• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adhesive luting on the fracture resistance of zirconia compared to that of a composite resin and a lithium disilicate glass ceramic. Materials and Methods: The specimens (dimension: $2mm{\times}2mm{\times}25mm$) of the composite resin, lithium disilicate glass ceramic, and yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y-TZP) were prepared. These were then divided into nine groups: three non-luting groups, three non-adhesive luting groups, and three adhesive luting groups, for each restorative material. In the non-luting groups, specimens were placed on the bovine tooth without any luting agents. In the non-adhesive luting groups, only zinc phosphate cement was used for luting the specimen to the bovine tooth. In the adhesive luting groups, specimens were pretreated, and the adhesive luting procedure was performed using a self-adhesive resin cement. For all the groups, a flexural test was performed using universal testing machine, in which the fracture resistance was measured by recording the force at which the specimen was fractured. Results: The fracture resistance after adhesive luting increased by approximately 29% in the case of the composite resin, 26% in the case of the lithium disilicate glass ceramic, and only 2% in the case of Y-TZP as compared to non-adhesive luting. Conclusions: The fracture resistance of Y-TZP did not increased significantly after adhesive luting as compared to that of the composite resin and the lithium disilicate glass ceramic.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.78-87
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• 2022

PURPOSE. This study aimed to compare the effect of different surface treatments and luting agent types on the shear bond strength of two ceramics to commercially pure titanium (Cp Ti). MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total of 160 Cp Ti specimens were divided into 4 subgroups (n = 40) according to surface treatments received (control, 50 ㎛ airborne-particle abrasion, 110 ㎛ airborne-particle abrasion, and tribochemical coating). The cementation surfaces of titanium and all-ceramic specimens were treated with a universal primer. Two cubic all-ceramic discs (lithium disilicate ceramic (LDC) and zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate ceramic (ZLC)) were cemented to titanium using two types of resin-based luting agents: self-cure and dual-cure (n = 10). After cementation, all specimens were subjected to 5000 cycles of thermal aging. A shear bond strength (SBS) test was conducted, and the failure mode was determined using a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA, and the Tukey-HSD test was used for post hoc comparisons (P < .05). RESULTS. Significant differences were found among the groups based on surface treatment, resin-based luting agent, and ceramic type (P < .05). Among the surface treatments, 50 ㎛ air-abrasion showed the highest SBS, while the control group showed the lowest. SBS was higher for dual-cure resin-based luting agent than self-cure luting agent. ZLC showed better SBS values than LDC. CONCLUSION. The cementation of ZLC with dual-cure resin-based luting agent showed better bonding effectiveness to commercially pure titanium treated with 50 ㎛ airborne-particle abrasion.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.103-113
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the tensile bond strength of composite resin inlays according to the their internal surface treatment and types of luting cement and compared them with the conventional direct resin filling thchnique. Class II cavities were prepared in 50 extracted human molar teeth, and then equally divided into five groups. Group 1 : Cavities of control group were directly filled with P-50. Group 2 : Cavities of resin inlay group were luted with resin cement. Group 3 : Cavities of resin inlay group were luted with luting G-I cement. Group 4 : Cavities of resin inlay group were luted with resin cement after sandblasting. Group 5 : Cavities of resin inlay group were luted with luting G-I cement after sandblasting. All specimens were polished with same method and stored in normal saline for 24 hours before testing. An Universal Testing machine(Model No. AGS-100A, Shimadzu, Japan) was used to apply tensile loads in the vertical direction, and the force required for separation was recorded with a cross-head speed of 5mm/min and 100kg in full scale. The results were as follows : 1. The mean tensile bond strength was lowest in group luted with luting G-I cement, with measurements of $14.45{\pm}0.78(kg/cm^2)$ and highest in group luted with resin cement after sandblasting, with measurements of $49.6{\pm}2.74(kg/cm^2)$. 2. The tensile bond strength was greater in resin inlay groups luted with resin cement than in control group and resin inlay groups luted with luting G-I cement(P<0.05). 3. The tensile bond strength was lower in resin inlay groups luted with luting G-I cement than in control group(P<0.05). 4. The tensile bond strength was greater in resin inlay groups luted with resin cement or luting G-I cement after sandblasting than without that(P<0.05).

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.195-200
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• 2015

Cementation is the last procedure and an important factor to access successful fixed prosthodontic treatment. Even though there are many kinds of luting materials in dental field, the resin cements are popularly used in now. Metals, polymers and ceramics are used as a material of fixed dental prosthesis. The bonding mechanisms between teeth and fixed restorations are composed of mechanical and chemical mechanism. In dentistry, we are relying on mechanical bonding, but we tried to get chemical bonding and many ways are introduced. So, we have to approach luting procedure differently by the materials of prosthesis for clinical success. In this article, let us think the proper cementation ways according to each prosthesis material.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.308-314
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• 2018

PURPOSE. Plasma activation of hydrophobic zirconia surfaces might be suitable to improve the bond strength of luting materials. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of nonthermal argon-plasma on the shear bond strength (SBS) between zirconia and different combinations of 10-MDP adhesive systems and luting composites after artificial aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Two hundred forty Y-TZP specimens were ground automatically with $165{\mu}m$ grit and water cooling. Half of the specimens received surface activation with nonthermal argon-plasma. The specimens were evenly distributed into three groups according to the adhesive systems ([Futurabond U, Futurabond M, Futurabond M + DCA], VOCO GmbH, Germany, Cuxhaven) and into further two subgroups according to the luting materials ([Bifix SE, Bifix QM], VOCO GmbH). Each specimen underwent artificial aging by thermocycling and water storage. SBS was measured in a universal testing machine. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and $Scheff{\grave{e}}$ procedure with the level of significance set to 0.05. RESULTS. Surface activation with nonthermal plasma did not improve the bond strength between zirconia and the tested combinations of adhesive systems and luting materials. The plasma-activation trended to reveal higher bond strength if the self-etch luting material (Bifix SE) was used, irrespective of the adhesive system. CONCLUSION. Plasma-activation seems to be suitable to improve bond strength between zirconia and self-etch resin materials. However, further research is necessary to identify the influence of varying plasma-parameters.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.314-323
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of three luting cements and to identify the effect of thermocycling. Zirconia discs were made similar to the inner surface of a preformed pediatric zirconia crown ($NuSmile^{(R)}$ ZR crown: ZRCr). The similarity between the zirconia discs and the inner surface of a ZRCr was confirmed by scanning electron microscope. Three luting cements were $Ketac^{TM}$ Cem Permanent Glass Ionomer Luting Cement (KGI), $RelyX^{TM}$ Luting Plus Cement (RLP), $RelyX^{TM}$ Unicem Self-Adhesive Universal Resin Cement (RUR). Three luting cements were bonded according to the manufacturer's instructions for 60 zirconia discs and 60 dentin of primary teeth. Total of 120 specimens were divided into two subgroups: One was not aged, and the other was tested with 5500 thermocycling. Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and the fracture patterns were observed with SEM. On the zirconia discs and the dentin of primary teeth, shear bond strength of RUR was higher than that of KGI and RLP, and there were statistically significant differences by cement type. The shear bond strength differences for RUR were not statistically significant depending on thermocycling.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.491-497
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• 2006

Orthodontic seamless bands are frequently used in pediatric dentistry. In the process of seating bands with luting cement coated inside, not uniformed coating might bring about various problems such as enamel decalcification and/or gingivitis, and this clinical trial was made to review several band-seating methods to exclude these risks. One kind of band luting cement and one size of seamless bands were used on the resin replicas of an extracted maxillary and mandibular 1st molar with three different seating methods 1. seating the band with the luting cement coated only inside the band, 2. seating the band with the luting cement coated inside the band and on axial surfaces of the teeth, 3. seating the band with the adhesive tape on the occlusal opening of the band and the luting cement coated only inside the band. After cement was completely set, bands were peeled off from the teeth and the status of cement coating was evaluated. With this experiment more uniformed coating of the luting cement was found in latter two groups. These methods are thought more appropriate to almost completely rule out the risk of unevenly coated cement beneath the bands by conventional method.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 2020

PURPOSE. The aim of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength of luting cements used with implant retained restorations on to titanium specimens after different surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. One hundred twenty disc shaped specimens were used. They were divided into three groups considering the surface treatments (no treatment, sandblasting, and oxygen plasma treatment). Water contact angle of specimens were determined. The specimens were further divided into four subgroups (n=10) according to applied cement types: polycarboxylate cement (Adhesor Carbofine-AC), temporary zinc oxide free cement (Temporary CementZOC), non eugenol provisional cement for implant retained prosthesis (Premier Implant Cement-PI), and non eugenol acrylic-urethane polymer based provisional cement for implant luting (Cem Implant Cement-CI). Shear bond strength values were evaluated. Two-way ANOVA test and Regression analysis were used to statistical analyze the results. RESULTS. Overall shear bond strength values of luting cements defined in sandblasting groups were considerably higher than other surfaces (P<.05). The cements can be ranked as AC > CI > PI > ZOC according to shear bond strength values for all surface treatment groups (P<.05). Water contact angles of surface treatments (control, sandblasting, and plasma treatment group) were 76.17° ± 3.99, 110.45° ± 1.41, and 73.80° ± 4.79, respectively. Regression analysis revealed that correlation between the contact angle of different surfaces and shear bond strength was not strong (P>.05). CONCLUSION. The retentive strength findings of all luting cements were higher in sandblasting and oxygen plasma groups than in control groups. Oxygen plasma treatment can improve the adhesion ability of titanium surfaces without any mechanical damage to titanium structure.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.30.1-30.11
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• 2023

Objectives: This study verified the possibility of cementing fiberglass-reinforced posts using a flowable bulk-fill composite (BF), comparing its push-out bond strength and microhardness with these properties of 3 luting materials. Materials and Methods: Sixty endodontically treated bovine roots were used. Posts were cemented using conventional dual-cured cement (CC); self-adhesive cement (SA); dual-cured composite (RC); and BF. Push-out bond strength (n = 10) and microhardness (n = 5) tests were performed after 1 week and 4 months of storage. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), 1-way ANOVA, t-test, and Tukey post-hoc tests were applied for the push-out bond strength and microhardness results; and Pearson correlation test was applied to verify the correlation between push-out bond strength and microhardness results (α = 0.05). Results: BF presented higher push-out bond strength than CC and SA in the cervical third before aging (p < 0.01). No differences were found between push-out bond strength before and after aging for all the luting materials (p = 0.84). Regarding hardness, only SA presented higher values measured before than after aging (p < 0.01). RC and BF did not present 80% of the maximum hardness at the apical regions. A strong positive correlation was found between the luting materials' push-out bond strength and microhardness (p < 0.01, R² = 0.7912). Conclusions: The BF presented comparable or higher push-out bond strength and microhardness than the luting materials, which indicates that it could be used for cementing resin posts in situations where adequate light curing is possible.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 1999

Zinc phosphate cement has long been the material of choice for permanent luting of cast restorations, and through many years of use has been considered effective to retain castings. However, cast restorations cemented with this material have been susceptible to secondary caries. Glass ionomer luting agents become available in the late 1970s. These material s, through release of fluoride, show considerable promise as a means of reducing secondary caries. Other favorable traits include significantly less disintegration in vivo than zinc phosphate cements, a film thickness comparable to that of zinc phosphate cement, and adhesion to tooth structure. Compomer materials were created in 1993 as a filling material for deciduous teeth, cervical lesions, and class III cavities. In the meantime, compomer have been developed as chemical hardening cements for cast gold restorations. The aim of this paper is to review the articles on luting cements to help the choice of dental cements.