• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
• /
• v.26 no.6
• /
• pp.397-404
• /
• 2014

In Korea, harbor tranquility is generally estimated by using both methods of investigating harbor calmness under abnormal wave condition and evaluating the harbor serviceability. The efficiency of the former method is questionable as the tranquility of a harbor is judged by a wave height criterion that is arbitrarily determined without rational basis. In case of the latter method, the utilization rate of a harbor is estimated by using the exceedance probability of wave height or the distribution of wave heights and periods that is obtained from longterm measured or hindcasted wave data. Use of long-term data is desirable in order to guarantee the accuracy of the exceedance probability. Meanwhile, the criterion for determining maximum allowable wave height for cargo handling works is too simple and has limitations for being used in an actual field condition. Problems of existing method for estimating harbor tranquility were verified by the wave observation data in Busan New Port. And the importance of the field observation data was emphasized. It is necessary to perform long-term wave monitoring inside and outside of major ports in Korea in order to establish more advanced standard for evaluating harbor tranquility based on such observed wave data.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.98-104
• /
• 2015

Objective: To find out clinical features and long-term outcomes of idiopathic childhood nephrotic syndrome(NS) patients with late steroid resistance(LSR)/late steroid sensitiveness(LSS). Patients and Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed on 480 patients diagnosed with idiopathic childhood NS at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital from 1990 to 2013. Twenty-four patients whose responsiveness to steroids changed over a minimum 2 year follow-up period (2-17.5 years) were investigated. All patients had undergone a renal biopsy. Results: Among 480 nephrotic children, 428 (89%) were sensitive to the first steroid course. Of those who initially responded, 11 (2.5%) developed resistance to steroid therapy after relapses. LSR mostly developed between 1 month and 1 year after the initial episode. Six patients showed a minimal change and five showed focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). Nine (82%) responded to cyclosporine or methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Of these, two had no further relapse, whereas the other seven experienced several relapses that ranged in length from 1.1 to 13.9 years. Three of the nine who initially responded to immunosuppression went on to experience several changes in steroid responsiveness. Two (18%) with resistance to immunosuppressants, including steroids, eventually progressed to end stage renal disease. Among the 52 patients (11%) who were initially steroid resistant, 13 (23%) were converted to steroid sensitive at relapses. Among these, 9 showed minimal change and 4 showed FSGS. Two had no further relapse and the other 11 responded to steroids on subsequent relapses ranging in length from 1.3 to 9.4 years. All these patients have had no further changes in steroid responsiveness with normal renal function. Conclusions: In this study, 2.5% of initial steroid responders and 25% of initial steroid non-responders changed their responsiveness to steroids at subsequent relapses. Eighteen percent of LSR patients developed end stage renal disease. All of the LSS patients showed preserved normal renal function. Responsiveness to immunosuppressants seemed to be the most important factor determining longterm outcomes in LSR/LSS patients.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.30 no.9
• /
• pp.885-890
• /
• 1997

Patients with coronary artery disease and depressed ventricular function have better longterm benefits after coronary artery bypass grafting compared with medical therapy. But operative mortality remains high. This study was designed to identify the risk factors for coronary artery bypass grafting according to ventricular function. The records of 103 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting from truly 1994 to June 1996 were analysed. The patients were divided into two groups based on preoperative ejection fraction: Low EF group(Ejection fraction < 40%, n=24) and Normal EF group(Ejection fraction $\geq$ 40%, n=79). The indication of operation was significantly different between the two groups (p=0.00003). Postinfarction angina was frequent in Low EF group but unstable angina was frequent in Normal EF group. The frequency of cardiomegaly(p=0.0012), serum creatinine abnormality(p=0.0473) and preoperative use of IABP(Intra Aortic Balloon Pump, p=0.0095) were higher in Low EP group. The left internal thoracic artery was used less frequently in Low EP group(p=0.00416). The operative mortality was 8.3% in Low EF group and 5.1% in Normal EF group, but without statistical difference(p=0.5492). In Normal EF group, age (p=0.041) was identified as a significant risk factor for operative mortality. In Low EF group, age(p=0.018), preopertive use of IABP(p=0.0036), hypercholesterolemia(p=0.0007), and emergency of operation(p=0.0037) were identified as significant risk factors. Postoperative morbidity was 50% in Low EF group and 33olo in Normal EP group, but without s atistical significance(p=0.1007). These results suggest that in patients with coronary artery disease and depressed ventricular function, more aggresive coronary artery bypass grafting is needed to improve the symptom and long-term benefit.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.63-70
• /
• 1988

Alterations in splanchnic circulatory hemodynamics along with reactivities to the alpha adrenoceptor agonists were assessed in association with the preventive effects of propranolol 10 days after portal ligation. Decreases in precapillary resistance (Ra) and postcapillary resistance (Rv) along with increases in mesenteric blood flow (MBF) and capillary pressure (CP) were observed in conjunction with an increment of splenic pulp pressure (SPP). Dose-dependent increase in Rv in response to noradrenaline, increases in Ra and RV to adrenaline, and increases in superior mesenteric arterial pressure (SMAP), Ra and Rv to phenylephrine observed in sham group were significantly attenuated by portal vein stenosis. In PPL-3 group (propranolol 3 mg/kg, i.p. three times daily for 10 days), MBF was significantly decreased in association with decrease in mesenteric venous pressure (MVP) when compared with those of protal ligated (PL) group, and decreased Ra and Rv in PL group were recovered toward the values of sham group. Likewise, in PPL-1 group (propranolol 5 mg/kg, i.p. once daily for 10 days), the pressor response of Rv to adrenaline was recovered up to the level of sham group. Thus, it is suggested that decreases in Ra and Rv in association with increases in MBF and CP may have a close relevance to the increased SPP, and the changes in circulatory hemodynamics and vascular reactivities were effectively reversed by longterm propranolol treatment. Based on these results, it is concluded that these changes observed in portal hypertension are closely related with the altered functions of the adrenoceptors in the splanchnic vascular beds.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.43-53
• /
• 2005

The dihydrido P-C-P pincer complex, $IrH_2{C_6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}$ (1), was successfully prepared from the reaction of the hydrochloride complex, $IrClH (C_6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}$, and super acid $(LiBEt_3H)$ under 1 atm of hydrogen in pentane solution at room temperature and followed by Heating at $130^{\circ}C$ in vacuo. Jensen recently found that the dihydrido P-C-P pincer complex 1 is a highly active homogeneous catalyst for the transfer dehydrogenation of alkanes with unusual longterm stability at temperatures as high as $200^{\circ}C$. The treatment of dihydrido complex 1 with nitrogen, water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide in presence of tert-butylethylene (the) at room temperature in an appropriate solution gave the dinitrogen complex, $[Ir{C-6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}]_2({\mu}-N_2)$ (2), the hydrido hydroxyl complex, $IrH(OH){C_6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}$ (3), the carbon dioxide complex, $Ir({\eta}^2-CO_2) {C_6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}$ (including the bicarbonate complex, $IrH({\kappa}^2-O_2COH){C_6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}\;(4))$, and the carbonyl complex, $Ir(CO) {C_6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}\;(5)$ (including the carboxyl complex, $IrH(C(O)OH) {C_6H_3-2,6-(CH_2PBu_2^t)_2}\;(6))$, in good yield, respectively. These P-C-P iridium complexes were isolated and characterized by $^1H,\;^{13}C,\;^{31}P\; NMR$, and IR spectroscopy. In addition, the complexes (1-6) were characterized by a single crystal X-ray crystallography. These complexes account for these small molecules' inhibition of dehydrogenation of alkanes catalyzed by the dihydrido complex 1.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.260-264
• /
• 2010

Treatment of the mandibular fracture consists of reduction and fixation. The apparatus that is used to keep the jaws together during healing will often reduce the fracture as well. When the jaws are brought together and intermaxillary elastic rubber traction is placed, the occlusion of the teeth will help to orient the fractured parts into good position. Intermaxillary fixation, that is, fixation obtained by elastic bands between the upper & lower jaws to which suitable anchoring devices have been attached, will successfully treat most fractures of the mandible. Arch bars are perhaps the ideal method for intermaxillary fixation. Several types of ready-made arch bars are used. But, daily occupational life and oral hygiene is difficult to maintain during the period of longterm immobilized intermaxillary fixation (commonly 6-8 weeks), owing to malnutrition and emotional disorders in a position of the patient with mandibular fractures. Most mandibular fractures heal well enough to allow removal of fixation in about 6 weeks. Though there are many complications of mandibular fracture, such as infection, hemorrhage, trismus, paresthesia and nonunion, it is favorable to attain the short-term removable intermaxillary fixation care by use of an additive incision & drainage establishment on the oral lacerated wounds of adjacent mandibular compound fractures. The purpose of an additive incision & drainge establishment is the prevention of wound infection & nonunion by removing the hematoma & seroma in the fracture sites.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.283-290
• /
• 2008

The repair technique using surface impregnation of reactive compound is so effective for deteriorated concrete structures that many researches are recently focused on these works. Particularly, inorganic impregnant is regarded as ecofriendly material because there is no air-pollution during manufacturing process as well as field coating works. Furthermore, The delamination between old concrete and impregnated surface does not occur, resulting from different material characteristics. In order to evaluate the durability performance of surface-impregnated concrete, durability evaluation through the long-term exposure tests is significant, however, experiments are usually limited to the temporary and qualitative laboratorial scope. In this study, durability characteristics for inorganic and organic/inorganic impregnated concrete specimens are evaluated through longterm chloride exposure test. The specimens with 21MPa and 34MPa strength have been prepared and exposed to chloride attack in the atmospheric, tidal, and submerged conditions. Evaluation for compressive strength, chloride penetration, and electrical potential (half cell potential) for steel corrosion are performed for the specimens exposed for 2 years. From the results, no distinct strength gaining is observed but the resistance to chloride penetration and steel corrosion is evaluated to be improved through surface impregnation. The more improved resistance to chloride attack is measured in the inorganic impregnated concrete and the results from atmospheric condition show more improved resistance to chloride attack than those from submerged and tidal condition.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.14 no.10
• /
• pp.562-569
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the determinants of total payment for mental and behavioral disorders patients admitted through the emergency room. Study data was selected from the Korean National Health Insurance sample data in 2009. This data was consisted of 753 inpatients who are 331 inpatients with only main sick(F31-F39) and 422 inpatients with main sick codes(F31-F39) and sub sick(F00-F99) admitted through the emergency room. SPSS v.18 was used for the statistical analysis such as descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis. In multiple regression analysis, significant variables affecting total payment of main sick patients were gender(p<.01), treatment result(p<.001), path of the emergency room(p<.001), and length of stay(p<.001). Also, main sick patients with sub sick were gender(p<.01), age(p<.001), treatment result(p<.001), path of the emergency room(p<.001), and length of stay(p<.001). These findings implied that it is necessary to build short, middle, and longterm program and system for high risk mental and behavioral disorders groups.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.310-318
• /
• 2013

In territorial ecosystem, soil has stored considerable amount of carbon, and it is vulnerable to weakness release much of the carbon to atmosphere. In this study, we have been effort realization and discussion to the error between inter-instruments and measurement methods, time and special variations, gap filling and separation from each source included in soil respiration, used to collect soil respiration data in various ecosystems in Korea. In conclusion, it have to collect calibration data throughout comparison test between methods and instruments because accumulated data from past and accumulating data in present did not calibrated. In predicting change of soil carbon dynamic using the model method, it needs important data such as longterm and short-term data, artificial handling data of major factor, data from various ecosystem, soil texture, soil depth etc. In company with, we should collect highly qualified data through deep consideration of present problems.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.60-64
• /
• 2002

Objectives: Three classic treatment modalities have been used to treat Graves' disease: antithyroid medication, radioiodine ablation, and subtotal thyroidectomy. Postoperative thyroid functions were studied in patients with Graves' disease treated by subtotal thyroidectomy to evaluate the superiority of surgical treatment. Materials and Methods: One hundred fourty patients of Graves' disease were analysed retrospectively in follow-up for more than three years following subtotal thyroidectomy. Postoperative serum levels of $T_3,\;T_4, TSH, TSH-R Ab, free $T_4$, were evaluated to watch hypo- or hyperthyroidsm. Results: In the evaluation of preop- and postoperative thyroid function after three years of subtotal thyroidectomy, $T_3$ was changed from $464.10{\pm}196.16ng/dl$ to $140.41{\pm}76.56ng/dl$ in mean value, $T_4$ was changed from $20.76{\pm}7.98{\mu}g/dl$ to $9.54{\pm}4.02{\mu}g/dl$, $TSHT_3$ was changed from $0.55{\pm}4.42{\mu}u/ml$ to $4.96{\pm}7.20{\mu}u/ml$, TSH-R Ab was changed from $41.6{\pm}28.27%$ to $28.7{\pm}28.79%$ and free $T_4$ was changed from $4.45{\pm}2.33ng/dl$ to $1.44{\pm}0.69ng/dl$ in mean value. Euthyroidism was noted in 118 patients(84.3%), overt hyperthyroidism in 6 patiens(4.3%), latent hyperthyroidism in 8 patients(5.7%), overt hypothyroidism in 2 patint(1.4%), and latent hypothyroidism in 6 patients(4.3%). Of surgical complications, permanant hypoparathyroidism was found in one patient, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in two patients, postoprative bleeding with reoperation in two patients, and death in one patient. Conclusion: The thyroid function after subtotal thyroidectomy in diffuse toxic goiter is normal level (euthyroidism) in 84.3% and low recurrence rate of hyperthyroidism is showed with rare surgical complication. Therefore, subtotal thyroidectomy in diffuse toxic goiter is more effective and safe than RI or longterm ATD treatment, if the operation is performed by skillful surgeon.