• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.53-68
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of positive interactions between the low-income female householders and children on the mothers'psychological well-being and quality of life. The major findings are as following: First, there were high level of life satisfaction and low level of depression among the low-income female householders who perceived high level of children's emotional support. The difference from the existence of the low-income female householder\`s husband was not found in the life satisfaction and depression. After controling for the low-income female householder's health, the differences were maintained. Second, the low-income female householders who communicated with their children open-heartedly felt higher level of life satisfaction and lower level of depression than those who had less communication with their children. The difference from the existence of the low-income female householder's husband was not found in the life satisfaction and depression. After controlling for the low-income female householder\`s educational level and health, the differences were maintained. finally, the low-income female householders felt higher level of life satisfaction and lower level of depression when they listened to their children closely, and were satisfied with mother-child communication.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.89-108
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• 2008

This study used Family Group Theraplay (Munns, 2005) to investigate the effects of enhancing interaction between child and mother on mitigating developmental risks for children growing up in low-income households. The subjects for the study were selected from among Community Child Care Centers and Community Welfare Centers in Seoul. The children were in the first, second, and third grades of elementary school. Eleven child-mother dyads participated in Family Group Theraplay once a week for a total of 12 45-minute sessions. The control group consisted of 9 child-mother dyads. The Family Group Theraplay program improved interaction between the children and their mothers and also reduced children's behavior problems and mothers' parenting stress.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.201-210
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of discriminating a high level of school adjustment in low-income school-aged children using interpersonal-related variables(mother attachment, peer attachment) and self-related variables(ego-resiliency, self-control). The subjects were 335 children in fourth, fifth and sixth grades in 4 elementary schools in Daegu. Mean(SD), t-test, and stepwise discriminant analysis were used for data analysis. Base on the results of the discriminant analysis, the discriminant functions suggested that the best predictor for distinguishing between a high level of school adjustment in low-income school-aged children and a low level of school adjustment was ego-resiliency. Self-control, mother attachment and peer attachment reliably separated the groups. And using ego-resiliency, self-control, mother attachment and peer attachment as predictors, the discriminant analysis correctly classified 92.3% of the participants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.405-414
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• 1998

This study was to evaluate the anthropometry, dietary attitudes and the other factors of 201 children in day-care centers according to their parents' income levels. The evaluation was conducted using anthropometric measurements such as height, weight, skinfold thickness, blood pressure, and questionnaire survey which was completed by the children's mothers. The results are summarized as follows: Overall growth of children was normal according to Korean standard. There were no significant differences in anthropometry according to the income levels. The scores of eating habits of children were different significantly according to income levels. That is, the score was the lowest in the low-income group. Children generally prefer one-dish meal or snacks, while the preference levels of kimchi, seasoned vegetable and beans broiled in soysauce were lower than those cf other foods. In the questions to know mothers' nutrition knowledge, we could see that they didn't know well about protein, breast-feeding, weaning and balance in nutrients. Nutrition knowledge score of mothers was significantly lower in the low income group, which shows close relationship with low-score eating habits of their children. The score of nutrition knowledge was affected by the mother's education level. The higher the mother's nutrition knowledge and education level, the better children's eating habits. These findings emphasize the planning and application of nutrition education programs for mothers especially in the low income group.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1-14
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• 1994

This study was to identify variables which were related with middle aged women's identification of child mother-role burden and psychological well-being and to investigate the relationships of mother-role burden and psychological well-being in mid-life. The research data were collected from 578 who were 40-59 year old women in Seoul. The major findings were as follow; (1) the level of middle age women's identification of child was very high and the level of mother-role burden was moderate. the level of psychological well-being was slightly high. (2) Mid-life women's psychological well-being was related to education level income and job. (3) Identification of child was related to educational level having job and income. And mother-role burden was influenced only by education level. (4) Middle aged women's identification of child was positively related mother-role burden. Mother-role burden was negatively related to psychological well-being in mid-life. These findings represented middle aged mother in our society had considerable burden of child but their psychological well-being was not low. Possibly it is due to the fact mothers regard their burden of child as acceptable duty.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.613-622
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate infants' development, parenting characteristics, and the infants' daily routines by monthly family income, and examine variables related to infants' development. The 2010 data of the panel study on Koreans were used. The sample for this analysis was 1,802 children aged 21-23 months and their parents. The data were analyzed with ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis with SPSS version 18.0. The results were as follows: First, the development of infants differed by the family income. Infants' communication and problem solving skills in families with an income at the 25th percentile or below was lower than those above the 25th percentile. Second, parenting characteristics differed by family income. In the lower income group, the mother's parenting stress was highest, but the father's parenting time on weekends was lowest. Third, the most frequent activity of infants differed by family income. Playing with friends or caregivers was lowest, but watching TV and videos was highest in the lower income family group. Fourth, there was a relation among infants' development (communication and fine motor skills) and parenting characteristics (mother's parenting style, stress, and father's parenting time on weekends), and the infants' daily routines (playing with friends or caregivers). Fine motor development was affected by playing with a caregiver.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.582-592
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related to eating breakfast for middle and high school students in Seoul using the Theory of Planned Behavior. Out of 2,280 questionnaires distributed to 22 schools, 2,060 were returned (90.4% response rate) and 1,899 were analyzed (83.3% analysis rate). Gender, self-perceived household income level and mother's working status were examined as demographic factors. "Attitude", "Subjective norm", "Perceived difficulty in access to breakfast", "Perceived time restriction" and "Self restriction to breakfast" were extracted as psychosocial factors as the results of factor analysis and reliability test using 17 items. In case of middle school students, boys were more likely to skip breakfast than girls. The students perceiving their household income level "low or middle low" were more likely to skip breakfast than those who perceived their household income level "high or middle high". The students whose mother had a job tended to skip breakfast than those whose mother had no job. In case of high school students, the students perceiving their household income level "low or middle low" tended to skip breakfast than those perceiving their household income level "high or middle high". The results of analysis of variance, all the psychosocial factors examined in this study-"Attitude", "Subjective norm", "Perceived difficulty in access to breakfast", "Perceived time restriction" and "Self restriction to breakfast"- were related to the frequencies of eating breakfast during weekdays in both the middle and high school students.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.205-221
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of father involvement, marital happiness and conflicts, and meanings of parenthood on maternal parenting stress and compare the relative importance of those variables in three (low, middle, and upper) income groups. The subjects of this study were 654 nuclear families which consisted of 3 family members, couple and their infant children aged between 4 months and 10 months. Data was taken from the 2008 Panel Data of Korean Children. The results of this study were as follows : First, maternal parenting stress, father involvement, mother's marital satisfaction and conflicts were statistically significant according to income levels. Second, mother's marital satisfaction was the most significant variable in predicting father involvement, and mother's marital conflict was the most significant one in predicting maternal parenting stress. Third, the significance and numbers of variables which were impacted upon maternal parenting stress and father involvement varied according to income groups. Fourth, in all three income groups, the effects of father involvement on maternal parenting stress was not significant when marital relationship and meanings of parenthood underwent in regression analysis. However, father involvement was impacted upon maternal parenting stress by itself.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate depression of mothers with children in early childhood and to identify predictors by income level. Methods: The research was conducted with 1,761 data from the 3rd wave of the Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC) data. Independent variables were socio-demographic data, self-esteem, normative life-events, non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict, social support. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: Significant factors of depression of female in low-income were non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict. In middle class, significant factors were education, birth order of children, self-esteem, normative and non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict, sociable support. At last, we found that marital conflict was the biggest factor for depression of female in low-income and parenting stress was the most powerful predictor in middle class. Conclusions: Mother's depression has a enormous impacts on development of children in early childhood. Therefore It is required to prevent depression in mothers and it is important to intervene at the early stage of depression. Results of this study showed a different pattern of predictors by income level. Therefore, Intervention and services for a mother's depression should change the direction depending on the level of income.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.21 no.2 s.60
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• pp.36-46
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• 2006

The purpose if this study was to investigate mother' oral health management behavior to their children. Two hundreds sixty seven mothers with elementary school students were surveyed among the residents living of Iksan city, Korea. A questionnaire was constructed and administered to the samples. The research focused in the following items: the subjects' socio-demographic factors such as education level and employment and so on; their knowledge of plaque; the leading causes of caries, regular dental examinations; dental treatment; their interest in their children's dental health; the frequency of the subjects examining their children's teeth; non-cariogenic food preparation, etc. Being based in collected data, mothers' oral health management behavior to their children were analyzed according to maternal socio-demographic factor and result were following. There was a difference in the subjects knowledge of dental plaque in accordance with their employment or unemployment and family income. There was no difference in mother's oral health management behavior to their children according to parents' education level, the subjects' age and family income. Most of mother answered the main reason of dental caries was that their children did not toothbrush their teeth regularly and there was a difference in the understanding of the subjects in accordance with the education level of fathers and family income. The subjects had a low understanding of the effect of preventing caries with the help of fluoride. They didn't have enough understanding of water fluoridation. So it is necessary that active campaigns should be launched to enlighten people in relation to the ways of preventing dental caries with fluoride.