• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.745-752
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• 1998

컴퓨터의 급속한 보급으로 시각화는 수학 교육자사이의 논의에 자주 등장하는 소재가 되었다. 우리는 다양한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 준비한 수업에 학생들로 임하게는 하지만 거의 그들의 사고 발달과정에는 관심을 갖지 못하고 있다. 이 논문은 구성주의(Constructivism)와 정보처리체계(Information-Processing System)에 입각하여 수학의 시각화를 생각해보고 어떻게 시각화 환경을 준비해야하는지 논해보고자 하였다. 구성주의의 시각화에서는 반영적 추상(reflective abstraction), 반복되는 경험(repeated experience), 그리고 지식 위계성이 학습의 기능 체계를 이루므로 발견적 학습을 통해 학생 스스로 의미를 구성할 수 있도록 Thomas (1992)의 세 가지 제안을 이용하여 수업을 준비할 수 있다. 정보처리체계에서는 지식은 서술적인 것과 과정적인 것으로 나뉘어지고, 시각적 표상을 수록하고 삭제하는 과정과 조작 가능한(manipulative) 환경과의 상호작용으로 기호적 시각으로 표상을 변화하는 과정을 통해 개념을 습득하게된다. 시각화는 스키마와 개념상을 통해서 일어난다. 그래프, 애니메이션, 그리고 다른 시각적 표상 등은 이 개념상에 직접적 효과를 주므로 매우 중요하다. 이런 논란을 바탕으로 교사는 반영적 추상화를 위해 시간을 충분히 제공해야하고, 비슷한 문제를 가지고 여러번 시도를 할 수 있게 하며, 학생을 잘 관찰하여 그들의 지식 위계성을 이해하고 방향을 제시하며, 논리적이고 잘 연결된 시각적 표상을 제공하고, 상징적 사관으로 확장할 수 있게 조작할 수 있는 환경에서 시각화에 대해 학생과 많은 대화를 하도록 수업을 준비해야한다. 그한 예로 타원을 가르치기 위해 몇 가지 테크놀로지를 활용한 시각화 환경을 구성해보았다.ates of bisected bovine embryos by micromanipulator and micropipett were 29.2% and 19.1%, respectively. The rates of non-bisection embryos(46.7%) were significantly higher than those of bisection embryos. 2. The in vitro developmental rates of bisected bovine embryos by micromanipulator, micropipett and pipetting method were 32.4%, 19.4% and 25.6%, respectively.3. The in vitro developmental rates of with and without-zona pellucida of bisected bovine embryos by raicromanipulator were 30.8% and 25.0%, respectively. The rates of nonbisection embryos(53.1%) were significantly higher than those of bisection embryos.랑크톤 군집내 종 천이와 일차생산력에 크게 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다.TEX>5.2개)였으며, 등급별 회수율은 각각 GI(8.5%), GII(13.4%), GIII(43.9%), GIV(34.2%)로 나타났다.ments of that period left both in Japan and Korea. "Hyojedo" in Korea is supposed to have been influenced by the letter design. Asite- is also considered to

• School Mathematics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2007

Division of fractions can be categorized as measurement division, partitive or sharing division, the inverse of multiplication, and the inverse of Cartesian product. Division algorithm for fractions has been interpreted with manipulative aids or models mainly in the contexts of measurement division and partitive division. On the contrary, there are few interpretations for the context of the inverse of a Cartesian product. In this paper the significance and the limits of existing interpretations of division of fractions in the context of the inverse of a Cartesian product were discussed. And some new easier interpretations of division algorithm in the context of a Cartesian product are developed. The problem to determine the length of a rectangle where the area and the width of it are known can be solved by various approaches: making the width of a rectangle be equal to one, making the width of a rectangle be equal to some natural number, making the area of a rectangle be equal to 1. These approaches may help students to understand the meaning of division of fractions and the meaning of the inverse of the divisor. These approaches make the inverse of a Cartesian product have many merits as an introductory context of division algorithm for fractions.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to propose instructional methods using base-ten blocks in teaching the multiplication of decimal for 5th grade students by analyzing the process of their conceptual comprehension of multiplication of decimal. The students in this study were found to understand various meanings of operations (e.g., repeated addition, bundling, and area) by modeling them with base-ten blocks. They were able to identify the algorithm through the use of base-ten blocks and to understand the principle of calculations by connecting the manipulative activities to each stage of algorithm. The students were also able to determine whether the results of multiplication of decimal might be reasonable using base-ten blocks. This study suggests that appropriate use of base-ten blocks promotes the conceptual understanding of the multiplication of decimal.

• School Mathematics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.241-257
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• 2003

The goal of mathematics education in the 7-th national curriculum is focused on maximizing learning effectiveness through teaching mathematics, considering learning contents and levels appropriate to various levels of students' abilities. Thus, reduction of contents, learner-centered way of teaching, and multi-step differentiated learning are centered around the curriculum. However, in reality one of the most difficult problems mentioned by many inservice teachers is that students are not interested in school mathematics because some of them tended to learn mathematics in advance in private institutes and others felt difficult from school mathematics. Thus, alternative solutions are strongly required. When students are more interested in mathematics classes and instructional materials, as a more effective way of teaching, are appropriately used, problems mentioned above are expected to be solved. In order to solve problems, additionally, this study investigated the amount of time assigned to each area of mathematics textbooks from level 1-A to level 6-B, which are currently used in elementary school. This study also examined inservice teachers' views about how instructional materials should be used. This will be helpful on using and developing instructional materials, and it will lead to more exciting classes of mathematics. However, these teaching materials need to be carefully used regarding their relationships with pedagogical transfer, metacognitive movement, and localization.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.171-188
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study is to analyze the actual investigation and classification of osteopathic manipulation by investigation of the various literature of the inside and outside of the country, and to present the application plan of osteopathy in chuna manual therapy for meridian sinew system. Methods : I referred to the domestic and foreign books about osteopathy and chiropractic. In order to investigate domestic dissertations, I searched 4 Korean medical databases and 4 Korean medical journals of osteopathy. Search terms used were osteopathy, osteopathic, fascia, proprioreceptor, mechanoreceptor, muscle spindle, golgi tendon organ, osteopathic manipulation technics. And I classified all the searched studies into principle and region and etc. In order to investigate foreign dissertations, I search 'NCBI pubmed'. Search terms used were osteopathy, osteopathic technique, osteopathic manipulative technique. Results : 1. Osteopathy do not regard the systems which compose the human body in individual territory, but regard whole. It is diagnosis, prevention and medicine which treats 2. Osteopathic manipulation techniques are classified into direct techniques, indirect techniques, and compound techniques. 3. Osteopathic manipulation techniques are classified into fascia, muscle, ligament-joint in applied region. 4. I could search clinical cases in domestic and foreign study. I found cases about myofascial release technique(MFR), postisometric relaxation(PIR), proprioceptive neuromuscular fascilitation(PNF), muscle energy technique(MET), joint mobilization in domestic studies, and strain-counterstrain technique(SCS), MET, AK in foreign studies. Conclusions : Osteopathic manipulation techniques can be used in diagnosis and treatment of meridian muscle theory, because osteopathy and the oriental medicine have many similarities in theoretical background. So osteopathic manipulation technique can be useful in oriental medicine treatment techniques.

• Education of Primary School Mathematics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.19-36
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze the research trends of elementary mathematics education in terms of topics, methods, subjects, mathematics content strands, and mathematical competencies. For this purpose, a total of 596 papers published in eight domestic journals during the recent seven years were analyzed. The results of this study showed that the popular research topics included learners' perspectives and abilities, analysis of curriculum and textbooks, and instruction and teaching methods, whereas studies on assessment and technology or manipulative materials did not get much attention. The results also showed that qualitative research methodology was used a lot with focus on students. The mathematics content strand which was most frequently studied was number and operations, and problem solving was most popular among the mathematical competencies. On the basis of these results, this paper includes several implications for the future research direction in elementary mathematics education.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3 s.39
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• pp.9-17
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• 1999

Objectives: Recently a renovation of the medical-welfare system to reflect the changes of disease spectrum with the demographic changes of society, the increase in income level, and marked concerns for health promotion has been demanded. In accordance with this, attempts have been made to actively integrate traditional medicine based on symptom-differentiated treatment and Western medicine based on disease treatment so that they can complement each other. China has already tried a complementary medical treatment system integrating traditional Chinese and Western medicine. So, this article reviewed major advances in research on integrated traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in China. Methods: The authors analyzed data from clinical articles and experimental works in the ' Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine' Results and conclusions: Each department attempted to integrate Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) and Western Medicine in treatment of various diseases such as malaria, AIDS, and intoxication (rarely found in Korea clinically). Especially in the departments of surgery, dentistry, radiology, and anesthesiology we could see the frequent use of combined treatment. TCM and Western medicine complemented each other very successfully, and the effect of the combined therapy was superior to that of traditional therapy alone. There were diverse methods for therapy in integrated TCM and Western medicine; bath-Tx, physical-Tx, manipulative-Tx, drug -acupuncture, Tibetan medicine, etc. were available in therapy as well as traditional methods such as acupuncture, moxibustion, and negative- Tx. The way of producing Chinese medications were diversified and formulated; making new prescriptions, compounding various kinds of new medicine called' Zhong Cheng Yao' (中成藥) which were easily made, stored, and taken. 'Diagnosis Criteria', 'The effect of TCM Treatment Criteria' were made by committee and broadly used for objectifying diagnosis, discriminating effects of treatments and treatment development, and developing new medical products.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.339-351
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze the processes of observation teaching and the types of observation in elementary life science class. For the purposes of this study, 40 teachers majoring in elementary science education participated in surveys on the processes of observation teaching. In addition, after videotaping the observation classes conducted by three teachers, each teaching in the 3rd to 5th grade, and their one hundred and eight students, we analyzed the processes of observation teaching. As a result, the processes of observation leaching in elementary science class were categorized into 12 stages (motivation, stating the objective, recognizing objects to observe, free and subjective observation, introducing ways to observe, observing by the simple way, introducing additional ways, observing by the manipulative way, making a note of observation, looking over the contents of observation, finding regularities, consolidation). In the types of observation, teachers and students performed mostly simple observing by the visual way. Teachers introduced time-independent/non-compared/whole observing; students concentrated on time-independent/non-compared/particular observing as targets. Thus, students carried out observing in the types of observation that teachers had presented. Consequently, the analysis about the processes of observation teaching can establish an effective teaching program for observing in scientific activities by reconstructing its observing target and suitable topic. The analysis about the types of observation can be applied to set up strategies for improving observation skills.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.103-120
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• 2008

Objectives : This study aims to educate clinical doctors of the valuable practice of Manipulative Therapy(MT) as an opportunity for evidence-based medicine. Consequently it also serves to review the effectiveness and safety of MT. Methods : The literature studies of overseas were done by Cochrane Library and Medline website; those of domestic researches were completed by utilizing the sources which are gained from KERIS, KISS, DBpia, Kisti, and domestic institutes related with MT. Results : Eight papers related to the effectiveness of MT were published in South Korea, which concluded with the positive effects of MT. None of them are, however, well-designed randomized controlled trials(RCT). On the other hand, fifteen cases of nine articles indicate the adverse reaction of MT, and numbers of the researches in overseas revealed the side effects of MT in order of cervical, lumbar, and thoracic vertebrae. A vascular adverse reaction such as vertebral and carotid artery dissection was a highly reported cervical adverse reaction; in the thoracic and lumbar regions, neurological adverse reaction in terms of disc hemiation was frequently discovered. Conclusions : Henceforth, highly qualitative studies are required developing the effective outcomes and preventing any possible complications of MT. Therefore, systemic curriculums in institutions and sufficient clinical training in the filed are strongly recommended.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.317-320
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• 2016

The NH-NongHyup network and servers were paralyzed in 2011, in the 2013 3.20 cyber attack happened and Classified documents of Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. Ltd were leaked on December in 2015. All of them were conducted by a foreign country. These attacks were planned for a long time compared to the script kids attacks and the techniques used were very complex and sophisticated. However, no successful solution has been implemented to defend an APT attack thus far. Therefore, we will use big data analytics to analyze whether or not APT attack has occurred in order to defend against the manipulative attackers. This research is based on the data collected through ISAC monitoring among 3 hierarchical Korean defense system. First, we will introduce related research about big data analytics and machine learning. Then, we design two big data analytics models to detect an APT attack and evaluate the models' accuracy and other results. Lastly, we will present an effective response method to address a detected APT attack.