• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.956-960
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• 2011

The objective of this investigation was to develop nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) of tacrolimus by the hot homogenization technique by sonication. NLCs are commonly prepared by emulsification and lyophilization. The feasibility of fabricating tacrolimus-loaded NLCs was successfully demonstrated in this study. The developed NLCs were characterized in terms of their particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE) of tacrolimus, and morphology. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the NLCs in improving the penetration rate through hairless mouse skin. Tacrolimus-loaded NLCs were found to have an average size of $123.4{\pm}0.3\;nm$, a zeta potential of $-24.3{\pm}6.2\;mV$, and an EE of 50%. In vitro penetration tests revealed that the tacrolimus-loaded NLCs have a penetration rate that is 1.64 times that of the commercial tacrolimus ointment, Protopic$^{(R)}$.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.306-311
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• 1994

Optical resolution of racemic ${\alpha}$-methylbenzylamine was carried out by using Bacillus licheniformis protease in organic media. Enantioselective amidation of racemic amino with an ester as an acyl donor was successfully employed to resolve the racemate. To enhance reaction rate and enantioselectivity, pH-adjustment by lyophilization of enzyme dissolved in buffer, colyophilization with salts or lyoprotectants, selection of solvents and molecular design of esters were investigated. The optimization of the resolution reaction achieved about 30-fold increase in initial reaction rate and about 12-fold increase in enantioselectivity, respectively.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.106-109
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• 2002

Gel electrophoresis of DNA is a well known technique in molecular biology. This technique is simple, rapid to perform, and capable of adequately separating fragments of DNA. A number of mixtures of DNA fragments ("DNA size markers") are frequently employed in a purpose of extrapolating the sizes or the amount of DNA molecules during gel electrophoresis. DNA size markers are constructed by digesting plasmid DNA, bacteriophage DNA, or recombinant DNA molecules with one or more restriction enzymes. However, liquid suspension containing DNA size marker needs to be kept at a low temperature during storage and shipping. In an attempt to maintain the DNA samples at room temperature for extended period of time, lyophilization of DNA with addition of nuclease inhibitor was studied. Gel loading buffer was also added to the lyophilized DNA to provide additional convenience such that DNA size marker was the "ready-to-use" followed by simply reconstituting with distilled water.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2017

This study provide activity for beauty food of water and 80 % ethanol extracts from Pinus koraiensis leaves. Total phenolic content of extracts from Pinus koraiensis leaves were each 12.22 mg/g (Drying under hot air) and 17.93 mg/g (Drying under shade), 14.36 mg/g (Lyophilization) in water extracts (WE) and 11.9 mg/g and 20.63 mg/g, 17.96 mg/g in 80 % ethanol extracts (EE). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity of extracts from Pinus koraiensis leaves was 96.20 % in EE from drying under shade at extracts concentration. The 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical decolorization activity of extracts from drying under shade was 99.85 % in WE and 99.80 % in EE at extracts concentration. The antioxidant protection factor (PF) extracts from drying under shade type was 9.63 PF in WE and 10.48 PF in EE at extracts concentration. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance from Pinus koraiensis leaf was 89.39 % in EE from drying under shade at extracts concentration. The elastase inhibition activity of EE for anti-wrinkle effect showed an excellent wrinkle improvement effect, showing 71.46 % in EE from lyophilization. Collagenase inhibition activity of EE from drying under shade was 97.48 % in extracts. Tyrosinase inhibition activity which was related to anti-melanogensis was observed. The tyrosinase inhibitory effect of extracts from lyophilization was confirmed to be 60.4 % in EE more than another drying methods at extracts concentration. Through out all results, it can be expected Pinus koraiensis leaves extracts to use as a functional material for anti-oxidant and functional beauty food.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.242-247
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• 2003

Murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) has been used as a surrogate for hepatitis A virus (HAV) for the validation of virus removal and/or inactivation during the manufacturing process of biopharmaceuticals. Recently international regulation for the validation of HAV safety has been reinforced because of the reported cases of HAV transmission to hemophiliac patients who had received ntihemophilic factors prepared from human plasma. The purpose of the present study was to compare the resistance of HAV and EMCV to various viral inactivation processes and then to standardize the HAV validation method. HAV was more resistant than EMCV to pasteurization (60oC heat treatment for 10 hr), low pH incubation (pH 3.9 at 25oC for 14 days), 0.1 M NaOH treatment, and lyophilization. EMCV was completely inactivated to undetectable levels within 2 hr of pasteurization, however, HAV was completely inactivated to undetectable levels after 5 hr treatment. EMCV was completely inactivated to undetectable levels within 15 min of 0.1 M NaOH treatment, however, residual infectivity of HAV still remained even after 120 min of treatment. The log reduction factors achieved during low pH incubation were 1.63 for HAV and 3.84 for EMCV. Also the log reduction factors achieved during a lyophilization process of antihemophilic factor VIII were 1.21 for HAV and 4.57 for EMCV. These results indicate that HAV rather than EMCV should be used for the virus validation study and the validation results obtained using EMCV should be precisely reviewed.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.497-503
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and mechanism of the cryo-precipitation, solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment, monoclonal anti-FVIIIc antibody (mAb) column chromatography, Q-Sepharose column chromatography, and lyophilization involved in the manufacture of antithemophilic factor VII(GreenMono) from human plasma, in the removal and/or inactivation of blood-borne viruses. A variety of experimental model viruses for human pathogenic viruses, including the bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), bovine herpes virus (BHV), murine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), and porcine parvovirus (PPV), were all selected for this study. BHV and EMCV were effectively partitioned from a factor VII during the cryo-precipitation with a log reduction factor of 2.83 and 3.24, respectively. S/D treatment using the organic solvent, tri(n-butyl) phosphate (TNBP), and the detergent, Triton X-100, was a robust and effective step in inactivating enveloped viruses. The titers of BHV and BVDV were reduced from the initial titer of 8.85 and $7.89{log_10} {TCID_50}$, respectively, reaching undetectable levels within 1 min of the S/D treatment. The mAb chromatography was the most effective step for removing nonenveloped viruses, EMCV and PPV, with the log reduction factors of 4.86 and 3.72, respectively. Q-Sepharose chromatography showed a significant efficacy for partitioning BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV with the log reduction the log reduction factors of 2.32, 2.49, 2.60, and 1.33 respectively. Lyophilization was an effective step in inactivating g nonenveloped viruses rather than enveloped viruses, where the log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, DMCV, and PPV were 1.41, 1.79, 4.76, and 2.05, respectively. The cumulative log reduction factors of BHV, BVDV, EMCV, and PPV were ${\geqq}$11.12, ${\geqq}$7.88, 15.46, and 7.10, respectively. These results indicate that the production process for GreenMono has a sufficient virus-reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of the virus safety.

• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2010

We have successfully applied the nested PCR to detect Cylindrocarpon destructans, a major pathogen causing root rot disease from ginseng seedlings in our former study. The PCR assay, in this study, was used to detect the pathogen from soils. The nested PCR using internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1, 4 primer set and Dest 1, 4 primer set maintained the specificity in soils containing various microorganisms. For a soil DNA extraction method targeting chlamydospores, when several cell wall disrupting methods were tested, the combination of lyophilization and grinding with glass beads, which broke almost all the chlamydospores, was the strongest. The DNA extraction method which was completed based on the above was simple and time-saving because of exclusion of unnecessary stages, and efficient to apply in soils. As three ginseng fields whose histories were known were analyzed, the PCR assay resulted as our expectation derived from the field information. The direct PCR method will be utilized as a reliable and rapid tool for detecting and monitoring C. destructans in ginseng fields.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.225-231
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• 2015

Fish sarcoplasmic protein (SP) obtaining from lyophilization was evaluated its effect on the qualities of the no-fat chicken sausages in the presence of microbial transglutaminase (MTG) as compared to sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP). The cooking yields of all sausage samples were not different. Expressible moisture (EM) of sausage samples was reduced by adding fish SP, while the lowest EM values were observed in sausage samples containing STPP. The pH values of sausage samples were increased with the addition of fish SP and STPP. Proximate analysis revealed that the moisture, fat, and protein contents of all samples were not different (p>0.05). Textural properties (TP), measured by texture profile analysis, showed that hardness of no-fat sausages increased upon adding fish SP. However, the highest TP values were found in sausage samples with STPP. The redness values were reduced in sausage samples with STPP, while other color values were not affected by STPP. Sensory evaluation revealed that sausages with fish SP were accepted at the higher level than that of control. However, sausage samples with STPP showed highest TP and acceptability. Thus, partial substitution of STPP by SP would be possible to reduce phosphate level in the chicken sausages.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.111-117
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• 1982

The carpophores of Cryptoporus volvatus collected in Gyeong-gi Province of Korea were extracted with water and a protein-polysaccharide fraction was obtained after dialysis and lyophilization. The antitumor activity of this fraction was tested against sarcoma 180 implanted in A-strain mice. The tumor inhibition ratio was 80.4% in case of the high dose group (50mg/kg, ip, 10 days) and 70.3% in the low dose group (20mg/kg, ip, 10 days). The protein­polysaccharide fraction was chemically analyzed and was found to be a complex of a protein which was 18.2% of the fraction when determined by Lowry-Folin method, and a polysaccharide which was 55.3% of ther fraction when determined by Anthrone method. Their subunits were identified as four monosaccharides and 18 amino acids by gas-liquid chromatography and amino acid autoanalysis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.349-353
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• 2002

Two recombinant bacteria containing luxAB showed an increased tolerance to stresses associated with lyophilization, when the cells were freeze-dried in the presence of trehalose. In the case of a recombinant, UV2, only $2.5\%$ of the original bioluminescence and $2.7\%$ of the cell viability were restored after 4 h of freeze-drying without trehalose, which implies that the cells were heavily damaged during the dehydration. To improve these losses, trehalose was added before freeze-drying using different modes. Trehalose increased the bioluminescence and the viability of freeze-dried UV2 under all conditions tested, and it was also observed that the addition of trehalose to the cultures (final concentration of 0.08 M) for 15 min before the freeze-drying resulted in the restoration of $45\%$ of the original bioluminescence and $50\%$ of the cell viability. Trehalose also showed a similar efficacy with the other luminescent recombinant, YH9. Therefore, it was tentatively concluded that trehalose played a role as a protective agent in the freeze-drying of bacterial cells.