• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.4759-4780
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• 2017

Full Dimension multiple input multiple output (FD-MIMO) architecture employs a planar array design at the Base Station (BS) to provide high order multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) via simultaneous data transmission to large number of users. With FD-MIMO, the BS can also adjust the beam direction in both elevation and azimuth direction to concentrate the energy on the user of interests while minimizing the interference leakage to co-scheduled users in the same cell or users in the neighboring cells. In a typical highly populated macrocell environment, modelling the elevation angular characteristics of three-dimensional (3D) channel is critical to understanding the performance limits of the FD-MIMO system. In this paper, we study the throughput performance of FD-MIMO system with varying elevation angular spread and inter-element spacing using a 3D spatial channel model. Our results show that for a typical urban scenario, horizontal beamforming with correlated antenna spacing achieves optimal performance but by restricting the spread of elevation angles of departure, elevation beamforming achieves high array gain with wide inter-element spacing. We also realize significant gains due to spatial array processing via modelling the elevation domain and varying the inter-element spacing for both the transmitter and receiver.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.207-220
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• 2009

A large number of phone calls and data services will take place in indoor environments. In Long Term Evolution (LTE), femtocell, as a home base station for indoor coverage extension and wideband data service, has recently gained significant interests from operators and consumers. Since femtocell is frequently turned on and off by a personal owner, not by a network operator, one of the key issues is that femtocell should be identified autonomously without system information to support handover from macrocell to femtocell. In this paper, we propose a dynamic reservation scheme of Physical Cell Identities (PCI) for 3GPP LTE femtocell systems. There are several reserving types, and each type reserves a different number of PCIs for femtocell. The transition among the types depends on the deployed number of femtocells, or the number of PCI confusion events. Accordingly, flexible use of PCIs can decrease PCI confusion. This reduces searching time for femtocell, and it is helpful for the quick handover from macrocell to femtocell. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme reduces average delay for identifying detected cells, and increases network capacity within equal delay constraints.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2014

매크로셀과 펨토셀로 중첩 구성된 LTE 펨토셀 망은 매크로셀 영역을 확대시키고 증가된 패킷 용량을 수용할 수 있다. 특히 이동 멀티미디어 서비스는 지연 및 손실에 의해 서비스 연속성이 영향을 받기 때문에 이동 멀티미디어 서비스의 QoS 요구사항을 유지하기 위한 효율적인 자원 관리 방안이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 LTE 펨토셀 망에서 멀티미디어 서비스의 효율적인 QoS를 제공하기 위한 방안의 하나로 수락 제어와 부하 제어와 밀접하게 연계된 자원 할당 방안을 제안한다. 제안된 방안은 매크로셀 및 펨토셀내 자원 점유 상태의 변화에 따라 부하제어를 수행하고 실시간 서비스에는 자원 점유의 우선권을 주며, 비실시간 서비스에 대해서는 버퍼링을 통하여 최대 자원을 일시적으로 할당하는 방식을 적용한다. 제안된 방안의 성능을 시뮬레이션에 의하여 분석한다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.1424-1441
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• 2014

Two-tier femtocell networks, consisting of a conventional cellular network underlaid with femtocell hotspots, play an important role in the indoor coverage and capacity of cellular networks. However, the cross- and co-tier interference will cause an unacceptable quality of service (QoS) for users with universal frequency reuse. In this paper, we propose a novel downlink interference mitigation strategy for spectrum-shared two-tier femtocell networks. The proposed solution is composed of three parts. The first is femtocells clustering, which maximizes the distance between femtocells using the same slot resource to mitigate co-tier interference. The second is to assign macrocell users (MUEs) to clusters by max-min criterion, by which each MUE can avoid using the same resource as the nearest femtocell. The third is a novel adaptive power control scheme with femtocells downlink transmit power adjusted adaptively based on the signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) level of neighboring users. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively increase the successful transmission ratio and ergodic capacity of femtocells, while guaranteeing QoS of the macrocell.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.327-338
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• 2011

With the incitation to reduce power consumption and the aggressive reuse of spectral resources, there is an inevitable trend towards the deployment of small-cell networks by decomposing a traditional single-tier network into a multi-tier network with very high throughput per network area. However, this cell size reduction increases the complexity of network operation and the severity of cross-tier interference. In this paper, we consider a downlink two-tier network comprising of a multiple-antenna macrocell base station and a single femtocell access point, each serving multiples users with a single antenna. In this scenario, we treat the following beamforming optimization problems: i) Total transmit power minimization problem; ii) mean-square error balancing problem; and iii) interference power minimization problem. In the presence of perfect channel state information (CSI), we formulate the optimization algorithms in a centralized manner and determine the optimal beamformers using standard convex optimization techniques. In addition, we propose semi-decentralized algorithms to overcome the drawback of centralized design by introducing the signal-to-leakage plus noise ratio criteria. Taking into account imperfect CSI for both centralized and semi-decentralized approaches, we also propose robust algorithms tailored by the worst-case design to mitigate the effect of channel uncertainty. Finally, numerical results are presented to validate our proposed algorithms.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제37권8B호
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• pp.677-686
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• 2012

In the presence of a high power cellular network, picocells are added to a Macro-cell layout aiming to enhance total system throughput from cell-splitting. While because of the different transmission power between macrocell and picocell, and co-channel interference challenges between the existing macrocell and the new low power node-picocell, these problems result in no substantive improvement to total system effective throughput. Some works have investigated on these problems. Pico Cell Range Expansion (CRE) technique tries to employ some methods (such as adding a bias for Pico cell RSRP) to drive to offload some UEs to camp on picocells. In this work, we propose two solution schemes (including cell selection method, channel allocation and serving process) and combine new adaptive frequency partitioning reuse scheme to improve the total system throughput. In the simulation, we evaluate the performances of heterogeneous networks for downlink transmission in terms of channel utilization per cell (pico and macro), call blocking probability, outage probability and effective throughput. The simulation results show that the call blocking probability and outage probability are reduced remarkably and the throughput is increased effectively.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.282-290
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• 2006

In vertically overlaid cellular systems, a temporary traffic concentration can occur in a hot-spot area, and this adversely affects overall system capacity. In this paper, we develop an adaptive hot-spot operating scheme (AHOS) to mitigate the negative effects from the nonuniform distribution of user location and the variation in the mixture of QoS requirements in orthogonal frequency division multiple access downlink systems. Here, the base station in a macrocell can control the operation of picocells within the cell, and turns them on or off according to the system overload estimation function. In order to determine whether the set of picocells is turned on or off, we define an AHOS gain index that describes the number of subcarriers saved to the macrocell by turning a specific picocell on. For initiating the picocell OFF procedure, we utilize the changes in traffic concentration and co-channel interference to the neighboring cells. According to computer simulation, the AHOS has been proved to have maximize system throughput while maintaining a very low QoS outage probability under various system scenarios in both a single-cell and multi-cell environments.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2000

중첩 셀 CDMA 시스템의 역방향 링크에서 마이크로젤의 서비스 형태(음성, 데이터) 별 전력제어오차(Power Control Error: PCE)의 영향에 의한 BER 성능과 마이크로셀의 용량 변화를 분석하였다. 이때 분석 절차는 다음과 같다 $\circled1$PCE에 따륜 BER 성능을 구한다. $\circled2$ 음성 서비스(BER = $10^{-3}$)와 데이터 서비스(BER=$lO^{-5}$)를 만족하는 최소 SNR을 구한다. $\circled3$구한 SNR에 따라 마이크로셀과 매크로셀이 가질 수 었는 최대 용량을 계산한다. $\circled4$최대 용량으로부터 간섭에 의한 영향을 고려하여 마이크로셀에서의 용량을 구하고, 마지막으로 전력제어가 완벽한 경우의 용량과 비교.분석하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 것을 알 수 있었다. PCE가 1 dB이변 완벽하게 전력제어 된 경우와 비슷한 성능을 나타 내었지만, PCE가 커짐에 따라 BER 성능은 크게 열화되었다. 용량면에서 PCE가 2dB 이하이면 마이크로셀에서 데이터 서비스를 제공할 때보다 음성 서비스를 제공할 때 PCE의 영향이 컸지만 PCE가 3dB 이상이면 음성 서비스보다 데이터 서비스를 제공할 때 PCE의 영향을 크게 받았다. 또한, PCE가 2dB 이하이면 PCE의 영향뿐 만 아니라 간섭의 영향도 크게 받았지만 PCE가 3dB 이상이변 PCE의 영향이 대단히 크므로 간섭에 의한 영향 이 거의 무시됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 간섭의 영향으로부터 마이크로셀 용량을 적절히 확보하기 위해서 마이 크로엘은 셀 반경비($R_d$)가 0.1이고, 기지국간 거리 대 매크로셀 반경비(d)가 0.5 이상에서 위치해야 함을 알았 다 이러한 셀의 배치로부터 전력제어오차($\sigma$)를 2dB 이내로 조절하면 마이크로셀 최대 용량의 70 % 이상을 확보할 수 있었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 1999년도 학회창립 10주년 기념 1999년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.211-214
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• 1999

염화물 및 방청제가 함유된 철근 콘크리트의 부식특성을 마크로 셀 부식측정 방법인 갈바닉 전류 측정과 마이크로 셀 부식측정 방법인 선형분극 측정법 및 교류 임피던스법을 이용하여 염화물 및 방청제의 영향을 평가하였다. 마크로/마이크로 셀 부식측정기 Calcium Nitrite 방청제가 첨가된 시험체의 경우 갈바닉 전류 측정결과 낮은 전류값을 유지하였고, 교류 임피던스 측정결과 분극저항의 감소가 나타나지 않았으므로, 방청제의 첨가가 콘크리트내 철근의 부동태 피막을 보호하여 부식저항성을 향상시킴을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2006년도 하계종합학술대회
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• pp.1035-1036
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• 2006

We analyzed the performance of hierarchical cellular system with multi traffic(voice traffic, data traffic). We executed the computer simulation by the various ratio of traffic generation(voice traffic, data traffic). We generated data traffic at microcell. The more voice traffic generated, the higher the block probability of data traffic became at macrocell.