouper.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.593-602
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• 2021

Mammalian milk including microRNAs (miRNAs) as a novel class of noncoding RNAs, that can be transferred to infants and it plays on a critical role in biological functions such as immune regulation and development. However, the origin and functional importance of milk-derived miRNAs are still undetermined. This study applied RNA sequencing to explore the featured profiles of miRNA expression in colostrum and mature milk-originated exosomes from human, bovine, and caprine milk. These dietary exosome-derived miRNAs are highly conserved in human, bovine and caprine milk. Interestingly, abundant miRNAs expressed in human milk are similarly conserved across species. In addition, we confirmed that immune-related miRNAs (miR-30a-5p, miR-22-3p, and miR-26a) are commonly observed in the colostrum and mature milk of cows and caprines as well as humans. Our results provide new insights and resources for investigating the functionality of immune-associated miRNAs and evaluating physiological and biological condition in human, bovine and caprine milk as biomarkers.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.723-743
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• 2022

Beef muscles from mature cows and bulls, especially those originating from the extremities of the carcass, are considered as underutilized due to unsatisfactory palatability. However, beef from culled animals comprises a substantial proportion of the total slaughter in the US and globally. Modern consumers typically favor cuts suitable for fast, dry-heat cookery, thereby creating challenges for the industry to market inherently tough muscles. In general, cull cow beef would be categorized as having a lower extent of postmortem proteolysis compared to youthful carcasses, coupled with a high amount of background toughness. The extent of cross-linking and resulting insolubility of intramuscular connective tissues typically serves as the limiting factor for tenderness development of mature beef. Thus, numerous post-harvest strategies have been developed to improve the quality and palatability attributes, often aimed at overcoming deficiencies in tenderness through enhancing the degradation of myofibrillar and stromal proteins or physically disrupting the tissue structure. The aim of this review is to highlight existing and recent innovations in the field that have been demonstrated as effective to enhance the tenderness and palatability traits of mature beef during the chilling and postmortem aging processes, as well as the use of physical interventions and enhancement.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.122-132
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• 1995

Teratoma contains elements derived from all three embryonic germ layers and mature teratomas are entirely composed of mature differentiated tissues, while immature types always contain additional embryonic tissues of variable degree of immaturity, especially neuroepithelial elements. Twenty cases of teratoma in infancy and childhood were reviewed and the clinical features and pathologic findings including PCNA expression were studied. Sacrococcygeal teratomas were the most common type(45%), followed by retroperitoneal and ovarian teratomas. There was a predilection of females in a ratio of 4:1 and age distribution was most prevalent below the first year of age(45%). But in ovarian teratomas, the age at diagnosis was above 4 years of age in all cases. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels were checked in 18 cases. In all mature teratomas and 1 of 5 immature teratomas, the levels were normal. But in 4 of 5 immature teratomas, the serum levels were elevated and progressively declined to normal range after mass excision. Radiologically, calcifications in tumor were found in 60.0% of teratomas and was higher in mature teratomas(69.2%) than immature teratomas(42.9%). Immunohistochemical staining for PCNA(proliferating cell nuclear antigen) was done in 16 cases and PCNA expression was higher in grade III immature teratomas than grade I and II. The operative modes were complete mass excisions. Five immature teratomas were treated with multiagent PEB(Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin) adjuvant chemotherapy, 3 tolerated well without significant complications, but in one case, severe bone marrow suppression was developed and died of sepsis. In conclusion, grade III immature teratoma showed higher PCNA expression than mature or lower grade immature teratoma, which suggests that chemotherapy after surgical excision may be effective modality for grade III immature teratoma. We think, however, multicenter study is necessary because of low incidence of immature teratoma.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.313-318
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• 2011

This study was carried out to utilize the byproducts (flower, immature and mature berry, leaf and stem) of ginseng. Yield of byproducts were $32.7{\pm}9.8g$ in flower, $68.2{\pm}2.2g$ in immature berry, $48.5{\pm}4.3g$ in mature berry, $316.2{\pm}20.5g$ in leaf, and $296.6{\pm}15.4g$ in stem per $3.3m^2$ ($180{\times}90cm$, ginseng root $675.5{\pm}35.7g$/drybasis. The total saponin contents of ginseng byproducts and root are $52.36{\pm}1.24$, $68.71{\pm}1.98$, $168.89{\pm}0.57$, $68.26{\pm}1.32$, $7.85{\pm}0.61$ and $35.08{\pm}0.96$ mg/g, respectively. The main ginsenoside of all byproducts was Re and the highest content was $132.23{\pm}1.56$ mg/g in mature berry. But flower and berry was not detected Rf and Rh1, respectively. Total polyphenolic compound content on mature berry was the highest, $2.242{\pm}0.140%$, after, immature berry > leaf > flower > root > stem order. The DPPH radical scavenging activity on mature berry was the highest, $0.115{\pm}0.004$ mg/mL($IC_{50}$), and the others were the same order of polyphenolic compound and ginsenoside content on byproducts.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.271-278
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• 1998

To clarify characteristics of yolk protein of abalone, yolk protein was purified from the ovarian egg extracts of mature female Haliotis discus hannai by a gel chromatography of sepharose CL-4B. From the results of immuno-electrophoresis and Ouchterlony's diffusion test to male and female sera and ovarian egg extracts using antibodies raised against mature female and male sera and male sera and ovarian egg extrascts, it was identified that the mature female serum had female specific serum protein and its antigenecity shared with ovarian egg extracts. A single type of yolk protein was purified from ovarian egg extracts, and it was composed of two subunits. Their molecular weights were estimated to be approximately 166 KDa and 113 KDa by SDSPAGE. The antiserum against yolk proteins cross-reacted with a mature female specific serum protein and extracts of hepatopancreas of vitellogeing females, but did not reacted with extracts of hepatopancreas of mature male.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.147-153
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• 2013

Lipid metabolism in mature male mice may be different from immature male mice, but the relationship of lipid metabolism, especially n-6 fatty acid metabolism, and sexual maturation is not clearly established. This study was carried out to elucidate whether sexual maturation may affect the metabolism of functional n-6 fatty acids of lipid components by investigating the composition of fatty acids in the longissimus muscle tissues of mature and immature male mice with GC and analyzing the expression of genes and proteins for synthesis of n-6 fatty acids with real-time PCR and western blotting, respectively. Mature male mice showed significantly higher testosterone level in the sera. Similarly, n-6 fatty acids, levels of linoleic acid (LA 18:2n-6) and total n-6 PUFA (Polyunsaturated fatty acids) were increased, but the levels of ${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (GLA; 18:3n-6), dihomo-${\gamma}$-linolenic acid (DGLA; 20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4 n-6) were decreased in the mature male mice. mRNA levels of ${\Delta}5$-desaturase (FASD1) and elongase (ELOVL5) genes related to n-6 fatty acid metabolism increased. However, the level of FADS1 protein only increased in mature male mice. In conclusion, this study suggested that sexual maturation of male mice affected n-6 fatty acid metabolism by stimulating the expression of enzyme FADS1 of n-6 PUFA metabolism.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.3655-3665
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• 1975

This study was intended to develop a method for measuring the grain separating performance of threshers. The grain separating apparatus used for the experiment was designed and constructed, the function of which was to separate pneumatically mature and immature grain, chaff, straw, dust, and other impurities from the products of threshing. The apparatus has five material outlets where grains and impurities are fallen down by separation depending upon the specific gravity of the material white it moves above the outlets. The principle of design was to separate the mixture of mature grain, immature grain and chaff as distinct as possible, and to induce the mature grains onto the first outlet, the immature grains onto the second and the third, and the straw wastes onto the forth and the fifth outlets. The developed apparatus was tested to evaluate its separating performance with two rice varieties (Tongil and Mine-hikari) at different moisture levels and air velocities. The optimum conditions for operating the apparatus were found from experiment. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The degrees of separation, especially the amount of immature grain contained in the mature paddy, were dependent upon air speed delivered. The optimum air velocities for this apparatus for each levels of grain moisture contents were found from a series of experiments as follows; 14.7-15.3m/sec. for grain of 16 percent moisture content in wet basis, 15.3-16.0m/sec. for 20 percent, and 16.0-16.4m/sec for 24 percent. 2. Composition ratios determined based on the brine separating method was fairly well acted upon the developed apparatus, indicating its recollecting rate of the mature grains as 97.6 to 99.9 percent. The developed separatus acted similarly upon the two rice varieties which had different composition of immature paddy grain. In other words, the separating performance by the apparatus had a good correlation with the one by the brine separating method. 3. As immature grains were separated out unsatisfactory in these experiments than the brine separating method, further investigation may be needed to improve a separating performance of these materials. But the results obtained suggested a possibility of using the tester to replace the current hand separating method, ther eby enabling more consistent test results and also eliminating nearly all costly hand seperating operations.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2022

The purpose is a qualitative study that explores the essential meaning of problems in the academic performance process with respect to college life targeting Nursing students in Mature-age students. The participants of this study were 15 students who were 4th graders from a university in K city, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and who had passion for learning and had an awareness of it. As for the data collection, the experiences related to the life of Mature-age students were written through interviews and self-reports within 48 hours of asking questions as a student. The collected data were analyzed using Krippendorff's phenomenological method. As a result of analyzing the experiences of Nursing students in Mature-age students, 34 meaningful statements in 4 categories and 14 topics were derived. The four categories were derived as 'endless hardship', 'the reason for being with them even at the end of the school year', 'the confidence to find slowly', and 'learning life in the academic process'. As a result of this study, it is expected that Adult Learners nursing students will be used as basic data for a program useful for stable and smooth college adaptation and nurturing healthy nursing professions in the future.