• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.529-542
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the physical activity level (PAL), the physical activity pattern and the energy expenditure in male and female elementary school soccer players using the accelerometer and the physical activity diary. Methods: Twenty-five (male 11, female 14) elementary school soccer players (9-12 years) participated in this study. During their daily activities, they wore an accelerometer for seven days (five weekdays and two weekend days) and completed the physical activity diary for three days (two weekdays and one weekend day). PAL was calculated by using the physical activity diary and three equations (Pate Preschool, Freedson Children, and Freedson) were used to calculate the intensity of physical activity and energy expenditure from the counts of accelerometer. Results: The average of physical activity by day of the week, CPM (Counts Per Minute) and METs (Metabolic Equivalents) were significantly higher in males ($723.3{\pm}149.2CPM$, $2.07{\pm}0.18METs$) compared to females ($505.6{\pm}119.9CPM$, $1.79{\pm}0.20METs$), but there was no significant difference in PAEE (Physical Activity Energy Expenditure) between the two groups (males: $15.5{\pm}9.1kcal/day$, females: $11.5{\pm}6.0kcal/day$). During weekdays, physical activity intensity was significantly higher in males compared to females at lunch time and training time than at other times. In both genders, the PAL was higher during weekdays (males 1.98, females 1.89) compared to weekend (males 1.62, females 1.61) (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our study observations suggest the necessity to develop an accelerometer equation for accurately evaluating the physical activity of elementary school athletes.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.153-192
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• 2018

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of Korean adults' perception of parent-child relation on their self-efficacy, child rearing practices, elderly parent care practices, and happiness. In this study the parent-child relation is a relationship between the adults' parents and the adults. The participants in the study were adults (2,632; male=1,275, female=1,357) with children in primary, secondary, and/or university, with an average age of 45.44-years-old (male=46.96-years-old, female=44.10-years-old). The results showed a direct influence of the adults' perception of parent-child relation on their self-efficacy and their child rearing practices, and an indirect influence on their happiness. This indicates that a more positive adult's perception of parent-child relation leads to higher self-efficacy and greater devotion to their child rearing practices. And furthermore, an elevated self-efficacy enhanced their happiness. Gender differences were found for the influence of adults' perception of parent-child relation on elderly parent care practices. For Korean male adults, a more positive perception of parent-child relation lead to a more active participation in elderly parent care practices. However, for Korean female adults no direct influence was found. Based on these results, a discussion of the influence of adults' perception of parent-child relation on the adults' psychological characteristics and family-members relationships is provided.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 2020

Purpose: Gastric delta cells (D-cells), which are somatostatin-secreting cells, are the main paracrine inhibitor of acid secretion. The number of D-cells was studied in children presenting with upper gastrointestinal (UGI) disease. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the number of D-cells in the gastric body and antrum through immunofluorescence examinations according to symptoms, endoscopic findings, and Helicobacter pylori infection in 75 children who visited Hanyang University Hospital Pediatrics. Results: The mean patient age was 12.2±3.3 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1:1.4. The mean D-cell number per high-power field in the antrum and body was 20.5 and 12 in children with substernal pain, 18.3 and 10.3 in vomiting, 22.3 and 6 in diarrhea, and 9.3 and 6 in abdominal pain, respectively (p>0.05). According to endoscopic findings, the mean D-cell number in the antrum and body was 14.3 and 6 with gastritis, 14 and 9.3 with reflux esophagitis, 16.7 and 8.7 with duodeno-gastric reflux, 19.3 and 12.7 with gastric ulcer, 16 and 13.7 with duodenitis, and 12.3 and 4 with duodenal ulcer, respectively (p>0.05). The D-cell number in the gastric body was 2.7 and 8.7 in children with current H. pylori infection and non-infected children, respectively (p=0.01), while those in the antrum were 15.5 and 14, respectively, with no statistical significance. Conclusion: The D-cell number was lower in the gastric body of children with current H. pylori infection. Further studies concerning peptide-secreting cells with a control group would provide information about the pathogenic pathways of UGI disorder.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 1976

A group of 132 pre-school children with a mean age of six years and one month was the subjects of this investigation. These children were members of three nursery schools locating in Kwang-ju city. Each child's mother replied to a questionaire which included 42 food items and 4 questions. The results showed that the food preference of each child was variable and the group as a whole expressed more positive than negative feelings. The average number of foods liked per child was 22.9(range: $7{\sim}42$) among 42 food items. Peach, Apple, Strawberry, Laver, Egg, Tomato, Sweet Potato, Tangerine Orange and Beef were ranked in descending order of 'like' ratings. The average number of foods refused was 4.9 (range: $0{\sim}25$). Onion, Liver, Red Pepper Leaf, Root of Bellflower, Taro, Wild Seasame Leaf, Egg Plant, Cabbage, Water Cress and Bracken were ranked in descending order of 'refuse' ratings. The odor of hurting feelings, the hot taste and the flabby texture were the reasons why the children refused these foods. The average number of foods unexperienced was 4.4 (range: $0{\sim}14$). Kidney, Dried Small Whitebail, Tangle (DA SHI MA), Liver, SA RI Mushroom, Acorn Mook, Dried Fragrant Mushroom, Pine Agaric, Root of Bellflower and Ped Pepper Leaf were ranked in descending order of 'unexperience' ratings. Children's 'like' rating toward total foods was 57.3% and the 'refuse' rating was 11.7%. Among eight food groups, fruits showed the highest favority (91.4%) and mushroom showed the least (25.9%). The difference between male and female in the preference of total foods did not showed significant level. But the difference were significant in those of individual food groups; other vegetables, green and yellow leafy vegetables, mushrooms(above, p.<01), fishes and shellfish and sea weeds (above, p<.05). Children who had experienced meals missed rated 59.1% and 34.1% of these children missed meals once a week. The main reason for maels missed was due to the heavey snacks before meal time. Children who had snacks twice a day rated 45.6%. Main foods used as their snacks were starch foods (Cake, Biscuit, Sweet Potato) and citrous foods (Fruits, Apple, Tangerine).

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.23 no.3 s.31
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• pp.309-315
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• 1990

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of zinc administration on the autistic children. The subject diagnosed as infantile autism were 24 male and 10 female children of a special school in Taegu city. Control group were selected from 1:2 ratio matched with cases on sex and age. The results were as followings. In female autistic group, the mean content of zinc in hair was significantly lower than control group, but in male the result was inverse at all age group. The content of zinc in hair showed significant correlation with age in male autistic group and control group. Zinc content of hair, age and sex accounted for 37.2% of the variance of autistic score and the most significant variable was zinc content. Autistic group were divided into two group. Group I which zinc content of hair below 150 ppm were administrated with multi-vitamin contained 10 mg of zinc, Group II which zinc content of hair above 150 ppm were administrated with placebo. Total administration period was eight weeks. In zinc administration group, there was a decreasing tendency of autistic score as the zinc content of hair was increased but the relationship was not statistically significant.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the correlates of depression and perception gap of adolescents' Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) between Parents and Children. Methods: Research targets are all students and their parents who are enrolled in from 1st~3rd grade of middle school to $1^{st}$ grade of high school which was selected intentionally. The survey was conducted from May $16^{th}$ to June $9^{th}$ in 2014 by research staffs equipped with structured questionnaire. $PedsQL^{TM}4.0$ Generic Core Scales and Korean form of the Kovacs' Children's Depression Inventory were the main tool for measuring the HRQOL and depression. Data of 985 respondents, both of parents and children, was used for analysis of this study. Results: In terms of gender difference of depression, 5.8% of adolescents, 3.2% of male and 8.5% of female (p<0.001), are shown depression symptom. Depression rate of the low level students of academic achievement was 11.0% which is the lowest rate to compare to 4.3% of middle level and 2.6% of high level students (p<0.001). The case that parents overestimated their children's overall HRQOL is 3.699 times more likely to have depression symptom than the case which is in concurrence between parents and children. Especially the overestimation in social, emotional, and academic area of HRQOL promote depression 3.918 times, 3.371 times, and 2.258 times more than the agreement occurred of each areas. In contrast underestimation in physical area of HRQOL reduce depression 0.266 times less than the agreement occurred of the area. Conclusion: The perception gap of adolescents' HRQOL between parents and children is the most influential factor to adolescents' depression among all variables which was evaluated in this study.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.525-533
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was designed to find out the effect of game and mandala convergence approach on the attention ability of the with school aged children. Method : The subjects of study were 30 children(11 male, 19 female) with school aged children who were attending in A, B community children center located in B city. The intervention was administered for 4 weeks : 3 times a weeks and 12 sessions in total. They were separated into a mandala group(n=10), game group(n=10) and control group(n=10). The experimental group was provided game and mandala program for 4 weeks. Each group examined though FAIR attention and concentration test. Result : The results of this study showed that the game and mandala program was effective to improved attention ability of the school aged children. Conclusion: This study concludes that game and mandala program had effect on the improvement of children's attention.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.447-456
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of gender equality consciousness on view of marriage and children in university students. Research tools used questionnaires to understand the level of gender equality consciousness, view on marriage and children. Participants were 205 university students in S city and analysis by frequency, percentage, average, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression using SPSS 28.0 program. The gender equality consciousness appeared as an average of 4.23 points and female students were higher than male students. Gender equality consciousness was negatively correlated with view on marriage and children. Gender equality consciousness in home living life area affected the views on marriage and children. This means that the higher than the higher the sense of gender equality in home living life area, the view on marriage and children was more liberal. To form a positive view of marriage and children of university students, balanced education programs between men and women for gender equality are needed.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.149-160
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• 2003

Objective : Essential oil inhalation and He-Ne laser treatment has become increasingly available in children with nasal diseases. But the reports on the effect and prognosis have been poor. In this study, we analyzed the treatment effect, recurrence rate and the degree of recurrent symptoms. Materials/Methods: 23 children(2-10 year-old) with nasal diseases, who received essential oil inhalation with He-Ne laser treatment at least 10 times in our hospital from January 1st 2001 to December 31th 2002 were studied. Result : Ten cases are male & thirteen cases are female. The average of age was 4.91 year-old. The most frequency symptoms are nasal discharge (82.6%), nasal obstruction (78.3%), cough (47.8%), secretion sound (39.1%), sneezing (17.4%). Average numbers of treatment period, interval and treatment times are 71.79 days, 4.06 days, 18.13 times respectively. Of the 23 children, 14 children were in 'all symptom improved' at the remedial ends, and 22 children relapsed. In the degree of recurrent symptoms, 15 children were in 'more improved then before-treatment and not equal to directly remedial ends'. No case was in 'worse than before-treatment'. The final result of treatment, 6 children keep the degree of remedial ends, on the other hand 17 children are not. Conclusions : Even though, the recurrence rate was high, this combined treatment improve nasal symptoms. The final assessment is good, when the treatment-result is good, when the treatment interval is regular and when parent's are cooperative. If the symptoms continue a whole year, the result is not so good.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.203-210
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• 2016

According to the research on the gender ratio of furniture design courses at universities, female students account for 70 to 80 percent of the total enrollments. Likewise, other design courses reveal the similar trend. Even though female students want to build up their career in the furniture design or related fields, the figure is not so high. There is a trend that many female designers tend to take time off or quite their jobs after their marriage for that reasons such as pregnancy, childbirth, the upbringing of children and so on. The study also shows that women with higher education feel more difficult to resume their careers after being left from economic activity for a long period; this results in the lower figure of women involved in the specialized jobs than men. In particular, the furniture companies avoid hiring old female designers because they believe that younger candidates are more capable of learning the latest style; therefore, it has become harder for the job seeks to win the competition in the job market. The data released by Statistics Korea in 2015 shows that there was the higher increase in female employees than the figure of the male workers, compared to the previous year. As it can be seen, female workforce was emerged as the new growth power; Nevertheless, the working environment and conditions haven't meet the demands from women despite the gradual rise of female job seekers inspired by their wish to achieve self-realization, gender equality. To conclude, this is to suggest the plans for the foundation and management of small-scale carpentry studios so that women, who have a degree in furniture design studies and wish to resume their careers after their long breaks, start their own carpentry studios so as to reach self-realization and feel satisfied with their work while earning their livelihoods.