• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.511-515
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• 2006

The chemical composition and antioxidative activities of Platycodon grandiflorum leaves and stems was investigated in order to evaluate the potential as functional food material. The moisture contents of leaves and stems were 84.31% and 75.91%, respectively. The Ca content was the highest in leaves (351.49 mg%) and stems (217.56 mg%). The major free sugar of leaves was glucose (1,729.87 mg%) However major free sugar of stems was fructose (734.91 mg%). Glutamic acid (242.91 mg%) and arginine (228.60 mg%) in leaves were major amino acids, lysine (110.08 mg%) and glutamic acid (80.40 mg%) in stems were major amino acids. Oleic acid and linoleic acid were major fatty acids in crude fat of both leaves and stems. DPPH free radical scavenging activities of fractions from leaves and stems were rising with increasing amount of fractions. Like antioxidant activity, the reducing power of fractions from leaves and stems was also dependent on concentration while butanol fraction of stems showed the highest reducing power.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.134-137
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• 2002

Approximate composition and physicochemical properties of 2 cultivars of plum (P. salicina), Humoosa and Daeseok, were examined. The contents of crude fat and N-free extract were different between 2 cultivars. Total mineral contents of Humoosa and Daeseok were 30.00 and 17.99% respectively, and S, K and Mg were major minerals in both cultivars. Humoosa has higher contents of fructose whereas Daeseok has higher contents of sucrose. Major organic acid in flesh was malic acid. While citric acid was major organic acid in the peel of Humoosa, malic acid was major in the peel of Daeseok. Glutamic acid, alanine and ${\gamma}-aminoisobutyric$ acid were major free amino acid in both cultivars and their total contents were about the same.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2005

We evaluated the nutritional composition of the siphon of the surf clam Tresus keenae in regard to the presence of nitrogenous [amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, total creatinine, betaine, trimethylamine oxide (TMAO), and trimethylamine (TMA)] and non­nitrogenous compounds (sugars and organic acids), lipid fatty-acid composition, and occurrence of minerals. The content of total free amino acids was 660.27 $\pm$ 7.94 mg/100 g, and the predominant amino acids were arginine, alanine, sarcosine, glycine, and glutamic acid. These amino acids accounted for $71\;\%$ of the total free amino acids. Among the nucleotides and their related compounds, inosine was the major component and comprised 40.38 $\pm$ 0.02 mg/100 g. Free amino acids were the largest contributor to total extracted nitrogen, comprising $49.94\%$, followed by total creatinine, betaine, nucleotides, and ammonia; the contribution of TMAO and TMA was small. For the non-nitrogenous compounds, malic acid, propionic acid, and succinic acid comprised the major portion of the ten kinds of organic acids detected, and the sugars found were glucose, maltose, and arabinose, which were estimated to be $147.0\pm7.15,\;34.45\pm1.09,\;and\;1.21\pm0.02\;mg/100\;g,$ respectively. The predominant minerals were Na and K, which comprised $11.43\pm1.06\;and\;9.46\pm1.02\;mg/100\;g,$ respectively. The major fatty acids were C22:6, C20:5, C23:0, C18:3, and C16:0 in the lipid fractions. The 23:0 level of glycolipid (GL) was the highest of any other lipid fraction. The amount of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the lipid fractions was higher, ranging from $58.22\%\;in\;GL\;to\;77.1\%$ in phospholipid (PL), compared to the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Of the n-3 fatty acids, C20:5 and C22:6 contributed $35.30-64.44\%$ of PUFA in the lipid fractions. The ratios of n-3 to n-6 PUFA in total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL), PL, and GL were 4.35, 4.26, 6.69, and 2.04, respectively.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.297-310
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• 1998

Geochemical characteristics of environmental toxic elements at the Narim mine area were investigated on the basis of major, minor, rare earth element geochemistry and mineralogy. Ratios of $Al_2O_3/Na_2O$ and $K_2O/Na_2O$ in soils and sediments range from 11.57 to 22.21 and from 1.86 to 3.93, and are partly negative and positive correlation against $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ (3.41 to 4.78), respectively. These suggested that sediment source of host granitic gneiss could be due to rocks of high grade metamorphism originated by sedimentary rocks. Characteristics of some trace and rare earth elements of V/Ni (0.33 to 1.95), Ni/Co (2.00 to 6.50), Zr/Hf (11.27 to 53.10), La/Ce (0.44 to 0.55), Th/Yb (4.07 to 7.14), La/Th (2.35 to 3.93), $La_N/Yb_N$ (6.58 to 13.67), Co/Th (0.63 to 2.68), La/Sc (3.29 to 5.94) and Sc/Th (0.49 to 1.00) are revealed a narrow range and homogeneous compositions may be explained by simple source lithology. Major elements in all samples are enriched $Al_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$ and LOI, especially $Fe_2O_3$ (mean=7.36 wt.%) in sediments than the composition of host granitic gneiss. The average enrichment indices of major and rare earth elements from the mining drainage are 2.05 and 2.91 of the sediments and are 2.02 and 2.60 of the soils, normalizing by composition of host granitic gneiss, respectively. Average composition (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements in sediments and soils are Ag=14 and 1, As=199 and 14, Cd=22 and 1, Cu=215 and 42, Pb=1770 and 65, Sb=18 and 3, Zn=3333 and 170, respectively, and extremely high concentrations are found in the subsurface sediments near the ore dump. Environmental toxic elements were strongly enriched in all samples, especially As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb and Zn. The level of enrichment was very severe in mining drainage sediments, while it was not so great in the soils. Based on the EPA value, enrichment index of toxic elements is 8.63 of mining drainage sediments and 0.54 of soils on the mining drainage. Mineral composition of soils and sediments near the mining area were partly variable being composed of quartz, mica, feldspar, amphibole, chlorite and clay minerals. From the gravity separated mineralogy, soils and sediments are composed of some pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, goethite and various hydroxide minerals.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.322-328
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• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the Quality of salted eggplants with mixed rice bran and salt during 7 days at $4^{\circ}\C$ for the quality improvement and arrangement of eggplants exported to Japan. It was carried out to analyze the changes of the color, organic acids, amino acids and minerals during salting. L and b values of eggplants were decreased, and a value of eggplants was increased during salting. Organic acids such as acetic, citric, lactic, malic, and succinic acids were analyzed from eggplants. The content of acetic and malic acid were decreased during salting, but citric and succinic acid contents were increased The major amino acids were alanine, glycine, valine and leucine. Total amino acid content of Chukyang was decreased but that of Shikibu was not changed during salting. The major free amino acid was $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid and contents of $\alpha$-aminoadipic acid and $\gamma$-aminobutyric acid were increased during salting. Sodium and potassium were major minerals of eggplants. Sodium, potassium and magnesium were increased during salting.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.465-471
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• 2006

The chemical components of chlorella powder and quality characteristics (texture, color and sensory evaluation etc.) of white bread added with chlorella powder in order to use as a new functional food material of chlorella powder were examined. The proximate composition was composed of crude protein 61.45%, crude fiber 13.47%, nitrogen free extract 13.15%, ash 6.35%, moisture 3.27% and crude fat 2.31%, respectively. The component of major minerals were P (1,478.94 mg%), K (250.54 mg%), Ca (147.24 mg%) and Na (107.26 mg%) and free sugar was composed of maltose 0.12%, glucose 0.09% and fructose 0.08%. The major amino acids of chlorella powder were glutamic acid(4,009.20 mg%), aspartic acid(3,017.72 mg%), proline(3,055.24 mg%), methionine(3,001.52 mg%) and histidine(2,951.06 mg%). The major fatty acids in chlorella powder were composed of linoleic acid and the amounts of those showed 34.27%. The volume tended to increase according to the addition of chlorella powder. Substituting chlorella powder with flour also resulted in decreased lightness, redness and yellowness of the white bread crust The color of white bread crust became darker as the amount of chlorella powder increased. The texture characteristics of white bread containing chlorella powder was no significant difference. The result of sensory evaluation by QDA (quantitative descriptive analysis) showed that overall acceptability of white broads containing 0.2% chlorella powder were higher than that of control without chlorella powder.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1723-1727
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• 2008

Chlorella sp. CMS-1 strain was isolated from the outdoors cultivation pools in Culmansa Co., Ltd. This strain was found to be a rounded type of 3 ${\mu}m$. Phylogenetic analysis by the 18S rRNA sequencing using isolated strain is most similar to Chlorella sp. IFRPD 1018 gene at the level of nucleotide sequence identity at 99%. Accordingly, the isolated Chlorella strain was named as Chlorella sp. CMS-1 based on its morphological and phylogenetic properties. The concentrations of crude protein and fat were 59% and 0.01%, respectively. Major compositional amino acids (mg%) were glutamic acid 6.21, alanine 5.76, aspartic acid 5.44%, glycine 4.29%, and threonine 3.09% and major free amino acids (mg%) were ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 7.13%, L-alanine 1.44%, L-glutamic acid 0.90, L-leucine 0.26% and L-glycine 0.20%. The concentrations of major minerals were P 2.25%, K 2.25%, Na 1.09%, Mg 0.63%, and Ca 0.28%.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1989

Devonian Geochang foliated granite and Jurassic plutonic rocks intrude Precambrian metamorphic Complex at Geochang area, southern part of the Korean Peninsular. Among them hornblendes from four Jurassic plutonic bodies which have had no trace of metamorphism or deformation since their intrusion were dated by K-Ar method. Hornblende gabbro dike which intruded Anorthosite of unknown age revealed $204{\pm}10Ma$, and hornblende granite and hornblende-biotite granodiorite were $178{\pm}9Ma$ and $181{\pm}9Ma$, repectively. Also, hornblende diorite which partly showing primary foliations were $178{\pm}9Ma$, so igneous activity of Geochang area, northern part of Jirisan, were active about 180 Ma before. Microprobe data of dated hornblends and other major constituent minerals such as plagioclases and biotites were also reported, and their chemical composition showed systematic changes in terms of lithologic types.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.175-180
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• 2014

The present study was conducted to characterize physicochemical properties of chub mackerel bones (CMB) to evaluate its potential as a food resource. The proximate composition of CMB showed 40.4% moisture, 13.8% crude fat, 15.2% crude protein, and 28.7% ash. The major minerals in CMB were calcium (26.27 g/100 g) and phosphorus (15.88 g/100 g). The amino acids were rich in glycine, proline, glutamic acid, and alanine. The contents of total and neutral lipids, glycolipid and phospholipid were shown to be 16.05%, 95%, 2.32%, and 3.15%, respectively. The major fatty acids were C22:6, C16:0, C18:1, C20:5, C18:0, C17:0, C14:0, C20:1 in order. The fatty acid contents of total and neutral lipid were in a range of 39.25% and 44.54% for saturated and 33.61% and 34.05% for polyunsaturated, respectively. The breaking strength and hardness of intact CMB were 10.01 and $50.03kgf/cm^2$, whereas those of CMB heated for 45 min at $121^{\circ}C$ were 0.40 and $1.94kgf/cm^2$, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.09a
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• pp.334-337
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• 2004

Groundwater chemistry in Namwon area, Korea, was investigated to understand the contribution of geochemical processes on groundwater chemistry. For this study, a total of 279 groundwater samples were collected from 93 wells distributed over the study area. Higher concentrations of major ions are generally encountered in the shallow alluvial wells, suggesting that these chemicals are originated from the surface contamination sources. Mass balance analysis based on reaction stoichiometry reveals that the water chemistry is regulated by three major chemical processes: weathering of silicate/ carbonate minerals, input of C1/SO$_4$ salts, and nitrate generating processes. The results show that mineral weathering is the most dominating factor regulating the groundwater chemistry. However, the groundwaters with the higher salt concentration indicate the larger mineral weathering effect, suggesting that some part of the mineral weathering effect is also associated with the anthropogenic activities such as limes applied to the cultivated lands, carbonates (CaCO$_3$) in the cement materials.