• Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2023

The comprehensive natural disaster reduction plan, the highest plan in the disaster prevention field, was implemented by local governments. second plan is currently being formulated. In order to minimize human and property damage, structural and non-structural measures for each of the nine disaster types are established and implemented for 10 years. Structural measures are based on engineering and quantitative analysis, and the criteria for setting reduction measures are clear. Non-structural measures, however, currently lack the set criteria. the basic disaster and safety management law included the safety vulnerable class in 2018. Currently, the safety vulnerable class of the detailed establishment criteria of the comprehensive natural disaster reduction plan is being established, including children, the elderly, and the disabled. However, due to the lack of data securing and database construction by local governments, it is difficult to prepare a location map for establishing reduction measures for the safety vulnerable. Therefore, in this study, OPEN API data of the safety vulnerable class were collected and statistical information and GIS of SGIS information services were used. The distribution diagram of the safety vulnerable class in Samcheok, Gangwon-do, which is a sample area, and the distribution diagram of the safety vulnerable class in units of the output area (OA) in Geundeok-myeon were prepared.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.397-405
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• 2023

Although glutathione (GSH) has been shown to play an important role in the prevention of oxidative damage as an antioxidant, studies on immune regulation by it have not been properly conducted. In this study, we investigated whether luthione^®, a reduced GSH, has an immune enhancing effect in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. The results of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence experiments indicated that luthione increased phagocytic activity, a representative function of macrophages, compared to the control cells. According to the results of the cytokine array, the expression of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-1β, and IL-27 was significantly increased in the luthione-treated cells. Luthione also enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-α and IL-1β through increased expression of their proteins, and increased release of the immune mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ was associated with increased expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. In addition, the expression of cluster of differentiation 86, an M1 macrophage marker, was dramatically enhanced in RAW 264.7 cells treated with luthione. Furthermore, as a result of heat map analysis, we found that cytokine signaling 1/3-mediated signal transducer and activator of transcription/Janus tyrosine kinase signaling pathway was involved in the immunomodulatory effect by luthione. In conclusion, our data suggested that luthione could act as a molecular regulator in M1 macrophage polarization and enhance immune capacity by promoting macrophage phagocytic function.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.45-64
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• 2022

Due to the recent and rapid globalization, logistics outsourcing has expanded globally and is seen as a means of creating a robust logistics system. However, many businesses continue to have difficulties with their logistics outsourcing contracts, which compels them to reinstate the logistics function for internal management. This study aims to investigate how organizational capabilities of logistics service providers (LSPs), notably flexibility, integration, innovation, and technological capabilities, impact on the logistics outsourcing success in Ugandan food processing firms. Using a structured questionnaire survey, cross-sectional data collected from 211 food processing firms in Kampala - Uganda were analyzed by partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using SmartPLS 3.3.7 software to examine the theorized relationships. The study findings revealed that whereas the technological and innovation capabilities positively and significantly influence logistics outsourcing success, the effects of flexibility and integration capabilities were insignificant. Additionally, the importance-performance map analysis (IPMA) reveals that the technological capability is a priority capability, followed by the innovation capability if logistics outsourcing success is to be achieved. Conversely, flexibility and integration capabilities are of low priority.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.35-77
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• 2023

This study aims to solve the entangled loop between demographic transition (DT) and economic growth by analyzing cross-country data. We undertake a national-level group analysis to verify the compressed transition of demographic variables over time. Assuming that the LA (latecomer advantage) on DT over time exists, we verify that the DT of the latecomer is compressed by providing a formal proof of LA on DT over income. As a DT has the double-kinked functions of income, we check them in multiple aspects: early maturation, leftward threshold, and steeper descent under a contour map and econometric methods. We find that the developing countries (the latecomer) have speedy DT (CDT, compressed DT) as well as speedy income such that DT of the latecomers starts at lower levels of income, lasts for a shorter period, and finishes at the earlier stage of economic development compared to that of developed countries (the early mover). To check the balance of DT, we classify countries into four groups of DT---balanced, slow, unilateral, and rapid transition countries. We identify that the main causes of rapid transition are due to the strong family planning programs of the government. Finally, we check the effect of latecomer's CDT on economic growth inversely: we undertake the simulation of the CDT effect on economic growth and the aging process for the latecomer. A worrying result is that the CDT of the latecomer shows a sharp upturn of the working-age population, followed by a sharp downturn in a short period. Compared to early-mover countries, the latecomer countries cannot buy more time to accommodate the workable population for the period of demographic bonus and prepare their aging societies for demographic onus. Thus, we conclude that CDT is not necessarily advantageous to developing countries. These outcomes of the latecomer's CDT can be re-interpreted as follows. Developing countries need power sources to pump up economic development, such as the following production factors: labor, physical and financial capital, and economic systems. As for labor, the properties of early maturation and leftward thresholds on DTs of the latecomer mean that demographic movement occurs at an unusually early stage of economic development; this is similar to a plane that leaks fuel before or just before take-off, with the result that it no longer flies higher or farther. What is worse, the property of steeper descent represents the falling speed of a plane so that it cannot be sustained at higher levels, and then plummets to all-time lows.

• Journal of the Daesoon Academy of Sciences
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• v.25_1
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• pp.25-85
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• 2015

In this study, source criticism (an establishment of authentic text) of the Hyun-Mu Sutra(玄武經) among different editions is studied and an attempt of a new interpretation appropriate to that is attempted. The Hyun-Mu Sutra, a scripture written in 1909, began to communicate with the world through the religions of Jeungsanism. In particular, it was remarkable that The Hyun-Mu Sutra was absorbed as canon textbooks Jeonkyung(典經), the Scriptures of Daesoonjinrihoe, The Fellowship of Daesoon Truth(大巡眞理) from a loner and secret pull-out of heritage traditions. However, this scripture though written in 1909 and more than 100 years has passed, remained in a state unestablished authentic text. The Hyun-Mu Sutra is the scripture consisted of 25 pages by the religions of Jeungsanism[Gang Il-sun 姜一淳(1871~1909)]. 33 page type of Hyun-Mu Sutra has been distributed in the world until now the authentic text of The Hyun-Mu Sutra. However, as a result of the examination, diagnostic scripture(病勢文) was found to have been added by descendants. After a review of authentic text of The Hyun-Mu Sutra, it concluded that there is no diagnostic scripture in primary The Hyun-Mu Sutra. Though The Hyun-Mu Sutra is a booklet of a small amount, the notation and expression is so unique, it has been in secrecy to read its contents. Interpretation way of The Hyun-Mu Sutra up to now can be summarized in two as follows. 1) approaches by I-ching 2) approaches by ten celestrial stemps and twelve earthly branches(10干12支). Approaches by I-ching among this sometimes was supplemented with Buddhist classification methods. Nevertheless, these studies can be evaluated limited because it fails to secure authentic text of The Hyun-Mu Sutra. In this study, the contents of The Hyun-Mu Sutra was examined itemized by focusing on the following four points. 1) The icon of The Hyun-Mu Sutra(玄武經符) is similar as normal talisman(符籍) but it has other features. 2) 'Reverse Fonts'(反書體)[the opposite view of the standard fonts(正書體), reflected in the mirror fonts] and size or location used in text is not in uniform. 3) letters in scripture were pointed and points were stamped in the left and upper and lower characters. 4) "Spiritual poem" (詠歌, the Korean traditional music with a view of elegance as an origin of eco), and the music with the Five-Sounds[宮Gung, 商Sang, 角Gak, 徵Chi, 羽Wu) were related. As a result, content analysis of The Hyun-Mu Sutra is carried out in the next four points. 1) The icon of The Hyun-Mu Sutra (玄武經符) has been primarily developed by Jeungsan. 2) 'Reverse Fonts'(反書體)[the opposite view of the standard fonts(正書體), reflected in the mirror fonts] and reverse location such as '宙宇' [the reverse of '宇宙'] represents based on a new world based on a forward and reverse I-ching(正易). 3) Dot and neighbor points is a symbolic map that guides the position of lateral new world(後天) and era(人尊) 4) Spiritual poem is the entrance to achieve the Realization of Do(道通). The above can be considered as the results of this study.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2022

Recently, Hanmi Gemological Institute & Laboratory (HGI) had an opportunity to examine 5 transparent synthetic moissanite. The round brilliants ranged from 0.93 to 0.96 ct and had a colorless, pink, yellow, blue, and red color. Advanced testing results, including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy, identified all the specimens as synthetic moissanite. Under the microscope, all samples except the colorless were confirmed to be a synthetic moissanite coated with a colored film. EDXRF chemical analysis detected very weak X-ray fluorescence peak characteristics of Ca, Ti, and Co in the colored samples. These features were not detected in the colorless sample. Raman spectroscopy investigation was unable to detect the 1332 cm^-1 (produced by sp³ bonding of carbon atoms) or the ~1550 cm^-1 (produced by graphite-related sp² bonding) peak in the colorless sample. The SEM image of the colorless sample showed no indication of a coating. The TEM image of the colorless sample revealed the presence of a 3~8 nm thick layer on the moissanite. Moreover, from the corresponding STEM Z-contrast image combined with the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) line profiles and EDX elemental maps, this layer was estimated to be carbon, silicon and oxygen.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.265-278
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• 2022

The global energy paradigm is rapidly changing by centering on carbon neutrality, and wind energy is positioning itself as a leader in renewable energy-based power sources. The success of onshore and offshore wind energy projects focuses on securing the economic feasibility of the project, which depends on securing high-quality wind resources and optimal arrangement of wind turbines. In the process of constructing the wind farm, the optimal arrangement method of wind turbines considering the main wind direction is important, and this is related to minimizing the wake effect caused by the fluid passing through the structure located on the windward side. The accuracy of the predictability of the wake effect is determined by the wake model and modeling technique that can properly simulate it. Therefore, in this paper, using WindSim, a commercial CFD model, the wake diffusion pattern is analyzed through the sensitivity study of each wake model of the proposed onshore wind farm located in the mountainous complex terrain in South Korea, and it is intended to be used as basic research data for wind energy projects in complex terrain in the future.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.111-120
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to provide basic information for selecting the right timing and the right place of erosion control of stream on Gyeongsangnam-do. In order to achieve this objective, a total of 526 erosion control dams and 230 mountains stream conservation facilities on the constructed places and construction planned places for the erosion control were investigated on site, forest physiognomy, and hydrologic conditions. The erosion control dams and mountain stream conservation facilities were mostly constructed in the area, which has the sedimentary rock, 200-400m of altitude, a slope of 21~30°, and II of landslide hazard map. Among the forest environmental factors, it was only similar to the construction frequency in the areas that have small diameter class, III age class. Also, we investigated the hydrological environmental factors that determine the size and numbers of erosion control dam. The places constructed to the highest frequency were below 50ha in the area, 2.1~4.0km/㎢ of drainage density, longitudinal water system, 61~90mm of maximum precipitation per hour, and 201~300mm of day maximum precipitation. As the results, the sites and floodgate conditions between the constructed places and stream conservation facilities for the erosion control showed to be very similar. Therefore, these results indicate that the erosion control of the stream of the areas, which have the disruption of mountain peaks and the high erosion risk areas, should be used on both the erosion control dam and stream conservation facilities.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.2B
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• pp.187-197
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• 2008

This study is to assess the impact of future land use change on hydrology and water quality in Gyungan-cheon watershed ($255.44km^2$) using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model. Using the 5 past Landsat TM (1987, 1991, 1996, 2004) and $ETM^+$ (2001) satellite images, time series of land use map were prepared, and the future land uses (2030, 2060, 2090) were predicted using CA-Markov technique. The 4 years streamflow and water quality data (SS, T-N, T-P) and DEM (Digital Elevation Model), stream network, and soil information (1:25,000) were prepared. The model was calibrated for 2 years (1999 and 2000), and verified for 2 years (2001 and 2002) with averaged Nash and Sutcliffe model efficiency of 0.59 for streamflow and determination coefficient of 0.88, 0.72, 0.68 for Sediment, T-N (Total Nitrogen), T-P (Total Phosphorous) respectively. The 2030, 2060 and 2090 future prediction based on 2004 values showed that the total runoff increased 1.4%, 2.0% and 2.7% for 0.6, 0.8 and 1.1 increase of watershed averaged CN value. For the future Sediment, T-N and T-P based on 2004 values, 51.4%, 5.0% and 11.7% increase in 2030, 70.5%, 8.5% and 16.7% increase in 2060, and 74.9%, 10.9% and 19.9% increase in 2090.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.122-138
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• 2023

Today, fishing villages are on the verge of extinction due to severe aging within the population and outward migration. Recent projects and studies targeting fishing villages viewed the fishing villages from an outsider-centered perspective, without a local-centered understanding of the village as a daily living space. Therefore, to understand the settlement environment of fishing villages, this study analyzed empirical data on the usage behavior of fishing village residents to gain insight into the characteristics of the outdoor space uses of residents in fishing villages. In this regard, a face-to-face survey was conducted among residents, and a village map drawn by the villagers showedthe spatial perception of the villagers. Empirical data on the behavior of fishing villagers using the village space was collected and analyzed through GPS. The study results suggested that residents of fishing villages tend to focus on productive activities, such as fishing, leading to a lack of awareness of other leisure activities and spaces. This monotonous pattern of space utilization within the village appears to stem from an absolute lack of available facilities within the target area. Therefore, in future village regeneration projects aimed at improving the quality of life for residents in fishing villages, it is essential to consider the residents' perception and utilization of space as a priority. The results of this study can be considered valuable foundational data for understanding the utilization of spaces within fishing villages and can be effectively utilized in planning initiatives to enhance quality of life.