• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.147-166
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• 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of parenthood of mothers of early school-age children, with emphasis on cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of parenthood. Methods: Nineteen mothers whose children were 1st and 2nd grade elementary school children participated in this study. Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews. During the interview, mothers were asked to speak freely about their experiences as parents of early-school age children, including parenting beliefs, parenting behaviors, and emotional experiences related to parenting. These interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed in a thematic way using MAXQDA. Results: Using qualitative methods, five major themes were emerged: (1) Recognizing the role of parents as a supporter of growth; (2) recognizing parenthood of the present generation that imposes expanded roles to mothers; (3) co-parenting of early school-age children and marital relationship; (4) co-existence of different parenting styles based on specific mother-child interaction situations; (5) experiencing a wide spectrum of emotions including anxiety, guilt, and depression, as well as happiness. Conclusion: This study revealed the unique cognitive, behavioral, and emotional aspects of parenthood experienced by mothers with early school-age children. Results of this study can fill a gap in our understanding of parenthood of mothers when their children entered into the new developmental stage of middle childhood. The results could also be used as a basis for developing parent education and family relationship programs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.30 no.4 s.152
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• pp.633-643
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• 2006

When women are exposed to images of other attractive women such as media models, it is known that many go through a social comparison process and a contrast effect occurs which results in unfavorable perception and attitudes toward the self. This paper suggests women's perception of control over their appearance as one of the factors that may moderate the contrast effect of a social comparison with attractive media models. An experiment with 211 women was conducted to examine the differential effect of viewing attractive models versus non-human images on the responses of women with high/low perceived control over appearance. A two(Stimuli Type: attractive-model image vs. non-human image) by two(Perceived Control over Appearance: High vs. Low) MANCOVA model was tested with physical appearance anxiety, self-esteem, and body satisfaction as dependent variables and appearance orientation, body mass index, age, years of schooling, ethnicity, and marital status as covariates. A significant Perceived Control main effect on Physical Appearance Anxiety and Self-Esteem and a significant Stimuli Type by Perceived Control interaction effect on Physical Appearance Anxiety and Self-Esteem were found. Those who perceived high control over their appearance were more likely to have higher self-esteem and lower appearance anxiety. However, among those who saw attractive model's images, women perceived low appearance control showed less anxiety and higher body satisfaction than those perceived high appearance control.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.97-111
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• 1995

In our society today, a variety of medical caring system, along with a scientific development in the area of oriental medical science plus national demand, has increased the augmentation and the opening of oriental wards and hospitals (Han Bang), which has come to create an additional requirement of nursing activity at oriental medicine wards should be different from that of the general wards or the same as the other. In view of this, various studies need to be made in this connection. The purpose of this study is to comprehend the number of nurses who want to work at oriental medicine wards and measure job satisfaction in nursing as compared with those working at general wards so as to provide basic materials for future assignment and supplementary training for the nurses. An attempt was made to contribute toward nursing administration on the one hand improving nursing training course on the other hand. A total of 72 nurses currently working at two oriental medicine hospitals available in Seoul and 82 general nurses were selected for this study using the questionaire from December 1993 to January 1994. An instrument for the study was based on the measurement of work satisfaction developed by Paula L. Stamps including 37 questions complemented by Kim for revision (1993) and 14 questions regarding general characteristics and oriental medicine wards. The instrument to test dependability showed Cronbach's=0.7711. The collected data have been processed by computer package SPSS. General characteristics of the two groups and the matters involved in oriental medicine wards were calculated into real figure and percentage an similarities between the two groups were analyzed by t-test and F-test according to the characteristics of variables. The comparative test on work satisfaction among the two groups including general characteristics and work factors were conducted by t-test and F-test. The major findings as a result of the study are as follows : 1. As general characteristics, age group of $26{\sim}30$ years are more than any segment of age. As to marital status, the number of those in single status is slightly higher than the married. Approximately 80% of them are graduates of nursing schools and nursing colleges. They are mostly in service for one to three years. There is no significant difference between the two groups. 2. The number of those who want to work at oriental medicine wards represents 40.3% against 58.4%, being in favor of general wards. 3. The reason for service at oriental medicine wards is that "there is room for potential research" which happened to rank first, followed by "easy job," "good working atmosphere" and "growing interest in oriental medicine." 4. Work satisfactions among nurses who work at oriental medicine wards prove greater than that of nurses who work at general wards. 5. Work satisfaction between the two groups by work factors is reflected with significant difference statistically on task requirement, interaction and doctor-nurse relationships. 6. The general charcateristics and the work satisfaction by work factors prove that there are significant difference in age, marital status, education and the period of work. They tend to be more satisfied with the work as they grow in age. Significant differneces are found in the work factors such as autonomy, adiministration and professional job in the relationship with doctor-nurse. As to marital status, the married are more satisfied than the unmarried. There are significant differneces in the factors respecting administration and doctor-nurse college graduates are highly satisfied with task requirement. However, satisfaction with the professional level has proven the highest degree for those having master degree. The period of work and satisfaction : There are significant differneces in task requirement, administration, interactions, professional level and doctor-nurse relationships. As a general rule, the degree of satisfactions is in proportion to the lengrh of service. The following conclusions are drawn based on the fndings mentioned above. Even though the work satisfaction of the nurse who work at oriental medicine ward is relatively high, it is desired that personal consultation be given as to disposition of nurses when they are assigned to oriental medicine wards. It is also recommended that lectures on oriental medicine be conducted through supplementary training and/or basic nursing course in order that they may be motivated for ingenious activities with an increasing sense of self-esteem which will eventually enhance positive changes for the patients who are in need of oriental medicine nursing and for the medical teams. In addition, joint reseaches involvingclinical care and education should be in constant process for unique and scientific development for those who are subject to oriental medicine nursing care.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.165-193
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• 2013

This study purposes to explore the growing process through spousal bereavement in later life, and to develop the theory. A qualitative research was conducted, and the participants were 17 seniors. The analysis according to Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory(1998), resulted in 143 concepts, 43 subcategories, and 19 categories. Range analysis according to paradigm showed that the causal conditions were 'marital relationships', 'independent/dependent tendencies', and 'emotional readiness for the death of a spouse', and the phenomena were 'depression', 'hopelessness', 'daily stress', 'psychological intimidation', 'regret', and 'sense of being freed'. The contextual conditions that affect these phenomena were 'desire for intimate personal relationships' and 'desire to maintain independence'; the action/interaction strategies to manage the phenomena were 'facing reality' and 'efforts for construction of the new life'; and the mediating conditions that promote or suppress these action/interaction strategies were 'social support' and 'spirituality'. The results were 'reconstruction of the meaning in life', 'increase in self-esteem', 'reinforcement of social network' and 'embrace and acceptance'. Furthermore, when personal growth after bereavement of a spouse was analyzed focusing on changes over time, the growth process consisted of three steps: 'sadness and despair', 'embracing and moving forward', and 'personal growth'. The pattern analyses were performed to typify recurring relations by category, and 5 types were derived. The results of our study show that personal growth after spousal loss is an integrative process in life after crisis, and can be conceptualized as the process of overcoming the despair that immediately follows the death of a spouse, seeking a new life by actively taking control, and discovering a strengthened self.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.12-24
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• 2005

The objective of this research is to explore the attitude on the transfer of duty post and job satisfaction of nurses. The subjects of this study were 512 nurses who have engages in the K-university hospital. The measurement tool consisted of attitude on the transfer of duty post, job satisfaction. The collected data have been processed using SPSS/PC 12.0 program: The results of this study were as follows: 1. The age the subjects was from 21 to 56 and average 32, blow 3 years experience in current duty post occupied most by 37.1%. The experience of the transfer of duty post showed 50.2%. 51.4% of the nurses wanted $3{\sim}5$ years as the suitable periods for the transfer of duty post showing the highest degree of frequency. 2. The positive degree of the attitude on the transfer of duty post of the nurses appeared average (3.36) to maximum evaluation point 5, and when asked about 4 factors the nurses wanted individual development most by (3.72) while administration management was lowest by (2.65). The satisfaction degree on their job appeared to be average (3.06) to the maximum point 5, and when asked about 7 factors, interaction appeared to be the highest by (3.63), here we saw that interaction was the most important elevating factor of the job satisfaction degree. 3. In the relation of the attitude on the transfer of duty post according to general characteristics, there were the significant difference according to whether it is necessary for the current duty post and periodical duty post to be transferred. In the relation between general characteristics and job satisfaction degree there were the significant differences according to age, marital status, education, position of nurse, hospital clinical nursing experiences, satisfaction degree with current post and the hope of the transfer of duty post from current post. 4. The correlation between attitude on the transfer of duty post and job satisfaction degree was positive relation(r=0.137, p=.002), that the higher the degree of positive attitude on the transfer of duty post the higher the degree of job satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.29-52
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• 2013

This study examined how middle-aged and elderly persons allocated their time in overall perspective and whether the patterns were varied by age, socio-demographic factors, and the interaction effect between them. This study analyzed the 2009 Time Use Survey Data (17,096 time-diaries of people aged 45 or more) of the National Statistical Office using tobit regression model. The main results are as follows. First, middle-aged and elderly people gradually decreased paid work times. Second, the patterns of time allocation were varied by age, gender, education level, marital status and household type(Agricultural/non-agricultural). Third, there were interaction effects between age and the socio-demographic factors on paid work time and leisure time. Highly educated or urban persons were likely to have less time in paid work less than other groups with increasing age. And females were likely to have less time in domestic labor and care work than males with increasing age. But they had more time in social and economic productive activities than males. Based on these findings, this study suggests comprehensive approach to analyze the time use of elderly beyond economic working time or leisure time. To establish effective ageing society policy, it is necessary to consider the time allocation of elderly which divided into the social stratification.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2012

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the job satisfaction and turnover intention of the emergency medical technicians (EMT) in the private ambulance service, to examine their job satisfaction and turnover intention, and to provide the solution for the management of the private ambulance service. Methods: The survey was conducted with 121 EMTs (73 paramedics, 36 basic EMTs and 12 nurses) in the private ambulance service in Korea from September 15 to October 14, 2011. In the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was 0.790 for job satisfaction and 0.796 for turnover intention. Using SPSS 18.0, we obtained Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations, and performed independent t-tests, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation analysis. Results: 1) The mean score with regard to job satisfaction was 2.94 and that of their turnover intention was 4.23. In the area of job satisfaction, the mean score of the job demand area was 4.23; 3.97 for the job itself; 3.07 for the area of interaction; 2.98 for the area of autonomy: 2.67 for the organizational demand area; 2.67 for working conditions area; and 1.73 for the wage area. 2) Statistically significant difference was observed in job satisfaction according to age (F=3.819, p=.006), wages (t=-4.640, p=.000), terms of incumbency (F=3.868, p=.011), and in turnover intention it was according to sex (t=-1.995 p=.048), age (F=9.611, p=.000), education levels (F=6.974, p=.002), marital status (t=4.393, p=.000), wages (t=5.515, p=.000), license types (F=8.481, p=.001), and terms of incumbency ( F=14.115, p=.000). 3) The job satisfaction and the turnover intention had a negative correlation to each other (r=-.56, p<.000) in general, and in the sub-7 areas of job satisfaction, the correlation with turnover intention was high in order of the wage area (r=-.61, p=.000), working conditions area (r=-.52, p=.000), the area of autonomy (r=-.49, p=.000), the area of interaction (r=-.45, p=.000), the organizational demand area (r=-.40, p=.000), the job itself (r=-.24, p=.007) and the job demand area (r=-.24, p=.009). Conclusion: The government must take the charge of lowering the turnover intention among paramedics in the private ambulance service by providing the advantage in wages and fringe benefits. Ultimately, this would bring an improvement in the quality of medical emergency services to hospitals especially in the area of patient transfer and transportation.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.63-77
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to identify factors that improve psychological health of Korean navies who are dispatched overseas. Specifically, we examined the effects of the navies' occupational calling, perceived social support, and their interaction on anxiety. One hundred thirty-eight dispatched navies were recruited, and they completed the Korean calling scale, multifaceted social support scale, and anxiety scale-Y form. Results showed that after controlling for gender, marital status, and the previous experiences of dispatch, those who had a higher level of occupational calling and social support experienced a lower level of anxiety respectively before they were dispatched overseas. Furthermore, the significant interaction effect between occupational calling and social support on anxiety confirms that the effect of social support on anxiety is more prominent for those who have lower level of occupational calling. We discussed the implications of these results, study limitations, and directions for future research.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.351-362
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate and compare the degree of professional self -concept (PSC) of the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioners (PMHNP) in hospitals and public health centers and to identify the factors predicting PSC of them, in order to provide basic data for developing PSC increasing program PSC. The 355 PMHNP were sampled from the university or general hospitals. mental hospitals, community mental health centers and public health centers across the country. The scales used in this study were PSCNI by Arthur (1990), PSI by Heppner & Petersen (1982) and the Index of work satisfaction by Slavitt et al. (1978). The results of the study were as follows : 1. The average item score of PSCNI of PMHNP in hospitals was $2.83\pm0.27$, and that of PMHNP in public health centers was $2.76\pm0.28$. There was significantly different between two groups (p=0.0202) 2. A comparison of the scores for the dimensions of the PSCNI were as follows ; the mean item score of professional practice of nurses in hospital was $2.90\pm0.30$, and that in public health centers was $2.83\pm0.35$. There were significant differences between two groups in the scores of professional practices (p=0.0315), leadership (p=0.0071) and skills (p=0.0231). 3. There were significant differences between two groups according to education (p=0.0057) with no significant interaction effect of group and education. 4. Job satisfaction (JS) was the highest factor predicting PSC of PMHNP in hospitals $(34.5\%)$, and problem solving inventory score (PS) was the highest factor predicting PSC of PMHNP in public health centers $(33.6\%)$. JS and PS accounted for $42.6\%$ in PSC of PMHNP in hospitals. and PS, JS, age, marital status, religion, and career accounted for $57.6\%$ in PSC of PMHNP in public health centers. In the light of these results. to gam the professional self-concept. nurses should be educated continuously through role modeling in clinical nursing and research. Also, nurse educators and administrators need to develop programs and policies to increase professional self-concept of nurses, particularly of community PMHNP.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 1990

The research is a comparative study of death attitudes between male and female elderly people. There is no doubt as to the inevitability of death. And yet, there is a vast conspiracy involved in the word of dead or death. The aged are considered to be nearer death than are people in other age groups. Kalish(1976) emphasized that for the aged two meanings of death have significance for evaluating their life ; first, that older people are known to have a limited life time and face death ; second that older people are known to have suffered many death-imposed losses that are often associated with the dying process. In considering these implications, the level of anxiety regarding death and dying is a crucial factor in determining mental health. In the study, 152 male elderly and 145 female elderly residing in Seoul, Korea was compared on the four dimensions of death anxiety and assigned personal variables. Therefore, the purpose the research was (1) to examine the characteristics of subjects on the independent variables(age, marital status, family relationship, social activities, religiousity etc.) ; (2) to examine the relationship between the independent variables and each dimension of death axniety ; (3) to determine the proportion of variance in the respective of death anxiety which is accounted for by the respective independent variables ; (4) to examine whether a significant difference between the respective independent variables and each dimension of death anxiety has ; (5) to determine the combination of variables which is the most successful in explaining the variance in death anxiety. Finding from this study support the following conclusions; 1. There was a significant differences between the male and female subjects in the level of death anxiety. In turn, the male older adults had lower death anxiety than did the female elderly. This implies that male tend to look forward to death rather than deny it. 2. As there was evidences from several studies, this research found that fear of death decreases as age increases. 3. The following two variables that correlate best with dying anxiety of others in both male and female older adults : 'marriage life', 'social interaction'. 4. The variables 'age' and 'children' for both female and male elderly accounted for the most variance in death anxiety of self. The findings of the study lend this investigator several suggestions, implications and recommendations for future research. There can be no death without life, and conversely, no life without death. Psychologists and health-related professionals may be learn as much about death as they can in order to develop more healthy attitudes and in order to be able to better aid and comfort dying people and their familities. Perhaps most importantly, professionals may be help those who are not faced with death at present to develop an understanding of it and healthy attitudes toward it. The programs of death education are needed for dedication to the evitability of death and the preparation of life for the older adults. More seminars, symposiums and research on death attitudes are needed. Finally, study for female older adults has been negelected topic in the areas of women's study and health education. Future study, for female elderly, have to deeply investigate where those problems come from and how to cope with in order to the female elderly segment can live the rest of their lives in satisfaction with well-being.