• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2002

Quality evaluation of red ginsengs is determined by outer shape and inner qualities. Especially, the inner qualities are main grading criteria. Currently, red ginsengs are classified into 3-grades; heaven, earth and good. The best heaven grade must not include inner holes and sponge tissues. This study was conducted to develop a red ginseng sorting system using x-ray image processing technique. Because of lens characteristic, gray values of the central region in the x-ray image are higher and gradually decreased towards the edge regions. This difference of gray values gives trouble in segmentation and detection of inner holes in red ginseng image, so preprocessing technique is necessary. The preprocessing was done by subtracting source image from an empty background image. But, simple subtraction was not quite appropriate because of too small contrast between inner holes and sound part. Scaled subtraction images were obtained by multiplying all gray values by some numbers. However this method could not help to set threshold value because the gray values of root part are generally lower than body part when red ginseng is exposed to the x-ray. To determine threshold value for detecting inner holes, an algorithm was developed by increasing overall gray values of less clear images.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 2010

Only an optimum number of viable spermatozoa in a frozen-thawed insemination dose can ensure conception at artificial insemination (AI). We report here the percentages of normal, abnormal and viable spermatozoa present in the frozen-thawed semen of 20 Black Bengal bucks used for commercial AI. Bucks in this experiment were of 19.3~46.1 months old and 25~42 kg body weight. Four semen straws (0.25 ml) from each buck were collected for evaluation of their kinetic parameters. Scrotal circumference was measured by using a scrotal tape, sperm motility was estimated on eye estimation and sperm concentration was determined by using a haemocytometer. Sperm morphology was studied in paraformaldehyde fixed spermatozoa under differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope. To determine the proportion of live (plasma membrane intact) spermatozoa, semen was stained with SYBR-14 and propidium iodide and examined under fluorescent microscope. Scrotal circumference, post-thaw sperm motility, sperm concentration per insemination dose and proportion of normal spermatozoa were $21.5{\pm}0.7\;cm$, $43.5 {\pm}5.4%$, $83.5{\pm}6.7$ million and $88.3{\pm}4.1%$, respectively. The percentages of spermatozoa with head shape and acrosome abnormalities were lower ($2.7{\pm}1.1$ and $1.4{\pm}1.3$, respectively), whereas higher percentages of abnormalities ($7.0{\pm}1.8$) were observed in mid piece and tail portion. The proportion of live spermatozoa was $28.5{\pm}5.4$. It is concluded that although a good number of morphologically normal spermatozoa are present in the insemination dose, the proportion of live spermatozoa is low, which warrants further improvements of buck semen freezing procedures to ensure good quality at AI.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2015

PURPOSE. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of implant thread depth on primary stability in low density bone. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The insertion torque was measured by inserting Ti implants with different thread depths into solid rigid polyurethane blocks (Sawbones) with three different bone densities ($0.16g/cm^3$, $0.24g/cm^3$, and $0.32g/cm^3$). The insertion torque value was evaluated with a surgical engine. The static compressive strength was measured with a universal testing machine (UTM) and the Ti implants were aligned at $30^{\circ}$ against the loading direction of the UTM. After the static compressive strength test, the Ti implants were analyzed with a Measurescope. RESULTS. The Ti implants with deeper thread depth showed statistically higher mean insertion torque values (P<.001). Groups A and group B had similar maximum static compressive strengths, as did groups C and D (P>.05). After the static compressive strength, the thread shape of the Ti implants with deeper thread depth did not show any breakage but did show deformation of the implant body and abutment. CONCLUSION. The implants with deeper thread depth had higher mean insertion torque values but not lower compressive strength. The deep threads had a mechanical stability. Implants with deeper thread depth may increase the primary stability in areas of poor quality bone without decreasing mechanical strength.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.305-314
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• 1989

Effect of pH variation in starting solution for the making of hydroxyapatite powder was studied in relation to the sinterability of the powder and their mechanical properties of the sintered hydroxyapatite ceramics. The sinterability of hydroxyapatite powder prepared at different pH was found to be improved with increase in pH value of the starting solutions. Thus the powders prepared from the higher pH solutions including 10.5, 11.0 and 11.5 could be well densified almost upto theoretical density by firing for 1 hr at 1,00$0^{\circ}C$. But the powder based on pH 10 exhibited less sinterability even being fired at much higher temperature of 1,10$0^{\circ}C$, it gave only 90-95% of theoretical density. On the other hand the powder prepared on the lowest pH value 9.5 could not be well densified and it could obtain only 78% of theoretical density even by firing at 1,30$0^{\circ}C$ for 1hr. It was found that prismatic crystals of whitlockite were always included in the sintered bodies based on the lower pH values as a minority crystalline phase together with the major crystalline phase of hydroxyapatite and its inclusion might impair the sinterability of powder. However in the case of the higher pH, the powder contained only hydroxyapatite as a crystalline phase on sintering without any minorities. The sphere shape of crystals might help effectively the densification of the bodies. The best mechanical properties could be obtained from the body of pH 11 sintered at 1,10$0^{\circ}C$, which gave 99.5% of theoretical density, 662Kg/$\textrm{mm}^2$ of vickers hardness and 1,352Kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of diameteral compression strength.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.593-602
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• 2023

This study aimed to facilitate the use of virtual technologies such as sewing, appearance, and material expression in 3D virtual wear programs. For product production and education, we expounded how to express the shoulder shape and silhouette of sleeve-expanded power shoulder jackets. Two designs of sleeve-expanded power shoulder jackets were selected, and virtual jackets were produced using a virtual avatar based on the body dimensions of female subjects in their 20s. The essential purpose of a 3D virtual power shoulder jacket is to express the shoulder angle rise and shoulder width, which are much wider than the avatar's shoulder. Therefore, the virtual pad values were adjusted for the collision and rendering of each thickness. In addition, the position and angle of the virtual pads were controlled through simulation. Appearance similarity was evaluated using photographic data and the virtual jackets. For the set-in sleeve virtual power shoulder jacket, the wrinkle expressions of the torso and sleeve were rated as moderate, and material expression was slightly insufficient. The similarity of some ease and width items of the torso was tightly expressed, and the overall appearance, positions of lines, and details of jackets were rated high, especially at the neck and sleeve shapes. In the case of the kimono virtual power shoulder jacket, the expressions of the torso wrinkles and buttons were slightly lower; however, the overall similarity, basic lines, ease, shoulder and neck details, and material expression of the virtual jackets were highly evaluated.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.221-229
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• 1985

The echinostomatid metacercariae encysted in the gill of the fresh water fish, Pseudorasbora larva were identified through obtaining adult worms after eBperimental infection to mice. In addition, a brief course of worm development and maturation was observed in this experimental host. The results were as follows: 1. The echinostomatid metacercariae were elliptical, golden yellow, 0.073∼0.078 mm long and 0.0541∼0.065 mm wide. Their head portions were characterized by the presence of a head crown armed with collar spines of total 24 in number and interrupted at the mid-dorsal side of the oral sucker. 2. The average rate of worm recovery froth 12 mice (on the 1-2lth postinfection days) was 19.4 % and the rate revealed no decrease in accordance with the increase of infection duration. The worms were collected chiefly from the lower part of the small intestine. 3. After the infection, their sexual maturation was attained in 5 days and their growth in size nearly completed in 7 days. The early growth curve of genital organs was S shape while that of nongenital organs was C form. In 5 day old worms, 1 or 2 eggs were found from their uteri and the stools of mice revealed echinostomatid eggs from the 5-6th postinfection day. 4. The 7 day old adult worms were ovoid in shape, 0.54-0.69 mm long and 0.29-0.34 mm wide, and characterized by a well developed head crown with 24 collar spines and vitelline follicles distributed from the acetabular level down to the posterior end of body. Based on these characters they were identified to be Echinochasmus japonicus Tanabe, 1926. From these results, it is verified that p. larva is one of the second intermediate hosts of 5. jatonicus in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2019

Sawdust cultivation of Lentinula edodes has been increasing in Korea. Fourteen strains were used to develop the best varieties of L. edodes, and hybridization was carried out by monohybrid cross. The number of hybridized strains was 1,638 among 3,100 combinations. They were cultivated on sawdust medium, and fruiting bodies were formed in 364 strains. Among them, 65 strains were selected as superior candidate strains based on the shape and size of the fruiting bodies. Forty strains formed fruiting bodies without lamellae structure. The shape of the stipe was cylindrical (255 strains), thick to lower part (15 strains), and thick to upper part (94 strains). By the combinations of 2462 n1-10 and 3420 n1-10, 2462 n1, 2462 n2, 2462 n10, and 3420 n3 were selected as excellent monokaryotic strains. These strains were considered to be superior monokaryotic strains that could be used for hybrid breeding.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2020

To study the fairy ring and genet characteristics of Suillus bovinus based on thinning intensity in Pinus densiflora forests, a simple sequence repeat (SSR) analysis was performed on the fruiting bodies of the plant. In pine wood production forests, the thinning strengths applied were 34%, 45%, and 60%. As a result, the number of fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area was 104, which was higher than that in the other treatment areas. In the 34% treatment area, fruiting bodies occurred in a circular shape, within a diameter of approximately 5 meters (m) of the trees. In the 45% treatment area, the fruiting bodies were randomly distributed between 6 to 7 m from the trees, while in the 60% treatment, fruiting bodies occurred in a narrow oval shape, 6 m from the trees. In the control area, two fruiting bodies were present around the root collar. Hybridity was confirmed in the SSR markers of Sb-CA1 and Sb-CA3. The fruiting bodies in the 34% treatment area had a He / Ho value lower than that in the 60% treatment area. In fruiting bodies of the 34% treatment area, a total of 20 genets were identified, with an average size of 14±11 ㎡; 60% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 45% treatment area, a total of 6 genets were identified and the average size was 11±12 ㎡; 50% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. In fruiting bodies of the 60% treatment area, a total of 10 genets were identified, with an average size of 1.1±0.8 ㎡; 70% of genets were formed by a single fruiting body. Thus, the formation ratio of a new genet increases when the thinning intensity is increased.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 2008

The slimness favored trend made students shape up body image by weight control using restrained eating. Many students especially female ones tend to be in eating disorder status. The aim of this study was to find the relation between weight, eating habits and dietary self efficacy in the selected middle school girl students group with high risk eating disorder (7.9%) and the one with low risk eating disorder (24.1%). This study was conducted by EAT-26 questionnaire method and all the data was analyzed by SAS (Statistical Analysis System) program. The results were as follows; The physical condition of eating disorder students (159.5cm height, 50.7kg weight and 97.4% PIBW) was higher and bigger than that of normal students(158.2 cm, 47.2 kg, and 92.6% PIBW). Weight control experience in the high risk group (69.4%) was significantly more frequent than normal group (p<0.001). The gap between actual body weight and desired weight was higher in high risk eating disorder group than in normal group (p<0.001). Dietary self-efficacy score of middle school female students in the high risk eating disorder group was high when they were in temper, in confusion, and after argument. However, when they were in cooking (p<0.01), with friends (p<0.05), in assembling dishes (p<0.01), and with family (p<0.05) the dietary self-efficacy score of high risk group was lower than that of normal group. In the high risk eating disorder group, eating speed was often faster (p<0.05) and overeating rate (p<0.01) was higher than in normal group. In general, EAT-26 score was correlated positively with gap weight, but negatively correlated with dietary self efficacy score(p<0.01). Gap weight and dietary self efficacy were significantly different in normal group. however, there was no relation in high risk eating disorder group. Under the circumstance of high risk eating disorder, as weight and dietary self efficacy did not affect the relation with eating disorder score, when it is determined as eating disorder some other factors besides weight and diet self efficacy seem to affect the eating disorder score. In conclusion, the factors related with eating disorder were gap weight and some items of dietary self efficacy. Thus, correct understanding of healthy weight and dietary self efficacy enhancement require the development of nutrition education contents and the practice of nutrition education.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2014

The present study describes the spawning ecology and early morphological development of Hemitripterus villosus. The natural spawning ground consisted of bedrock and pebbles was the intertidal coast at Taean (Chungnam) and its depth was about 5~10 m. Spawning period was mainly from the end of October to December, when the water temperature and salinity were $6.0{\sim}15.8^{\circ}C$ and mean 32.0‰, respectively. There were no difference of the body shape and color between female and male of Hemitripterus villosus, however its reproductive organs showed clear differences. The male had tube shaped genital papilla, which was connected with testis, and the female had seminal recepacle, which was the lower part of oviduct connected with ovary. Genital papilla of male came out of its body at spawning period and then male copulated. After copulation, female stored the sperm in its seminal recepacle and fertilized when it spawned. Fertilized eggs were reached 8 cells stage after fertilization at rearing water temperature $8.2{\sim}14.9^{\circ}C$. At 29 hours after fertilization, it reached morula stage, and at 146 hours after fertilization, its embryo was clearly formated. Hatching was begun from 1,488 hours (62 days) after fertilization with $8.2{\sim}14.9^{\circ}C$ water temperature. The newly hatched larvae were 12.99~15.46mm(mean $14.16{\pm}0.65$ mm) in TL (Total Length), and its mouth and anus were open. At 7 days after hatching, its yolk sac was completely absorbed and the myotomes were 15+25=40, measuring 15.23~15.54mm(mean $15.39{\pm}0.22$ mm, n=5) in TL. At 75~80 days after hatching, it was measured mean $30.06{\pm}0.76$ mm in TL, and it had reached the juvenile stage with the complete set of fin rays.