• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.473-485
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• 2018

The buildings of architectural and cultural heritage are mostly built with stone or brick wall elements, which are connected using limestone or limestone cement mortar, without a full knowledge of the mechanical properties of masonry structures. The compatibility of heritage masonry buildings with valid technical specifications and the rules for earthquake resistance implies the need for construction work such as repairs, strengthening or reconstruction. By strengthening the masonry buildings, ductility and bearing capacity are increased to a level, which, in the case of the earthquake design, allows for some damage to happen, however the structure retains sufficient usability and bearing capacity without the possibility of collapse. Comparison between traditional and modern techniques for seismic strengthening of masonry buildings is given according to their effects, benefits and disadvantages. Recent Croatian provisions provided for heritage buildings enabling deviation of technical specifications are discussed.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.101-110
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• 2005

서울지역에, 건축물의 열화는 1960년 이전에 지어진 조적조 건축물에 영향이 크다. 그러나 대부분이 유지관리가 되지 않고 있다, 결과적으로, 열화율은 더 빨리 진행되며, 근접 건축물과 이웃에게 위험한 상황을 야기 시킬지 모른다. 이 연구의 목적은 조적조 건축물에 발생한 결함 형태 중 벽체균열의 진행 상태를 연구하고, 건축물의 안전 등급을 제정하기 위한 기초 자료로 제안하기 위해 안전등급과의 상호관계를 분석하여, 개선하고자 함이다. 결과로서는 안전등급과 균열 폭의 높은 상관성을 나타나지만, 균열길이와는 다소 낮게 나타난다. 균열패턴에서는 수직균열이 안전등급에 더 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 분석되었다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.171-182
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• 2008

In this paper, a methodology for the estimation of masonry elasticity and shear moduli is presented, for linear elasticity considerations. The methodology is based on the assumption that for a "periodic" masonry wall, which is formed by the repetition of a basic unit containing blocks and mortar, the mechanical characteristics of the unit are representative of the characteristics of the entire wall. For their calculation, the finite element analysis method is used. A micro-model with finite elements simulating separately the blocks and the mortar is developed. An equivalent finite element model, using an homogenous material is also developed and assuming equivalence of strains for the two models, the homogenous material properties are estimated. The efficiency of the method and its applicability limits are investigated.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.205-214
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• 2010

일반적으로 조적조는 석재, 벽돌, 시멘트블록 등의 조적 개체와 모르타르(motar) 등 이종재료로 구성된 적층구조로서, 우리나라뿐만 아니라 전 세계적으로 가장 오래되고 광범위하게 사용되어진 구조재료이다. 그러나 수직하중에 대한 큰 저항능력에 비해 횡력에 매우 취약한 단점을 갖고 있으며, 최근에 발생한 지진피해사례에서도 저층의 조적조 건축물의 피해가 많이 보고되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수평전단력 향상을 위하여 기존 사각형 블록 벽체에서 발생되는 횡방향 통줄눈을 방지하여 횡력에 대한 저항력을 높여줄 수 있는 육각형 형태의 블록을 개발하고, 개발된 블록을 사용한 조적 벽체의 구조실험을 수행하여 거동특성과 전단강도의 증가효과 등을 분석하며, 신축 및 건물 리모델링시에 내진보강용으로 사용할 수 있는 조적조를 제안하고자 하였다. 개발된 중공형 및 솔리드형 블록을 사용하여, 블록의 형상 및 수직 철근 보강량 및 배열위치를 변수로 육각형 블록 벽체의 구조실험을 수행 하였으며, 기존 사각형의 조적조 벽체에 비교하여 상대적으로 연성적인 거동과 전단저항 능력의 향상을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.379-390
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• 2020

Four full-scaled partially confined and unconfined masonry panels were tested with monotonic lateral loads. To study the effects of vertical force and boundary columns, two specimens with no boundary columns were subjected to different vertical forces, while two wing-wall specimens had the column placed eccentrically and in the middle, respectively. The specimens with no boundary columns exhibited ductile rocking behavior, where the lateral strength increased with increasing vertical compression. The wing-wall specimens with columns behaved as strut-and-tie systems. The column-panel interaction resulted in greater strength, lower deformation capacity and differences in failure modes. A comparison with analytical models showed that rocking strength can be accurately estimated using vertical force and the panel aspect ratio for panels with no boundary columns. The estimation for lateral strength on the basis of a panel section area indicated scattered error for wing-wall specimens.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제6권6호
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• pp.689-713
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• 2014

The seismic vulnerability of stone masonry buildings is studied on the basis of their fragility curves. In order to account for out-of-plane failure modes, normally disregarded in past studies, linear static Finite Element analysis in 3D of prototype regular buildings is performed using a nonlinear biaxial failure criterion for masonry. More than 1100 analyses are carried out, so as to cover the practical range of the most important parameters, namely the number of storeys, percentage of side length in exterior walls taken up by openings, wall thickness, plan dimensions and number of interior walls, type of floor and pier height-to-length ratio. Results are presented in the form of damage and fragility curves. The fragility curves correspond well to the damage observed in masonry buildings after strong earthquakes and are in good agreement with other fragility curves in the literature. They confirm what is already known, namely that buildings with stiff floors or higher percentage of load-bearing walls are less vulnerable, and that large openings, taller storeys, larger number of storeys, higher wall slenderness and higher ratio of clear height to horizontal length of walls increase the vulnerability, but show also by how much.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.48-54
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• 2009

Structures to support against slop failures or resist earth pressure like masonry retaining walls or retaining walls have continued to advance and evolve to new eco-friendly, easy-to-construct, crib retaining walls with varied forms and construction methods, meeting the needs of the times. Researches until now, however, have focused on the analyses of site displacement or stability of the whole site including structures like retaining walls, and thus, researches on rational design or method for stability analysis are lacking. Therefore, this study was conducted on a number of stability analyses, such as the visual power line or stability on sliding, being presented for bin walls, which enable vegetation to grow and were developed and applied in varied forms, meeting the development demands for eco-friendly retaining wall structures. This study compared the results of stability analyses, determined their feasibility, and evaluated their stability according to the height and facade slope of retaining walls. According to the results of this study, traditional masonry retaining wall analysis showed rather conservative stability evaluation results in the stability evaluation of bin walls, and the method using the visual power line seems to be objective because it produced similar results to the stability evaluation method on sliding or turnover.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2011

우리나라의 석조문화재을 모델링할 때 불연속면을 갖는 구조재의 강성을 어떻게 규명하느냐가 매우 중요하지만 원형보존을 해야 하는 문화재의 특성상 이를 파악하기란 매우 곤란하다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 비파괴조사를 이용하여 고유진동수를 측정한 후, 시행착오법을 이용하여 측정된 고유진동수와 컴퓨터 모델링 해석을 통해 고유진동수를 비교함으로써 불연속면의 강성, 구조재의 탄성계수 등 숭례문 육축 구조를 이루는 재료의 구조적 물성을 추정하였다. 이를 통해 육축 문화재에 대한 컴퓨터 모델링 기법을 제시하고 육축구조물의 안전성에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 연구결과 적심석의 강성이 육축구조물의 안전성에 가장 큰 영향을 미지는 젓으로 분석되었다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제87권5호
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• pp.487-498
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• 2023

Unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings are extensively adopted in many of the growing nations, particularly in India. Window or door openings are required for architectural or functional reasons, which pose a threat to the building's safety. The past earthquakes have shown that the seismic capability of these structures was very weak. Strengthening these unreinforced masonry walls using welded wire mesh (WWM) is one of the most commonly and economical methods. The present experimental study investigates the impact of openings on the shear behaviour of URM walls and the effectiveness of WWM in enhancing the shear performance of masonry wall. In the experimental program 16 specimens were cast, 8 unstrengthen and 8 strengthened specimens, under 8 unstrengthen and strengthened specimens, every 2 specimens had 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% openings and all these walls were tested under diagonal compression. The results show that the shear carrying capacity reduces as the opening percentage increases. However, strengthening the URM specimens using WWM significantly improves the peak load, shear strength, ductility, stiffness, and energy dissipation. Furthermore, the strengthening of the URM walls using WWM compensated the loss of wall capacity caused by the presence of the openings.

• 지구물리
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2003

Generally the dynamic characteristics of stone wall structures depend on several factors such as contact, the type of interlocking bonding stones, and the filling materials. This paper describes a non-destructive technique for diagnosis of historic masonry stone structures using the measurement of natural frequency technique. For this purpose, the castle wall of Nag-An Folk Town located in Sunchon, Korea was selected as a model. The Nag-An Town Castle is one of the well maintained historical remains constructed in the Chosun Kingdom of Korea. The construction started in 1397 A.D and was finished in 1626 A.D. The non-mortar castle wall is 1470m long and the average height is 4m with a width of 3 4m. The exterior of the wall is bonded with 1 2 m rectangular rough-faced stone and the inside of the wall is filled with gravel. The traditional village still remains inside the Nag-An Town Castle, and they have a regional food festival every October. Transverse vibrations were measured at 8 points around the castle. The measured natural frequency of the first mode was 26Hz 41Hz, and the shear modulus of filling material was 2.142 x $10^3$ ~ 8.915 x $10^3$kgf/$cm^2$ . With these results, it may be assumed that the filling material is gravel or a sand-gravel mixture. It is expected that the information provided by this paper will be useful for addressing the maintenance problems of the old castle walls.