• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.941-956
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• 2017

This study aimed to compare the differences in sexual function and sexual preference according to demographic characteristics of women, sexual experience, preference penile type, and sexual dysfunction. 72 adult women responded to the survey. 54 respondents were analyzed except respondents who did have incomplete response and no sexual experience. All collected data were analyzed using independent t-test and chi-square test using SPSS 22. In results, Married was significantly higher in intercourse frequency and sexual function than unmarried(p<.05). In economic status, high or middle was significantly higher in the subjective sexual experience and sexual function than the low(p<.05). In subjective sexual experience, high was higher in intercourse frequency than the low, and penile length and type were important(p<.05). preference of glans> penis was significantly higher in subjective sexual experience than preference of glans $${\frac{._-}{.}}$$ penis, and importance of penile girth and size(p<.05). In sexual function, normal function was lower in intercourse frequency than dysfunction, and penile length was not considered significant(p<.05). The results of this study suggest that there may be differences in sexual function and sexual preference according to various causes and can be used as basic data for the development of psychological counseling program for sexual function rehabilitation of women.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.197-211
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the image of dental hygienists. The subjects in the study were 396 patients and their caregivers who visited 14 dental hospitals and dentists' offices in and around Seoul. After a survey was conducted, the following findings were given: 1. The people investigated gave a mean of 4.0 to the image of dental hygienists. Dental hygienists rated highest in terms of looking neat and tidy(4.33), and were given the lowest marks in arbitrary job performance(3.46). 2. There appeared four different types of dental hygienist images, which made a 59.824 prediction of the image of dental hygienists in general. A typical image(4.11) was most dominant, followed by professional one(4.07), personal one(4.01) and social one(3.73). 3. The relations between the general characteristics of the respondents and their image of dental hygienists could be described as below: 1) By age, those who were in their 60s(4.12) had the best image of dental hygienists, and the teenagers(3.90) had the worst image of them. 2) By gender, the men(4.05) looked at dental hygienists more positively than the women(3.96). They had a significantly different opinion on the social image of dental hygienists according to gender(pE0.05). 3) By marital status, the married people(4.00) had a better image of dental hygienists than the unmarried ones(3.95). 4) As for the influence of the type of dental institutions, they had a more favorable image of dental hygienists in dentists' offices(4.13) than in dental hospitals(3.88). There was a broad significant difference in the way they looked at the professional and personal images of dental hygienists according to the type of dental institutions(pE0.001). 5) As to the impact of educational level, those who received community-college or higher education(4.01) had the best image of dental hygienists, and those who received middle-school or lower education(3.91) had the worst image of them. 6) By occupation, the government workers and students(4.07) had the best image of dental hygienists, and the company employees(3.90) had the worst image of them. They took a significantly different view of the social image of dental hygienists according to occupation(pE0.05). 7) Concerning the impact of the frequency of receiving dental treatment, the respondents who had received it seven times or more(4.16) had the best image of dental hygienists, and those who hadn't(3.79) the worst image of them. There was a wide significant gap according to that frequency. The way they looked at the typical, social and professional images of dental hygienists was quite different significantly according to that frequency as well(pE0.001). 8) As for the influence of whether they were accompanied by caregivers or not, the people who weren't accompanied by caregivers(3.99) had a better image of dental hygienists than those who were(3.97).

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1096-1106
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• 2014

This study was conducted to figure the usage status and satisfaction of food-related smartphone applications by generic characteristics and food purchase attributes of Seoul area workers. The results show that health vitality-oriented group, married compared to single, those with higher eating-out expenses possess more food-related applications (p<0.05). The primary reason for the usage of food-related applications was the need for food-related information (53.7%). The highest application subjects in use were restaurant-related information and recipe information. The real-life aid food-related applications utilized most were also restaurant information (60.7%) and recipe information (28.3%). Health vitality-oriented respondents especially turned out to use nutrition information and food functionality information often (p<0.01), and recipes or calories & diet information usage frequency was higher in women than in men (p<0.001). Restaurant-related information were more frequently used by singles, highly educated, and those with high income and eating-out expenses (p<0.05). Satisfaction of food-related applications was normal (3.06), showing that the satisfactory level is not yet high. Satisfaction regarding purchase attributes showed that the health vitality-oriented group (3.19) was more satisfied compared to other groups (p<0.05), and women (3.16) were more satisfied that men (2.89) were (p<0.05). Inconveniences of food-related applications were highest in usage fee (3.29), simplicity of information (3.28), lack of reliability of information and need for update (3.10). The results of this study implies that various subdivisions of food-related applications users should be implemented; at the same time, food-related applications covering diverse subjects that regard each group's characteristics should be developed in order to utilize food-related knowledge and information as a marketing tool in the food industry; this can efficiently be done by paying attention to the quality of information and updates within applications.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 2004

Objectives : Cervical cancer is the second most frequent cancer among women in Busan. The Pap smear test could have a significant effect on detecting cervical cancer, and enhancing their rate of use is an important strategy for reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the factors associated with the past use of the Pap smear test in Korean women. Methods : A population-based survey was carried out in Busan between November 1999 and March 2000. 1,673 participants were randomly selected from 2,684 women in Busan, using a 2-stage cluster sampling method, and interviewed in their homes. Their socio-demographic characteristics, smoking, drinking, familial cancer history, Pap smear screening history, reproductive and menstrual factors, sexual habits and use of contraceptive methods data were collected by a trained interviewer using a questionnaire. The use of the screening test was defined by a self-report from the participants on how many times they had had a Pap smear test in their lifetime, and when they had received their latest examination. Results : Of the 1,673 respondents (62.3% response rate), 57.6% had had a Pap smear test during her life (mean number, 2.3). Among the health examination participants(1,064), 961(90.3%) reported having sexual experience and 70.9% of these had had a Pap smear test. In a multiple logistic regression analysis, statistically significant relationships were observed for age groups and the Pap smear test rate (odds ratio, OR for 35-44 years=2.45; OR for 45-54 years=3.41; OR for 55 years=2.60; reference, under 34 years). The married or cohabiting women were more likely to have used the Pap smear test than those separated or widowed (OR=1.73). Among the reproductive behavioral measures, the number of births (OR for 3 births=4.22; OR for 2 births=3.95; OR for 1 births=3.38; reference, 0 births) and husband's extra-marital affairs (OR=1.50) were associated with the rates of use of Pap smear tests. Conclusion : It appears that the most important contributing factors to cervical cancer screening were age, marital status and number of births. A positive association was also observed for the husband's extra-marital affairs. This study enabled us to systematically assess the relationship between Pap smear rates and risk factors for cervical cancer. It is hoped that this study will make a significant contribution to the accumulating scientific evidence on the identification of factors associated with cervical cancer screening in Korea.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.651-660
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze the degrees and the influence factors of job satisfaction of dietitians working in hospitals in relation to performance of duty in their works and to provide effective management of hospital dietitians for high quality health and food service in hospital. The questionaire was prepared with reference to the previous studies on job satisfaction of dietitians working in hospitals throughout the nation. 201 dietitians in the country were surveyed. The period of research was from January 20 to February 28, 1995. The results are as follows. 1) In regard to the degree of job satisfaction of hospital dietitians, they showed the highest degree of job satisfaction in the relationships with fellow dietitians followed by worth and self-confidence, aptitude and interests, relationships with cooks, job stability, degree of recognition of the dietitians competence, supervision of the superiors, degree of application of professional knowledge, work load, wage level, degree of recognition of the importance of duty, cooperative relationships with load, wage level, degree of recognition of the importance of duty, cooperative relationships with doctors, degree of performance of clinical work, the number of dietitians, the prromotion system, and welfare system in that order. On the other hand, they showed the highest dissatisfaction with food service facilities. 2) The influence factors on job satisfaction are as follows. (1) Wage factor : Shorter weekday working hours and higher bonuses make greaster job satisfaction (R2=0.3115). (2) Working condition factor : Larger number of monthly holidays(R2=0.5142), shorter weekday working hours(R2=0.1077), longer previous food service experience and computer utilization (R2=0.1432) make greater job satisfaction. (3) Welfare factor : Welfare system (R2=0.4132) and promotion system (R2=0.1624) have to do with computer utilization. Job stability has to do with marital status and computer utilization (R2=0.1165). consequently, those married dietitians who use computers show higher job satisfaction. (4) Human relationship factor : Smaller mumber of patients receiving food makes greater job satisfaction (R2=0.1334). (5) Superivision factor : Shorter weekday working hours and larger number of monthly holidays make greater job satisfaction (R2=0.1709). (6) Achievement factor : Marriage, larger number of dietitians(R2=9.2293), age, larger number of monthly holiday, higher monthly wages and computer utiliazation (R2=0.1088) make greater job satisfaction. (7) Speciality factor : Marriage, longer current hospital tenure, higher position and working in seoul(R2=0.1142) make higher job satisfaction. (8) Job inclination factor : working in general hospitals rather than in oriental hispitals, working in seoul(R2=0.1776) and better bonuses(R2=0.1078)make greater job satisfaction. As a result, the following is suggested for the job satisfaction of hospital dietitions on the basis of this study : hospital dietitians can achieve miximum job satisfaction through smooth relationships with coworkers, and the responsible managers should improve welfare and working conditions for the job satisfaction of hospital dietitians.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.306-318
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the dietary attitudes and nutrient intakes of nurses. A total of 291 nurses working at hospitals in the Kyungnam area participated in the study. The general characteristics and dietary attitudes of the subjects were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire, and nutrient intakes was examined using one-day 24-hour recall method. The results were as follows : 67.7 percent of the subjects were nurses, 32.3% were nursing assistants. Average age of the subjects was 26.9 years old, average nursing experience was 5.7 years, and 70.7% of the subjects graduated from junior college. The rates of shift work (45.4%) and non-shift work (54.6%) were similar, and 91.5% of subjects worked on a three-shift a day schedule. The average nutrition knowledge score was 14.3 $\pm$ 2.5 out of a possible 20 points. Most of the nurses had experienced dietary problems such as skipping meals and overeating. Sixty-eight point three percent of the nurses had breakfast less than 3 times a week, and the main reason for skipping meals was a lack of time. Most of the nurses (74.1%) didn't exercise regularly. The average score on dietary habits was 55.6 out of 100, and most of the subjects belonged to the‘fair’group in terms of dietary habits. Married nurses, and those over 31 years of age, scored significantly higher on dietary habits than unmarried nurses, and those under 25 years of age (p < 0.001), and the scores significantly increased with increasing age. Mean daily carbohydrate and fat intake was 231.5 $\pm$ 66.1 g, 41.1 $\pm$ 18.8 g, and cholesterol and crude fiber intake was 238.2 $\pm$ 184.6 mg, 5.2 $\pm$ 2.0 g. respectively. Compared with the recommended allowances, the energy (1560.0 $\pm$ 448.5 kcal), calcium (453.8 $\pm$ 222.3 mg) iron (10.6 $\pm$ 7.6 mg), vitamin A (658.5 $\pm$ 538.1 R.E) and vitamin B$_2$ (0.96 $\pm$ 0.5 mg) figures were below the Korean RDA, and the protein (65.9 $\pm$ 31.0 g), vitamin B, (1.14 $\pm$ 0.5 mg), vitamin C (143.2 $\pm$ 119.6 mg), niacin (14.4 $\pm$ 6.3 mg) and phosphorus (958.1 $\pm$ 352.1 mg) figures were above the Korean RDA. The average carbohydrate, protein, fat ratio of energy intake was 60：17：23. The intake ratio of Ca and P showed an unbalance of 1：2. The dietary habits had a positive correlation (p < 0.001) with nutrition intake except vitamin A and vitamin C. Therefore, In order to improve overall dietary behavior and nutritional status, systematic nutrition education programs should be developed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.80-90
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• 2011

The purposes of this study are clarifying the characteristics of women's hair style in the late Joseon Dynasty by inquiring into that hair style and, by extension, having a new understanding of the aesthetic consciousness of women in those times. The typical hair style of married Joseon women was Ungeonmeori and Jjokmeori, with Ungeonmeori being much more popular. Regardless of socioeconomic status, women used a big Gache as long as conditions permitted. Meanwhile, some women who led the trend or followed the national policy did Jjokmeori and wore Jokdoori. The Joseon Dynasty had a strict clothing system. However, giseangs were free from this restriction and they were free at attire. Therefore, they led the fashion trend. Both noble and common women followed the trend, imitating giseangs' attire. Women's hair style was used as a tool to express one's personality in the late Joseon Dynasty when the hierarchy was already weakened. In fact, it seems that women in those times cared more about hair style trend than clothing trend. This means that those women already had such a high quality of aesthetic consciousness that they showed their hair which is the closest to the face to advantage.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.6364-6372
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of a non-smoking program according to the stress and emotional condition of male office workers. As research subjects, 106 smokers at C company who participated in the campaign of "No Second-Hand Smoking and No Cigarette Smoke at Work" from April 25, 2011 to December, 2011 for 8 months were enrolled in this study. Apreliminary survey of the general characteristics, motivation to quit smoking, emotional condition, behavior to cope with stress, stress in life, hope, and the emotional variables of job satisfaction in the research subjects was carried out. The study undertook a pre-and-post effect analysis of the non-smoking program only with those who succeeded in quitting smoking. In terms of the general characteristics of the subjects, the success rate of quitting smoking was higher in those in their thirties and above and those who were married. No significant difference in the emotional variables was observed between those who were not successful and those who were. These results suggest that the motives for stopping smoking and effective dealing with stress or anxiety is important for male office workers to succeed in stopping smoking, based on which smoking cessation programs should be developed. In addition, the message of a smoking cessation campaign should be designed specifically for each target audience, effectively emphasizing the emotional aspects of each target group.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.27-49
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to get answers to following research questions: Who are the busy people in such a speedy society like Korea? How the daily schedules of busy people might look like? What is the priority of activity that appear in their schedules?, And what is the gender difference? The sample of study came form the 2004 Korean Time Diary Data which have been collected by Korean National Statistical Office. The sample consisted of 11,976 married men and women, whose age range from 25-54 (women 49.7% of the sample). Dependent variable was time pressure measured in one item question with 4-likert scale. Socio-demographic factors and the amount of time in work/family role and other relevant activities were considered as well as gender. The results of the study showed us that men perceived more time deficit compared to women. Especially, employed men were the most time poor group, followed by employed women, unemployed women and unemployed men. The results showed that, even though there were similarities in the impact of relevant factors, men's time pressure were tightly linked with their work role and social status, while women's time pressure were responsive to both their role as a mother and as a worker. Nowadays, Korean fathers appear to face new expectation that they need to be involved in family just like mothers do. However, men and women still seems to traverse through different time path, which may create both burden and conflict to either party. Policy implication and detailed suggestions were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.227-246
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• 1993

Gender differences in the seperation of emplo-yment from home and commuting patterns of the Seoul Area are examined in this paper. Throughout the analysis, it is found that there exist a substantial gender variation in comm-uting rates. Even though the regional variation of commuting rates of male workers is very small, the female workers' regional variation of commuting rates is substantial. Especially, the area around the traditional central place of Kangbuk, the area near the Youngdungpo and Kuro where manufacturing and retailing activities are concentrated, and the area where low-income families are concentrated show high rate of female commuting. In contrast, the traditional residential area, especially the high-income area of Kangnam, shows lower rate of female commuting. Generally, female workers tend to work closer to home than male workers. Accordingly, the job search range of female workers is smaller than that of mle workers. But the areal unit of job search range of female workers is wider at least than Dong. The fact that female workers' job search area is smaller than male workers' implies that the job opportunity around the home location could have more impacts on female workers' job search process than male workers' job search process. There is a substantial difference in commuting behavior between male and female workers. In general, male workers commute longer, use more expensive transportation mode, and pay higher transportation cost in comparision with female workers. These gender differences in commuting behavior could be resulted not only form the gender difference in the seperation of employment form work, but also form the gender difference in the social status in both work place and home.