• Water Engineering Research
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.81-99
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• 2004

Long term streamflow regime under virtual climate change scenario was examined. Rainfall forecast simulation of the Canadian Global Coupled Model (CGCM2) of the Canadian Climate Center for modeling and analysis for the IPCC SRES B2 scenario was used for analysis. The B2 scenario envisions slower population growth (10.4 billion by 2010) with a more rapidly evolving economy and more emphasis on environmental protection. The relatively large scale of GCM hinders the accurate computation of the important streamflow characteristics such as the peak flow rate and lag time, etc. The GCM rainfall with more than 100km scale was downscaled to 2km-scale using the space-time stochastic random cascade model. The HEC-HMS was used for distributed hydrologic model which can take the grid rainfall as input data. The result illustrates that the annual variation of the total runoff and the peak flow can be much greater than rainfall variation, which means actual impact of rainfall variation for the available water resources can be much greater than the extent of the rainfall variation.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.4184-4194
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• 1976

Located in the southwestern part of Korea, the Yong San Gang river flows generally northeast to southwest, and because of the specific location, topography and climate, the basin area is subject to recurrent drought and flood damages. To eliminate the cause of such damages and ensure an increase in the farm income by means of effective irrigation supply and increased cropping intensity, efforts are being made to speed up implementation of an integrated agricultural development project which would include construction. of an estuary dam and irrigation facilities as well as land development and tidal reclarnation. In formulating a basin development project plan, it is necessary to study a series of long-term runoff data. The catchment area at the proposed estuary damsite is 3,471$\textrm{km}^2$ with the total length of the river channel up to this point reaching 138km. An analysis of runoff in this area was carried out. Rainfall was estimated by the Thiessen Network based on records available from 15 of the rainfall observation stations within the area. Out of the 15 stations, Kwang Ju and Mok Po stations were keeping long-term precipitation records exceeding some 60 years while the others were in possession of only 5-10 years records. The long-term records kept by those stations located in the center of the basin were used as base records and records kept by the remaining stations were supplemented using the coefficient of correlation between the records kept by the base stations and the remainder. The analyses indicate that the average annual rainfall measured at Kwang Ju during 1940-1972 (33 years) amounts to 1,262mm and the areal rainfall amounts to 1,236mm. For the purpose of runoff analysis, 7 observatories, were set up in the middle and lower reaches of the river and periodic measurements made by these stations permitted analysis of water levels and river flows. In particular, the long-term data available from Na Ju station significantly contributed to the analysis. The analysis, made by 4-stage Tank method, shows that the average annual runoff during 1940-1972 amounts to 2,189 million ㎥ at the runoff rate of 51%. As for the amount of monthly runoff, the maximum is 484.2 million ㎥ in July while the minimum is 48.3 million ㎥ in January.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.52-65
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• 1984

In general precise estimation of hourly of daily distribution of the long-term run-off should be very important in a design of source of irrigation. However, there have not been a satisfying method for forecasting of stationar'y long-term run-off in Korea. Solving this problem, this study introduces unit-hydrograph method frequently used in short-term run-off analysis into the long-term run-off analysis, of which model basin was selected to be Sumgin-river catchment area. In the estimation of effective rainfall, conventional method neglects the Soil moisture condition of catchment area, but in this study, the initial discharge (qb) occurred just before rising phase of the hydrograph was selected as the index of a basin soil moisture condition and then introduced as 3rd variable in the analysis of the reationship between cumulative rainfall and cumulative loss of rainfall, which built a new type of separation method of effective rainfall. In next step, in order to normalize significant potential error included in hydrological data, especially in vast catchment area, Snyder's correlation method was applied. A key to solution in this study is multiple correlation method or multiple regressional analysis, which is primarily based on the method of least squres and which is solved by the form of systems of linear equations. And for verification of the change of characteristics of unit hydrograph according to the variation of a various kind of hydrological charateristics (for example, precipitation, tree cover, soil condition, etc),seasonal unit hydrograph models of dry season(autumn, winter), semi-dry season (spring), rainy season (summer) were made respectively. The results obtained in this study were summarized as follows; 1.During the test period of 1966-1971, effective rainfall was estimated for the total 114 run-off hydrograph. From this estimation results, relative error of estimation to the ovservation value was 6%, -which is mush smaller than 12% of the error of conventional method. 2.During the test period, daily distribution of long-term run-off discharge was estimated by the unit hydrograph model. From this estimation results, relative error of estimation by the application of standard unit hydrograph model was 12%. When estimating by each seasonal unit bydrograph model, the relative error was 14% during dry season 10% during semi-dry season and 7% during rainy season, which is much smaller than 37% of conventional method. Summing up the analysis results obtained above, it is convinced that qb-index method of this study for the estimation of effective rainfall be preciser than any other method developed before. Because even recently no method has been developed for the estimation of daily distribution of long-term run-off dicharge, therefore estimation value by unit hydrograph model was only compared with that due to kaziyama method which estimates monthly run-off discharge. However this method due to this study turns out to have high accuracy. If specially mentioned from the results of this study, there is no need to use each seasonal unit hydrograph model separately except the case of semi-dry season. The author hopes to analyze the latter case in future sudies.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.635-645
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• 2014

The changes of rainfall pattern and impervious covers have increased disaster risks in urbanized areas. Impervious covers such as roads and building roofs have been dramatically increased. So, it is falling the ability safety of flood defense equipments to exist. Runoff coefficient means ratio of runoff by whole rainfall which is able to directly contribute at surface runoff during rainfall event. The application of accurate runoff coefficients is very important in sewer pipelines design. This study has been performed to estimate runoff characteristics change which are applicable to the process of sewer pipelines design or various public facilities design. It has used the SHER model, a long-term runoff model, to analyze the impact of a rising impervious covers on runoff coefficient change. It thus analyzed the long-term runoff to analyze rainfall basins extraction. Consequently, it was found that impervious surfaces could be a important factor for urban flood control. We could suggest the application of accurate runoff coefficients in accordance to the land Impervious covers. The average increase rates of runoff coefficients increased 0.011 for 1% increase of impervious covers. By having the application of the results, we could improve plans for facilities design.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제41권7호
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• pp.737-746
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• 2008

강우-유출 및 저수지운영 모형의 최종 개발 목적은 가용한 관측자료를 이용하여 실무자가 하천의 유량예측 및 저수지운영 업무를 쉽고 정확하게 수행할 수 있도록 분석도구를 제공하는데 있다. 본 연구에서는 물관리 실무에서 홍수량 예측업무에 활용중인 단기 강우-유출 저류함수 모형을 확장하여 장기유출에 모의에 기여도가 높은 유효우량 및 침투량 산정기법을 개선하여 장기 유출분석이 가능하도록 저류함수기반의 장기 유출모형을 구축하였다. 개발된 모형의 적용가능성을 검토하기 위하여 낙동강 유역내 3개 댐유역(안동,합천,밀양)을 대상으로 연간 유출모의를 실시 하였으며, 현재 물관리 실무에서 장기유출모형으로 활용중인 SSARR모형과의 성능을 비교하였다. 수문곡선 비교 결과, SSARR 모형이 상대적으로 재현성 높은 결과를 보여주었지만, 본 연구에서 개발한 모형은 관측 가용한 자료만으로도 비교적 신뢰성 있는 장기유출모의가 가능하다는 점에서 향후 실무에서 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.44-55
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• 1994

This paper describes the development of real-time irrigation reservoir operation models that adequately allocate available water resources for paddy rice irrigation. Water requirement deficiency index(WRDI) was proposed as a guide to evaluate the operational performance of release schemes by comparing accumulated differences between daily release requirements for irrigated areas and actual release amounts. Seven reservoir release rules were developed, which are constant release rate method (CRR), mean storage curve method(MSC), frequency analysis method of reservoir storage rate(FAS), storage requirement curve method(SRC), constant optimal storage rate method (COS), ten-day optimal storage rate method(TOS), and release optimization method(ROM). Long-term forecasting reservoir operation model(LFROM) was formulated to find an optimal release scheme which minimizes WRDIs with long-term weather generation. Rainfall sequences, rainfall amount, and evaporation amount throughout the growing season were to be forecasted and the results used as an input for the model. And short-term forecasting reservoir operation model(SFROM) was developed to find an optimal release scheme which minimizes WRDIs with short-term weather forecasts. The model uses rainfall sequences forecasted by the weather service, and uses rainfall and evaporation amounts generated according to rainfall sequences.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.589-598
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• 2004

장기적 유출 측면에서 유역의 도시화는 불투수면적의 확대로 인한 토지이용변화, 인위적 구조물의 설치여부, 하천 환경의 변화를 유발하며 따라서 도시화되기 이전과 매우 다른 형태의 유출거동 특성을 가진다. 따라서 자연적인 유출 성분변화 특성은 물론 도시화 유역 특성변화요소를 적절히 반영함으로써 지표수, 하천수, 지하수 등의 수문순환 요소를 장기적인 측면에서 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 유출모의모형이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 준 분포형 장기 유출모형인 SWAT모형과 도시지역의 유출해석에 주로 이용되는 SWMM 모형의 RUNOFF 블록을 결합함으로써 자연유역은 물론 도시유역의 제반 유역특성을 충분히 고려할 수 있는 장기유출모형인 SWAT-SWMM 모형을 개발하였다. SWAT-SWMM 결합모형의 구정방법 및 모형의 한계 그리고 결합모형의 모식을 중심으로 두 모형의 결합상황을 기술하였다.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.59-72
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• 1987

Although long-term runoff analysis is important as much as flood analysis in the design of water works, the technological level of the former is relatively lower than that of the latter. In this respect, the precise estimation model for the volume of successive runoff should he developed as soon as possible. Up to now, in Korea, Gajiyama's formula has been widely used in long-term runoff analysis, which has many problems in applying in real situation. On the other hand, in flood analysis, unit hydrograph method has been exclusively used. Therefore, this study aims at trying to apply unit hydrograph method in long-term runoff analysis for the betterment of its estimation. Four test catchment areas were selected ; Maesan area in Namlum river as a representative area of Han river system, Cheongju area in Musim river as one of Geum river system, Hwasun area in Hwasun river as one of Yongsan river system, and Supyung area in Geum river as one of Nakdong river system. In the analysis of unit hydrograph, seperation of effective rainfall was carried out firstly. Considering that effective rainfall and moisture condition of catchrnent area are inside and outside of a phenomenon respectively and the latter is not considered in the analysis, Initial base flow(qb)was selected as an index of moisture condition. At the same time, basic equation(Eq.7) was established, in which qb can take a role as a parameter in relating between cumulative rainfall(P) and cumulative loss of rainfall(Ld). Based on the above equation, computer program for estimation model of qbwas seperately developed according to the range of qb, Developed model was applied to measured hydrographs and hyetographs for total 10 years in 4 test areas and effective rainfall was estimated. Estimation precision of model was checked as shown in Tab- 6 and Fig.8. In the next stage, based on the estimated effective rainfall(R) and runoff(Qd), a runoff distribution ratio was calculated for each teat area using by computerised least square method and used in making unit hydrographs in each test area. Significance of induced hydrographs was tested by checking the relative errors between estimated and measured runoff volume(Tab-9, 10). According to the results, runoff estimation error by unit hydrograph itself was merely 2 or 3 %, but other 2 or 3 % of error proved to be transferred error in the seperation of effective rainfall. In this study, special attentioning point is that, in spite of different river systems and forest conditions of test areas, standardized unit hydrographs for them have very similar curve shape, which can be explained by having similar catchinent characteristics such as stream length, catchinent area, slope, and vegetation intensity. That fact should be treated as important factor ingeneralization of unit hydrograph method.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.113-119
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• 1991

본 연구에서는 월 강우량과 월 증발량 자료만 있는 하천유역에 대하여 장기 물수지 분석을 실시하는 방법론을 제시하고져 하였다. 단기간의 월 강우량 자료를 경혐공식에 의해 월 유출량 자료로 변환시킨 후 추계학적 모의발생 모형을 사용하여 이들 단기 유출자료로부터 일군의 장기 유출자료계열을 발생시켰고, 자료계열별로 갈수빈도해석에 의해 최대 갈수기간 및 월 강수량계열을 작성하였다. 계획년도별 각종 용수수요를 표준절차에 의해 추정하였으며 순 물소모량도 계산하였다. 유역내의 기존 저수지를 총괄하는 합성저수지를 통해 Deficit-Supply 방법으로 물 수지분석을 실시한 결과 물 부족량은 갈수재현기간이 커짐에 따라 급격하게 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 하천 유역의 장기 물 수지분석을 통해 신뢰성있는 물 부족량을 계산하기 위해서는 추계학적 모의발생모형에 의한 장기간 유출량의 발생이 필수적이며 수자원 시스템의 적정 갈수재현기간의 선정이 대단히 중요함을 시사해 주는 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.555-562
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• 2013

Jeju Island, the heaviest raining area in Korea, is a volcanic Island located at the southernmost of Korea, but most streams are of the dry due to its hydrological/geological characteristics different from those of inland areas. Therefore, there are limitations in applying the results from the mainland to the studies on stream run-off characteristics analysis and water resource analysis of Jeju Island. In this study, the SWAT(soil & water assessment tool) model is used for the Hwabuk stream watershed located east of the downtown to calculate the long-term stream run-off rate, and WMS(watershed modeling system) and HEC-HMS(hydrologic modeling system) models are used to figure out the stream run-off characteristics due to short-term heavy rainfall. As the result of SWAT modelling for the long-term rainfall-runoff model for Hwabuk stream watershed in 2008, 5.66% of the average precipitation of the entire basin was run off, with 3.47% in 2009, 8.12% in 2010, and root mean square error(RMSE) and determination coefficient($R^2$) was 496.9 and 0.87, respectively, with model efficient(ME) of 0.72. From the results of WMS and HEC-HMS models which are short-term rainfall-runoff models, unless there was a preceding rainfall, the runoff occurred only for rainfall of 40mm or greater, and the run-off duration averaged 10~14 hours.