• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 2020

"A practical architect might not unnaturally conceive the idea of erecting a vast edifice whose frame should be entirely of iron, and clothing the frame--preserving it--by means of a casing of stone…that shell must be regarded only as an envelope, having no function other than supporting itself..." --Viollet-le-Duc, 1868. Viollet-le-Duc's recipe for an encased iron frame foresaw the separation of structural and enclosing functions into discrete systems. This separation is an essential characteristic of skyscrapers today, but at the time of his writing cast iron's brittle nature meant that iron frames could not, on their own, resist lateral forces in tall structures. Instead, tall buildings had to be braced with masonry shear walls, which often also served as environmental enclosure. The commercial availability of steel after the 1880s allowed for self-braced metal frames while parallel advances in glass and terra cotta allowed exterior walls to achieve vanishingly thin proportions. Two Chicago buildings by D.H. Burnham & Co. were the first to match a frame "entirely of iron" with an "envelope" supporting only itself. The Reliance Building (1895) was the first of these, but the Fisher Building (1896) more fully exploited this new constructive typology, eschewing brick entirely, to become the first "building without walls," a break with millennia of tall construction reliant upon masonry

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.55-70
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• 1987

The use of reinforced earth is not new. But available information on basic proper.ties like strength and deformation behavior of reinforced earth materials is not adequate. Therefore, tile purpose of this present investigation is first to research the frictional characteristics of the reinforcement and standard rand using a shear testing appratus. The second purpose of this articles are to report the results of comparison test on the strength and stress-strain behavior of a dry sand einforced with aluminium fcils and geotextiles under different confining pressures. Finally, the paper explores the possibility of geotextile reinforced earth masonry walls. It was observed that the stress-strain response of sand ai.e considerably improved by the introduction of geotextiles. The results of tests are used in developing the geotextile reinforced earth masonry walls. It is hoped that this paper will be helpful in providing the basic data for the rational design and construction methods of reinforced earth structures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.47-62
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to analyze and explain the formation and character of presbyterian missionary architecture in Andong area from 1900 to 1945, which we may call "the modem architecture of Korea". I have surveyed and analyzed the 26 buildings. and so, the major findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, the phase of building is 1) buy the existing Korean traditional building and lot-a thatch roofed house. 2) modify the existing Korean traditional building-a thatch and tile roofed hose. 3) build the Korean style building-a thatch and tile roofed building. 4) build the Western style Building-a timber structured and zinc roofed building. 5) build the Western style Building- a masonry structured and zinc(or tile)roofed building. Secondly, the character of building is 1) In the Korean traditional building, the missionaries change the function for their purpose-office, church, school, hospital. they modify the existing Korean timber frame construction by introducing the material-brick, plaster, glass, Japanese style timber etc .. they live in the Korean existing residential area. 2) In the Western style building, the missionaries build the house according to their life style. they build the timber structured building-church, and the masonry (brick or stone)structured building such as a house, church, school and dormitory, and hospital. their building located on the hill depart from the existing Korean residential area.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.71-77
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• 2003

Generally the dynamic characteristics of stone wall structures depend on several factors such as contact, the type of interlocking bonding stones, and the filling materials. This paper describes a non-destructive technique for diagnosis of historic masonry stone structures using the measurement of natural frequency technique. For this purpose, the castle wall of Nag-An Folk Town located in Sunchon, Korea was selected as a model. The Nag-An Town Castle is one of the well maintained historical remains constructed in the Chosun Kingdom of Korea. The construction started in 1397 A.D and was finished in 1626 A.D. The non-mortar castle wall is 1470m long and the average height is 4m with a width of 3 4m. The exterior of the wall is bonded with 1 2 m rectangular rough-faced stone and the inside of the wall is filled with gravel. The traditional village still remains inside the Nag-An Town Castle, and they have a regional food festival every October. Transverse vibrations were measured at 8 points around the castle. The measured natural frequency of the first mode was 26Hz 41Hz, and the shear modulus of filling material was 2.142 x $10^3$ ~ 8.915 x $10^3$kgf/$cm^2$ . With these results, it may be assumed that the filling material is gravel or a sand-gravel mixture. It is expected that the information provided by this paper will be useful for addressing the maintenance problems of the old castle walls.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.53-63
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• 2024

The cultural heritage of fortresses is often exposed to external elements, leading to significant damage from stone weathering and natural disasters. However, due to the nature of cultural heritage, dismantling and restoration are often impractical. Therefore, the stability of fortress cultural heritage was evaluated through non-destructive testing. The durability of masonry cultural heritages is greatly influenced by the physical characteristics of the back-fille material. Dynamic characteristics were assessed, and endoscopy was used to inspect internal fillings. Additionally, a finite element analysis model was developed considering the surrounding ground through elastic wave exploration. The analysis showed that the loss of internal fillings in the target cultural heritage site could lead to further deformation in the future, emphasizing the need for careful observation.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.29-47
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• 2014

The masonry stone arch bridge, due to its superior durability and aesthetics, has been one of the oldest and popular types of short span bridges. In Europe, this type of bridges have been continuously constructed, and numerous related researches have been conducted until recently. However, there are few construction cases in Korea since the economic efficiency and the construction effectiveness is not contentable. Therefore, this study proposed the reinforced joint to improve structural performance of the conventional arch systems which is proposed by previous researchers. The structural performance of the proposed reinforced joint, which consists of the transverse loop joint and the longitudinal reinforcement, is validated by experimental test of an arch bridge which is constructed using precast concrete segments. Based on this results of the experimental test, it is concluded that the strength of arch bridges can be enhanced by applying the proposed reinforced joints since the reinforced joint restrains hinge behavior and relative displacement between segments with a little reinforcement.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.789-830
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• 2015

The recent re-assessment of the seismic hazard in Europe led for many regions of low to moderate seismicity to an increase in the seismic demand. As a consequence, several modern unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings, constructed with reinforced concrete (RC) slabs that provide an efficient rigid diaphragm action, no longer satisfy the seismic design check and have been retrofitted by adding or replacing URM walls with RC walls. Of late, also several new construction projects have been conceived directly as buildings with both RC and URM walls. Despite the widespread use of such construction technique, very little is known about the seismic behaviour of mixed RC-URM wall structures and codes do not provide adequate support to designers. The aim of the paper is therefore to propose a displacement-based design methodology for the design of mixed RC-URM edifices and the retrofit of URM buildings by replacing or adding selected URM walls with RC ones. The article describes also two tools developed for estimating important quantities relevant for the displacement-based design of structures with both RC and URM walls. The tools are (i) a mechanical model based on the shear-flexure interaction between URM and RC walls and (ii) an elastic model for estimating the contribution of the RC slabs to the overturning moment capacity of the system. In the last part of the article the proposed design method is verified through nonlinear dynamic analyses of several case studies. These results show that the proposed design approach has the ability of controlling the displacement profile of the designed structures, avoiding concentration of deformations in one single storey, a typical feature of URM wall structures.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 2011

This study aims at identifying wall painting production technique of Songsanri No. 6 tomb based on optical examination and scientific analysis along with the investigation of written records of ancient wall paintings. The result displays that bricks with mortar were used for the construction of the wall, and masonry joint were made of lime, sand and gypsum. The surface of brick were plastered with black and thereafter with white lime. Finely sifted clay on the top of the white surface, were applied not with plasterer's trowel but with a brush for making ground surface. The clay are mineral particles smaller than $30{\mu}m$ of silt. The wall paintings of Sonsanri No. 6 is the only example of making ground layer with clay for painting of Sasindo (literally four heavenly animals painting) among remaining wall paintings of ancient tombs. The historical value of the painting should be attributed not only in terms that it displays a rare production techniques which were never discovered in any other paintings in Korea and Asia, but also it might had been uncompleted when the tomb were closed, even though it considers the fact that the wall painting were discovered in damaged condition in 1933.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2016

This study is to investigate the meaning and value of Usonian Automatic House System(UAHS) of Frank Lloyd Wright in his later period, focused on materials, methods, and his thoughts. The results of this study are follows. UAHS was the outcome of moderate cost and prefab house which Wright had successively attempted after the early Prairie period. The construction was simple and comparatively cheap, but subsequent automatics were difficult and expensive to build. Nevertheless, it was sufficiently flexible to support a rather wide range of house designs. Concrete was the inert mass and a plastic material. Wright saw a kind of weaving coming out of it. He also saw a kind of concrete masonry, steel for warp and masonry units for woof in the automatic concrete block. The reinforced bars in hollowed joints of concrete block increased the safety factor and affected the expression of the construction through the stabilization they provided. But they did not give concrete block the capability of structural span. Standardization as the soul of the machine might be seen in UAHS. The concrete blocks were more cheap, lighter, and larger hollowed plain than textile blocks in 1920s. But the variety of pattern and different block types in the UAHS were achieved at some sacrifice of standardization. The repetitive nature of production was compromised for artistic goals. The sense of compromise was not maximized, however, because the units as installed looked far more repetitive than they actually were.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.121-135
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• 2010

This study was to analyze the architectural characteristics and facade construction of brick masonry auditorium through the Auditorium of Namsan Primary School in 1936. The results of this study were described separately as follows. 1. The auditorium is located away from the school buildings, and its plane is a chamber of rectangle type with an entrance installed on each of the four sides. 2. The external appearance is Renaissance eclectic style, laid red bricks on the lower wall of the window and having a mansard roof. The front and the rear are symmetric with respect to the projected wall at the center. 3. As to the structure of the building, a concrete lower wall was built on the concrete continuous footing, and the brick wall was constructed on the lower wall. The roof is queen post roof truss, and the wall girders were installed on the brick wall. 4. The auditorium has had a number of repairing and maintenance works, which changed the roof and windows outside and the floor, walls, ceiling, etc. inside. 5. The decorative elements of external appearance include lower wall, brick wall, entrances, windows, roof, and dormer windows. The brick wall gives verticality and solidity to the surface of the wall, and the lower wall and wall girders are connected like a cornice of the wall. The surface of the mansard roof and dormer windows express a stable vertically oriented shape.