DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Discriminant Analysis of a High Level of School Adjustment and Low Level of School Adjustment in Low-income School-aged Children using Interpersonal-related Variables and Self-related Variables

자아특성과 대인관계특성에 따른 학교적응이 높은 저소득층 아동의 판별분석

  • Kong, In-Sook (Division of Social Welfare, Sunchon National University) ;
  • Min, Ha-Young (Department of Child Studies, Catholic University of Daegu)
  • Received : 2013.07.15
  • Accepted : 2013.08.13
  • Published : 2013.10.31

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of discriminating a high level of school adjustment in low-income school-aged children using interpersonal-related variables(mother attachment, peer attachment) and self-related variables(ego-resiliency, self-control). The subjects were 335 children in fourth, fifth and sixth grades in 4 elementary schools in Daegu. Mean(SD), t-test, and stepwise discriminant analysis were used for data analysis. Base on the results of the discriminant analysis, the discriminant functions suggested that the best predictor for distinguishing between a high level of school adjustment in low-income school-aged children and a low level of school adjustment was ego-resiliency. Self-control, mother attachment and peer attachment reliably separated the groups. And using ego-resiliency, self-control, mother attachment and peer attachment as predictors, the discriminant analysis correctly classified 92.3% of the participants.

Keywords

References

  1. Ackerman, B. P. & Brown E. D.(2006) Income poverty, poverty co-factors, and the adjustment of children in elementary school. Advances in Child Development and Behavior. 34, 91-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2407(06)80005-4
  2. Amato, P. & Fowler, F.(2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage & Family, 64, 703-716. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00703.x
  3. Armsden, G. C. & Greenberg, M. T.(1987). The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16, 427-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
  4. Baek, H.(2007). The effects of self control, self reliance, and attachment. The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 19(2), 357-373.
  5. Berndt, Hawkins, & Jiao, 1999; Berndt, T. J., Hawkins, J. A., & Jiao, Z.(1999). Influences of friends and friendships on adjustment to junior high school. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45, 13-41.
  6. Betts, L. R. & Rotenberg, K.(2007). Trustworthiness, friendships and self-control: Factors that contribute to young children's school adjustment. Infant and Child Development, 16(5), 491-508. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.518
  7. Birch, S. H. & Ladd, G. W.(1997). The teacher-child relationship and children's early school adjustment. Journal of School Psychology, 35(1), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-4405(96)00029-5
  8. Block, J. H. & Block, J.(1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the orga-nization of behavior. In W. A. Collin(Ed.), Minnesota symposia on child psychology(pp. 33-101). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
  9. Block, J. & Kremen, A. M.(1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349
  10. Chang, K.(2007). The influence of middle school students' perceived social support and self-control ability on their perceived school stress and school adjustment. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 12(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1353/jks.2007.0001
  11. Choi, J. & Jun, S.(2012). Using JMP discriminant analysis and cluster analysis. Seoul: Kyowoosa
  12. Compas, B. E., Hinden, B. R., & Gerhardt, C. A.(1995). Adolescent development: Pathways and processes of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 46, 265-293. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ps.46.020195.001405
  13. Crosnoe, R. & Elder, G. H. Jr.(2004). Family dynamics, supportive relationships, and educational resilience during adolescence. Journal of Family Issues, 25, 571-602. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X03258307
  14. Duncan, G. J. & Brooks-Gunn, J.(1999). Consequences of growing up poor. New York; Russell Sage. Cox.
  15. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A.(1992). Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In M. Clark(Ed.), Emotion and social behavior: Vol. 14. Review of personality and social psychology (pp. 119-150). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  16. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., & Reiser, M.(2000). Dispositional emotionality and regulation: Their role in predicting quality of social functioning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 136-157. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.136
  17. Entwistle, D. R.(1995). The role of schools in sustaining early childhood program benefits. The Future of Children, 5, 133-144. https://doi.org/10.2307/1602371
  18. Garmezy, N.(1991). Resiliency and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(4), 416-430. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764291034004003
  19. Garmezy, N.(1993). Children in poverty: Resiliency despite risk. Psychiatry, 56(1), 127-136.
  20. Gerhoff, E. T., Aber, J. L., Raver, C. C., & Lennon, M. C.(2007). Income is not enough: Incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Development. 78(1), 70-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.00986.x
  21. Huey, S. J., Jr., & Weisz, J. R.(1997). Ego control, ego resiliency, and the five-factor model of personality as predictors of behavior problems in clinic-referred children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(3), 404-415. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.106.3.404
  22. Jackson, A. P., Brooks-Gunn, J., Huang, C. C., & Glassman, M.(2000). Single mothers in low-wage jobs: Financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers' outcomes. Child Development, 71(5), 1409-1423. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00236
  23. Jeon, K. & Song, S.(2013). A process by which social capital inside and outside of a family affects children adaptation to school life; The mediating effects of ego-resilience. Korean Journal of Family Welfare, 3(18), 143-165.
  24. Kendall, P. C. & Wilcox, L. E.(1979). Self-control in children: Development of a rating scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 1020-1029. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.47.6.1020
  25. Kim, Y.(2012). A study on the support policy evaluation for school maladaptation student. The Journal of Adolescent Welfare, 14(2), 1-23.
  26. Kim, M., Kim, T., Woo, S., & Lee, S.(2012). Poverty statical yearbook 2012. Seoul: The Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs.
  27. Klohnen, E. C.(1996). Conceptual analysis and measurement of the construct of ego-resiliency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1067-1079. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.5.1067
  28. Kremen, A. M., & Block, J.(1998). The roots of ego-control in young adulthood: Links with parenting in early childhood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1062-1075. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.4.1062
  29. Kopp, C. B.(1982). Antecedents of self-regulationship: A developmental perspective. Development Psychology, 18, 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199
  30. Kwok, O. M., Hughes, J. N. & Wen Luo, W.(2007). Role of resilient personality on lower achieving first grade students' current and future achievement. Journal of School Psychology, 45(1), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.07.002
  31. Ladd, G. W., Kochenderfer, B. J., & Coleman, C. C.(1996). Friendship quality as a predictor of young children's early school adjustment. Child Development, 67(3), 1103-1118. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131882
  32. Lee, K. & Kim, M.(2008). A validation study of the school adjustment scale middle school students. The Korean Journal of School Psychology, 5(1), 27-40. https://doi.org/10.16983/kjsp.2008.5.1.27
  33. Lee, S. & Choi, H.(2007). High school students' perception of parental involvement in education, their ego-resiliency, test anxiety, and school adjustment. The Korean Journal of Counseling & Psychotherapy, 19(2), 321-337.
  34. Lengua, L. J.(2003). Associations among emotionality, self-regulation, adjustment problems, and positive adjustment in middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 595-618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2003.08.002
  35. Luthar, S. S.(1991). Vulnerability and resiliency: A study of high risk adolescents. Child Development, 62(3), 600-616. https://doi.org/10.2307/1131134
  36. Min, H. & Kwan, K.(2004). The school adjustment of children of low-income families: Ego-identity and perceptions of parenting behaviors. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 25(2), 81-92.
  37. Moon, E. & Sim, H.(2001). Relationships between children's friendship quality, self-perception and school adjustment. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 22(4), 99-113.
  38. Moon, T.(2011). Discriminant analysis of the gifted children and academically high achievers using overexcitabilities and self-efficacy. The Journal of Child Education, 20(1), 33-44.
  39. Masten, A. S.(2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56, 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
  40. Oh, M., Ahn, J., & Kim, J.(2011). The pathway from attachment to children's school adjustment: The mediating effects of children's ego-resilience and stress. The Journal of Child Education, 20(3), 165-180.
  41. Ok, J.(1998). Relationship between attachment security and depression in adolescence: Focusing on the mediating effect of perceived competence. Unpublished master's thesis. Ewha Women's University, Seoul.
  42. Orthner, D. K., Jones-Sanpei, H., & Williamson, S.(2004). The resilience and strengths of low-income families. Family Relations, 53, 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2445.2004.00006.x
  43. Park, J. H. & Park, J. M.(2010). The effects of children's ego-resilience and social support exam anxiety and school adjustment. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 31(6), 125-134.
  44. Ryan, R. M., Stiller, J. D., & Lynch, J. H.(1994). Representations of relationships to teachers, parents, and friends as predictors of academic motivation and self-esteem. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14, 226-249. https://doi.org/10.1177/027243169401400207
  45. Song, H. & Choi, S.(2012). The structural relationship among poverty level, perceived parental rearing attitude, learning motivation, psychological wellbeing, and school adjustment of adolescents. Journal of Educational Psychology, 26(3), 651-672
  46. Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S.(2006). Using multivariate statics(5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  47. Woo, S. & Park, K.(2009). Self-control and sense of humor as moderating factors for negative effects of daily hassles on school adjustment for children. Korean Journal of Child Studies, 30(2), 113-127.
  48. Yoo, S. & Shim, H.(2002). Psychological protective factors in resilient adolescents in Korea. Journal of Educational Psychology, 16, 189-206.