• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.34-42
• /
• 1989

This pot experiments were conducted to find out the optimal fertilization ratios of ${\Sigma}anion$ : ${\Sigma}cation$, ${\Sigma}A$/${\Sigma}C$, and the optimal application rates of total major nutrients in an orchardgrass/ladino clover mixed sward. The optimum ratios and concentrations in equivalent basis were computed by the Homes systematic variations technique. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The optimum fertilization ratios of ${\Sigma}A$ : ${\Sigma}C$ and the optimum application rates of total nutrients for the high yields by forage species in a mixed sward were obtained (Table 6 in detail); ${\Sigma}A$ : ${\Sigma}C$ = 2 : 1 at 80 and 320 meq/pot, and 3 : 2 at 560 and 800 meq for grass and grass plus legume, and ${\Sigma}A$ : ${\Sigma}C$ = 1 : 2 for legume in general. 2. The optimum application rates of total nutrients for the high yields of grass and grass plus kgum were increased by decreasing the ${\Sigma}A$/ ${\Sigma}C$: ratio, whereas these for legume showed a valible. range without significance. 3. The yields 01 grass and grass plus legume were generally increasing by increasing both the ${\Sigma}A$/ ${\Sigma}C$ ratio and total concentration, but they were significantly higher at the ${\Sigma}A$/ ${\Sigma}C$ = 1.273 than at the 2.125 under the high total ion concentration. The legume yields were proportional to ${\Sigma}C$ ratio and increased by increasing the total ion concentration under the condition of high ${\Sigma}C$ ratio. 4. The efficiencies of ${\Sigma}A$ and ${\Sigma}C$ in relation to the grass and grass plus legume yields were highest with the low ratios of each other and the low rates of total nutrients ${\Sigma}A$ efficiency m the legume yield tended to be similar to that of ${\Sigma}A$ in the grass yield noted above. The ${\Sigma}C$ efficiency in the legume yield, however, was generally proportional to the ${\Sigma}C$ ratio except at the low rate of 80 meqlpot. 5. The yields of grass plus legume, yield components and botanical compositions in a mixed sward were greatly influenced by the ${\Sigma}A$/${\Sigma}C$ ratios, the fertilization rates of total nutrients, and the interaction of ratio and rate noted above. These effects were generally different and opposite accading to grass and legume. In addition, the soil chemical properties and mineral contents of forages were partially influenced by these systematic variations.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.42-47
• /
• 1986

The fatty acid composition of lipids extracted from 18 kinds of salted and fermented sea foods which have been consumed in Korea were examined. The lipid contents of salted and fermented sea foods showed wide difference (0.8-11.9%) depending on species and portions of raw materials. In fatty acid composition of salted and fermented sea foods prepared with whole fishes, the saturated fatty acid was the most predominant component, and the major fatty acids were 16:0, 18:1, 22:6, 16:1 and 20:5. In case of salted and fermented products prepared with gills, roe or intestines, the polyenoic fatty acid was the main component, the major fatty acids were 18:1, 16:0, 22:6, 20:5, 16:1 and 18:3. In these products the composition ratios of 20:5 and 18:3 were higher, and that of 16:0 and 16:1 were slightly lower as compared with salted and fermented whole fish products. And in case of salted and fermented crustacea and mollusk, the polyenoic fatty acids such a 22:6 and 20:5 were the most predominant component, the abundant fatty acids were 22:6, 16:0, 20:5, 18:1 and 16:1. Judging from results, salted and fermented sea foods were abundant of the highly unsaturated fatty acids such as 20:5, 22:6 inspite of the long fermentation periods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.338-345
• /
• 2009

Scaled-up low-trans shortening (LTS) was produced by lipase-catalyzed interesterification. Blend of rice bran oil (RBO), palm stearin (PS) and high oleic sunflower seed oil (HO) with 1:2:0.9 (w/w/w) ratio was interesterified using immobilized lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TLIM) in the batch type reactor at $65^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr, and physicochemical melting properties of LTS were compared with commercial shortening. Solid fat content (SFC) of commercial shortening (used as control) and LTS was similar at 9.56 and 8.77%, respectively, at $35^{\circ}C$. Major fatty acids in LTS were C16:1 (33.7 wt%), C18:1 (45.7 wt%) and C18:2 (13.4 wt%). Trans fatty acid content in the commercial shortening (4.8 wt%) was higher than that of LTS (0.5 wt%). After reverse-phase HPLC analysis, major triacylglycerol (TAG) species in LTS were POO, POP and PLO. Total tocopherol, ${\gamma}$-oryzanol and phytosterol contents in the LTS were 12.37, 0.43 and 251.38 mg/100 g, respectively. Hardness of LTS was similar to that of commercial shortening. Also, x-ray diffraction analysis showed coexistence of ${\beta}'$ and ${\beta}$ form in the LTS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.43 no.1
• /
• pp.93-101
• /
• 2014

Asymmetric 1,2-distearoyl-3-oleoyl-rac-glycerol (SSO) triacylglycerol (TAG) is used as a cocoa butter replacer (CBR). In this study, it was produced by lipase-catalyzed interesterification of fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) and oleic ethyl ester (OEE) in a batch type reactor at $75^{\circ}C$, 250 rpm. Different molar ratios (FHSBO : OEE=1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, w/w) and various reaction times (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr) were also tested. The optimized condition for SSO was a FHSBO : OEE molar ratio of =1:1 at reaction times of 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr. Enzymatic synthesis generated SSO/SOS, as well as the other TAGs (e.g., PSO/POS, SOO/OSO, SSS), ethyl esters, monoacylglycerol (MAG), and diacylglycerol (DAG). After scale-up, fractionation by solvent (methanol and acetone) fractionation and column chromatography was applied. To reduce ethyl esters, high-melting TAGs (e.g., SSS), and SOO/OSO in reactants, solvent fractionation was applied. Using a silica gel column (sample : silica gel=2:1, wt%), MAG and DAG were removed at $25^{\circ}C$. The major fatty acid composition of the final products (with a high SSO/SOS content) was palmitic acid (C16:0, 10.9~12.9 area%), stearic acid (C18:0, 52.2~54.9 area%), and oleic acid (C18:1, 34.2~35.5 area%). In reversed-phase HPLC analysis, the major TAG species of the final product (FHSBO : OEE=1:1, 2 hr) were SSO/SOS (82.31 area%) and PSO/POS (14.51 area%). Based on the $[SS]^+$ : $[SO]^+$ ratio obtained by RP-HPLC/APCI-MS, the final product had a higher SSO (AAB type TAG) content than cocoa butter (CB). The solid fat index (SFI) of CB and the final product obtained were similar with a narrow melting point range around ~32 to $35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.335-342
• /
• 2017

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc. var. simpliciflora Nakai (SSN) has been used for the anti-inflammation in traditional folk medicine. To compare water and methanol extracts of SSN, we analyzed major components using LC IT TOF MS. The major components of hot water extract were identified as caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid, but methanol extract was not well established. However, methanol extract was detected with less polarity compounds compared to hot water extract. Next, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SSN water extract on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response or $H_2O_2-induced$ oxidative stress in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. SSN strongly suppressed the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced inflammatory response without cytotoxcity. The SSN possessed free radical scavenging activities such as DPPH ($IC_{50}=320.2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), ABTS ($IC_{50}=124.0{\mu}g/m{\ell}$), and superoxide anion radical ($IC_{50}=122.6{\mu}g/m{\ell}$). The total phenol and flavonoid content of SSN was 56.7 mg/g, and 15.1 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, SSN decreased the $H_2O_2-induced$ cytotoxicity by enhancing the cell viability, and SSN significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Therefore, SSN may be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent and/or treat various inflammation and ROS-induced diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.42 no.6
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2014

This study analyzes the validity of the type classification of the type and design changes of apartment landscaping planting construction design changes that were completed in the private sector, efficiently manages the design changes that are displayed over landscaping planting work in general in the future, and performs research by placing the object underlying the presentation. The results are as follows. First, the percentage that occurred in the planting construction of design changes that have occurred in the apartment landscaping construction was carried out in the private sector and accounted for 61.8%. This indicates that part of the planting is a major design change. Second, as the cause of such a design change to be those associated with the field conditions such as lack of main construction period. In particular, due to a change in oral, appeared 7-48 times design changes of one review design change approval is complex, design changes of planting construction had shown a feature that occurs in multiple simultaneous. Third, the 7 types of Design Changes in planting design were delineated as 'design changes for consideration of the user', 'design changes for image improvement', 'design changes for ease of maintenance', 'design changes due to the mismatch of design statement', 'design changes due to the relationship with the engineering species of other', 'design changes due to lack of field study', and 'design changes due to the consideration of feasibility.' Fourth, 'design changes for consideration of the user' and 'design changes for image improvement' were found in more than half of the frequency of the overall changes. This differed from the results shown in public corporations. Fifth, if planting construction design change process, private companies, it was found that is showing the approval of the practice after the previous construction of the construction cost savings due to construction time. However, in the case of a public corporation, these exhibited a different aspect from the private sector and show a design change procedure that reflects the changes after the design change events in the field have occurred. The above results, the type of landscaping works in planting design change of public enterprises, regardless of the private sector, is the same in the seven types, the main reason of and procedures for design changes, indicating that there are other respects. In design change, it may be desirable to apply becomes liquidity rationality and efficiency of the dimension, depending on the nature of the landscape construction.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.46 no.5
• /
• pp.609-615
• /
• 2014

The cytoprotective effect of Moringa oleifera Lam. (drumstick tree) on neuronal cells was investigated to confirm the physiological benefits associated with this natural food resource. First, the drumstick tree extract was chemically analyzed to determine inherent nutritional constituents. Calcium and potassium were identified as the major mineral constituents, and palmitic acid (C16:0, 16.33%) and gadoleic acid (C20:01, 66.34%) were detected as the major fatty acids. Moreover, drumstick tree extract contained 94.78 mg/100 g vitamin E and 112.61 mg/100 g niacin. PC12 cells were used to study the cytoprotective effects of drumstick tree extract. Intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species was significantly reduced when $H_2O_2$ treated-neuronal cells were cultured in a medium containing the methanolic extract of drumstick tree, compared to cells treated with only $H_2O_2$. Cell viability assay using MTT showed that the extract protected cells against $H_2O_2$-induced neurotoxicity and inhibited LDH leakage from the cell membrane. Caspase assay showed that the extract exerted cytoprotective effect against apoptosis. Consequently, these data suggest that drumstick tree is a useful natural resource with positive effects on human health.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.93-105
• /
• 2015

This study was performed to analyze genetic relationships of the four major cucurbitaceous crops including watermelon, melon, cucumber, and squash/pumpkin. Among 120 EST-SSR primer sets selected from the International Cucurbit Genomics Initiative (ICuGI) database, PCR was successful for 51 (49.17%) primer sets and 49 (40.8%) primer sets showed polymorphisms among eight Cucurbitaceae accessions. A total of 382 allele-specific PCR bands were produced by 49 EST-SSR primers from 24 Cucurbitaceae accessions and used for analysis of pairwise similarity and dendrogram construction. Assessment of the genetic relationships resulted in similarity indexes ranging from 0.01 to 0.85. In the dendrogram, 24 Cucurbitaceae accessions were classified into two major groups (Clade I and II) and 8 subgroups. Clade I comprised two subgroups, Clade I-1 for watermelon accessions [I-1a and I-1b-2: three wild-type watermelons (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides Mats. & Nakai), I-1b-1: six watermelon cultivars (Citrullus lanatus var. vulgaris S chrad.)] a nd C lade I -2 for melon and cucumber accessions [I-2a-1 : 4 melon cultivars(Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis Naudin.), I-2a-2: oriental melon cultivars (Cucumis melo var. conomon Makino.), and I-2b: five cucumber cultivars (Cucumis sativus L.)]. Squash and pumpkin accessions composed Clade II {II-1: two squash/ pumpkin cultivars [Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.)/Duch. & Poir. and Cucurbita maxima Duch.] and II-2: two squash/pumpkin cultivars, Cucurbita pepo L./Cucurbita ficifolia Bouche.}. These results were in accordance with previously reported classification of Cucurbitaceae species, indicating that watermelon EST-SSRs show a high level of marker transferability and should be useful for genetic study in other cucurbit crops.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.221-231
• /
• 2023

Great tit (Parus major) is a bioindicator species that can measure environmental changes in urban ecosystems and plays an important role in maintaining health as a representative insectivorous bird. Researchers have utilized artificial nest box surveys to understand the reproductive ecology of the Paridae family of birds, including the Great tits, but it is difficult to conduct a macroscopic study due to spatial and temporal limitations. This study designed and applied a citizen-participatory monitoring of artificial nest boxes project to transcend the limitations of expert-centered monitoring methods. The Suwon Front Yard Bird Monitoring Team installed artificial nest boxes in green spaces in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province and observed the reproductive ecology of the Paridae family through the participation of voluntary citizen surveyors. Participants were recruited through an online survey from February 9 to February 22, 2021, and they directly performed from installation to observation of artificial next boxes from February 23 to August 31, 2021. Online education was provided to the volunteers for the entire monitoring process to lower the entry barrier for non-expert citizen surveyors and collect consistent data, and observation records were collected through a mobile app. A total of 98 citizen surveyors participated in the citizen-participatory monitoring of artificial nest boxes project, and 175 (84.95%) of the 256 distributed artificial nest boxes were installed in green spaces in Suwon City. Among the installed artificial nest boxes, the results of the citizen science project were confirmed for 173 (83.98%), excluding two boxes with position coordinate generation errors. A total of 987 artificial nest box observation records were collected from citizen surveyors, with a minimum of one time, a maximum of 26 times, and an average of 5.71±4.37 times. The number of observations of artificial birdhouses per month was 70 times (7.09%) in February, 444 times (44.98%) in March, 284 times (28.77%) in April, 133 times (13.48%) in May, 46 times (4.66%) in June, 6 times (0.61%) in July, and 4 times (0.41%) in August. Birds using the artificial nest boxes were observed in 57 (32.95%) of the 173 installed artificial nest boxes, and they included Great tit (Parus major) using 12 boxes (21.05%), Varied Tit (Parus varius) using 7 boxes (12.28%), and unidentified birds using 38 boxes (66.67%). This study is the first to consider citizen participation in the monitoring of artificial nest boxes, a survey method for the reproductive ecology of the Paridae family, including Great tits, and it can be utilized as basic data for the design of ecological monitoring combined with citizen science in the future.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.75-113
• /
• 1982

Studies were carried out 1) to define the shape and size of sampling quadrat and its number of observations for weed experiments, 2) to characterize the growth and community of major summer weeds under upland condition and 3) to investigate the factors influencing competition between weeds and soybeans under weed-free and weedy conditions in early and late season cultures. No significant difference was noted among different shapes of quadrat (regular, rectangular, band, and circular) in the sampling efficiency of weeds. The results also suggested that the minimum size of quadrat was 0.25$m^2$ and the minimum number of replication was 2 times per plot. The major dominant weeds were about 10 species in the experimental field and the total number of weeds was in the range of 70 - 1,600 plants per $m^2$. Among the weeds Digitaria sanguinalis and Portulaca oleracea were the most dominant species. Growth amount and reproduction capability were also measured by weed species. Five different weed communities were identified in the field. The degree of dispersion by weed species and association among weeds were investigated. Intra-(within soybeans) and inter-specific (between soybeans and weeds) competition were studied in early and late season cultures of soybeans. The average yield of soybeans per plant was significantly decreased in both season cultures due to intra-specific competition as the planting density of soybeans increased, On the other hand, the average yield of soybeans per l0a was proportionally increased to the increase of planting density and the rate of its increase was more significant under weedy than weed-free condition. Most of the agronomic characteristics of soybeans were affected by weeds and its degree was greater in sparse planting than in dense planting and in early season than in late-season culture. Digitaria sanguinalis was the most competitive to soybeans in early season and both of Digitaria sanguinalis and Portulaca oleracea affected primarily the growth of soybeans in late season with about the same competitiveness. The occurrence of weeds was significantly decreased in early season and slightly decreased in late-season by dense planting of soybeans. The total growth amount of weeds was also considerably decreased by increase of soybean planting density both in early- and late-season cultures. The occurrence of Digitaria sanguinalis which was the most dominant in both seasons, and its growth amount was significantly decreased as the planting density of soybean was increased. On the other hand, the occurrence of Portulaca oleracea which was only dominant in late-season culture did not show significant response to the planting density of soybeans.