• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제30권9호
• /
• pp.1067-1072
• /
• 1997

One known effect of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is their ability to decrease plasma triglycerides. However, identification of the specific n-3 fatty acids and the underlying mechanisms responsible for this change remains uncertain. This present study was designed to evaluate the effects of moderate levels of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (22 :6(n-3)) on modulating plasma triglyderides. Male CD-1 mice were maintained for 15 days on identical diets containing either docosahexahexaenoic acid ethyl ester(1.5%, w/w) or linoleic acid(18 : 2(n-6)) ethyl ester (1.5%, w/w) . Plasma triglycerides were 40% lower in the docosahexaenoic acid group than in the linoleic acid group. Hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity (a key regulatory enzyme for mitocondria $\beta$-oxidation) was not significantly different between the dietary groups. However, plasma acid soluble acylcarnitine levels (which increase with increasing $\beta$-oxidation )were significantly higher in the decosahexaenoic acid group. This data suggests that plasma triglyceride levels are lower in mice fed diets containing moderate levels of docosahexaenoic acid compared to linoleic acid, but this effect on plasma triglycerides is not modulated through an augmentation of mitochondrial $\beta$-oxidation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제57권3호
• /
• pp.8.1-8.8
• /
• 2015

Background: The demand for healthy, lean and consistent meat products containing low saturated fatty acid content and high quality polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long-chain (${\geq}C_{20}$) omega-3 PUFA, has increased in recent times. Fat deposition is altered by both the genetic background and dietary supplements, and this study aimed to assess the effect of dietary Spirulina supplementation levels on the mRNA expression patterns of genes controlling lipid metabolism in the subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and Longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle of Australian crossbred sheep. Methods: Twenty-four weaned lambs belonging to four breeds under the same management conditions were maintained on ryegrass pasture and fed three levels of Spirulina supplement (control, low and high). In terms of nutrient composition, Spirulina is a nutrient-rich supplement that contains all essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals. It also is a rich source of carotenoids and fatty acids, especially gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) that infer health benefits. After slaughter, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and ld samples were subjected to mRNA extraction and reverse transcription using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to assess the mRNA expression levels of the Aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), Adrenergic beta-3 receptor (ADRB3), B-cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) and Fatty acid synthase (FASN) genes, which are associated with lipid metabolism. Results: Both low and high Spirulina supplementation levels strongly up-regulated the transcription of all the selected genes in both SAT and ld tissues (mostly in the subcutaneous adipose), but sheep breed and sex did not influence the gene expression patterns in these tissues. Conclusions: The evidence indicates that high Spirulina supplementation level resulted in a decrease in intramuscular fat content in Australian purebred and crossbred sheep due to the enhanced production of melatonin in sheep muscle tissues and strong up-regulation of mRNA expression of BTG2 in SAT which negatively affected fat deposition. In contrast, low Spirulina supplementation level strongly up-regulated the ADRB3 and FASN genes responsible for fat production. These findings are consistent with the observed phenotypic data suggesting that low Spirulina supplementation level can increase lamb production, with higher long-chain PUFA content.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.215-227
• /
• 1994

Changes in total lipid content, total cholesterol content and fatty acid composition of preterm milk were investigated during early lactation. Milk samples were collected from Korean mothers of 16 premature(34 to 36 weeks gestation age) infants on day 2 to 5(colostrum) and at 6 weeks(mature) postpartum. We estimated the lipid nutrition of preterm milk by comparing with the lipids of term milk. The total lipid content of preterm colostrum was significantly lower than the lipid content of preterm mature milk(p<0.001). Lipid content, determined gravimetrically in colostrum and matured milk, was 1.50g/이 and 3.2g/dl, respectively. Also the total cholesterol content(mg/dl) in preterm milk tends to increase from 14.16mg/dl to 15.20mg/dl, while the total cholesterol(mg/g lipid) concentration higher significantly in colostrum(12.36mg/g) than in mature(5.73mg/g)(p<0.001). The total unsaturated fatty acid contents in preterm milk were higher in colostrum than in mature milk and the total saturated fatty acids were higher in mature milk. The average DHA contents of colostrum and matured milk was 0.64%, 0.53% and the P/M/S ratio of preterm milk were 0.63 : 1.05 : 1.00, 0.47 : 0.79 : 1.00, respectively. Also, $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio of preterm milk were 2.35 in colostrum and 5.81 in mature. Therefore, colostrum in preterm milk contained higher amounts of $\omega$3 PUFA than mature milk. The levels of total lipid in preterm milk were higher than term milk. Also, preterm milk is richer in cholesterol, and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid than term. It appears that the milk secreted by mothers who delivered prematurely differs from milk in several important respect. These components may serve as precursors for membrane, myelin development in the preterm infants. Therefore, it would be necessary to study further into the machanism of how the gestation age might affect to the lipid composition in human milk. These data may provide a basis for better construction of infant formaulas to provide more adequately for the lipid requirements of the Korean premature infant.

• Neonatal Medicine
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.110-120
• /
• 2009

Mimicking fetal nutrition is the goal of early paretneral nutrition (PN) in very low birth weight infants, however the limited metabolic capacity of immature organs raises concern about the toxicity of metabolites to the developing brain. Starting parenteral amino acids from the first day of life, with a rate of 1.0 to 1.5 g/kg/day, is generally recommended to prevent endogenous protein breakdown by maintaining a positive nitrogen balance. A greater of amino acid infusion rate in the range of the fetal transfer rate (3.5-4.0 g/kg/day) is well tolerated during the early days after birth in VLBWI, however the influence on growth and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome remains unknown. Limited data are available from controlled trials regarding the effects of early supplementation with lipid emulsions on neonatal morbidity. Considering the role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the neurodevelopment, the choice of an optimal lipid emulsion should be based on the quality as well as the quantity of the lipid contents. Little is known about the clinical benefit of higher rates of glucose infusion by permitting high serum glucose level or co-administration with insulin.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.47-50
• /
• 1985

한국인 중류층 수유부들로부터 분만 후 70일까지 채취한 유즙의 인 지방질의 자방산 조성이 수유기간의 경과에 어떻게 변화하는지 살펴보았다. 8 : 0 은 이행유 단계에서, 그리고 10 : 0, 12 : 0, 14 : 0 등은 성숙유 I단계에서 각각 유의하게 증가하였다. w6계 대사산물들(20 :2w6, 20 : 4w6, 22 : 4w6)은 수유기간의 경과에 따라 점진적인 감소의 경향을 나타내었다. 24 : 1w9는 이행유 단계에서 유의한 증가의 수준을 유지하다가 그 이후는 초유 수준 이하로 유의하게 감소하였다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
• /
• 제19권1호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2002

n-3 불포화지방산이 관절염의 발생 및 경과에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 Louvain종 흰쥐를 사용하여, 실험군을 정상군과 면역유도 (콜라겐+incomplete Freund's adjuvant)군으로 나누었고, 면역유도군은 다시 대조군 (정상식이) 및 n-3 다불포화지방산군 (식이에 5% n-3 다불포화지방산 함유) 으로 구분하여, 관절염 유도 1 주일전부터 n-3 다불포화지방산이 함유된 식이를 섭취시켰으며 관절염의 발생여부를 x-ray 소견과 광학현미경적 관찰을 통하여 확인하였다. 면역유도 5 주에 대조군의 38%에서 x-ray 소견상 족부종과 광학현미경상 염증소견이 발견되었으나 n-3 다불포화군에서는 이러한 변화가 없었다. 혈당과 혈장 인슐린은 면역유도나 n-3 다불포화지방산 투여에 의한 변화가 없었으나 혈장 중성지방과 콜레스테롤은 n-3 다불포화지방산투여에 의하여 감소하였다. n-3 다불포화지방산의 투여가 콜라젠에 의한 관절염의 발생을 예방 또는 치료할 수 있을 것으로 생각되며 이의 작용기전을 설명하기 위하여 후속 연구가 요망된다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.171-180
• /
• 2016

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent liver diseases associated with an altered lifestyle, besides genetic factors. The control and management of NAFLD mostly depend on lifestyle modifications, due to the lack of a specific therapeutic approach. In this context, we assessed the effect of carrot juice on the development of high fructose-induced hepatic steatosis. For this purpose, male weanling Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, fed either a control (Con) or high fructose (HFr) diet of AIN93G composition, with or without carrot juice (CJ) for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, plasma biochemical markers, such as triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, and ${\beta}$-hydroxy butyrate levels were comparable among the 4 groups. Although, the liver injury marker, aspartate aminotransferase, levels in plasma showed a reduction, hepatic triglycerides levels were not significantly reduced by carrot juice ingestion in the HFr diet-fed rats (HFr-CJ). On the other hand, the key triglyceride synthesis pathway enzyme, hepatic stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), expression at mRNA level was augmented by carrot juice ingestion, while their protein levels showed a significant reduction, which corroborated with decreased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), particularly palmitoleic (C16:1) and oleic (C18:1) acids. Notably, it also improved the long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6) content of the liver in HFr-CJ. In conclusion, carrot juice ingestion decreased the SCD1-mediated production of MUFA and improved DHA levels in liver, under high fructose diet-fed conditions. However, these changes did not significantly lower the hepatic triglyceride levels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권11호
• /
• pp.1622-1633
• /
• 2002

The effects of tuna oil supplementation (0, 1, 2 and 3%) to pig diets on growth and carcass yield as well as meat quality were determined in 40 crossbred pigs. Animals were fattened from 30 to 90 kg of live-weight. Twenty-four hours after slaughter, following various early- and late-post mortem measurements, loin, backfat and belly were prepared from the carcasses. Bacon was produced from the belly part by curing and smoking. Neither performance (feed intake, daily gains, feed conversion efficiency) nor carcass quality (slaughter weight, dressing percentage, lean percentage, nutrient composition of the loin) were significantly affected by tuna oil supplementation. Tuna oil also had no clear effects on early- and late-post mortem meat quality traits, water-holding capacity and tenderness of the M. longissiumus dorsi (LD). Colour traits of LD and backfat, and backfat firmness were not significantly affected by tuna oil, either. However, there was a certain trend to elevated fat contents of LD (and bacon), but not of backfat, with increasing levels of tuna oil in feed. Pigs receiving elevated proportions of tuna oil expressed lower VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in blood plasma, whereas the cholesterol content of LD, backfat and bacon did not reflect this trend. Effects of tuna oil on fatty acids in LD, backfat and bacon were often small in extent, except those concerning the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. With 3% tuna oil in the diet, the contents of the particularly desired omega-3 fatty acids, C20:5 and C22:6, were 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg in LD. The corresponding values for backfat and bacon were 2.6 and 12.6 g/kg, and 1.3 and 9.2 g/kg, respectively. Tuna oil supplementation was associated with significant adverse effects on flavour and overall acceptance of bacon (not significant in LD although numerically the same trend was noted), but these effects on sensory ratings were limited in extent. Also shelf life of the products, determined as TBA value after different storage periods at $4^{\circ}C$ in LD, backfat and bacon, was significantly reduced. Overall, the present study suggests that omega-3 fatty acids may be enriched in pork by feeding tuna oil with few undesired side-effects, particularly those on sensory perception and shelf life, suggesting immediate consumption of the products is advisable. Most economically important traits (performance, slaughter and physical meat quality) remained unaffected.

• BMB Reports
• /
• 제45권12호
• /
• pp.736-741
• /
• 2012

Certain members of the cytochromes P450 superfamily metabolize polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acids to several classes of oxygenated metabolites. An approach based on in silico analysis predicted that Streptomyces peucetius CYP107N3 might be a fatty acid-metabolizing enzyme, showing high homology with epoxidase enzymes. Homology modeling and docking studies of CYP107N3 showed that oleic acid can fit directly into the active site pocket of the double bond of oleic acid within optimum distance of $4.6{\AA}$ from the Fe. In order to confirm the epoxidation activity proposed by in silico analysis, a gene coding CYP107N3 was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified CYP107N3 was shown to catalyze $C_9-C_{10}$ epoxidation of oleic acid in vitro to 9,10-epoxy stearic acid confirmed by ESI-MS, HPLC-MS and GC-MS spectral analysis.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.137-145
• /
• 2000

To investigate fatty acid constituents and relative compositions in the fluid of the follicles, oviducts, uterine ho군 and uterine body in sows, the fluids of the reproductive tract were analyzed using Gas chromatography. The samples were taken from various reproductive tract of 21 sows slaughtered. 1. Caprylic acid(C8: 0), capric acid(C10:0), lauric acid(C12:0), myristic acid(C14:0), palmitic acid(C16:0), plamitolele acid(C16:1), stearic acid(C18:0), oleic acid(C18:1), linoleic acid(C18:2) and arachidonic acid(C20:4) were found in the reproductive tracts of the sows, which made 10 kinds of fatty acid intotal. 2. Two kinds of polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid and archidonic acid were found inthe reproductive tracts. 3. Palmitic acid among saturated fatty acids and oleic acid among unsaturated fatty acids were the hihgest level in all of the reproductive tracts. 4. Palmitic acid, oleic acid and stearic acid showed higher rate with 44.89%, 23.69% and 14.36%, respectively, and lauric acid, capric acid, palmitoleic acid, arachidonic acid ad myristic acid showed lower rate with 0.62%, 1.13%, 1.65%, 1.97% and 2.24%, respectively in the reproductive fluid. 5. The highest level of arachidonic acid was found in the uterine horn. 6. The sum of the palmitic acid and oleic acid were 66.91%, 70.41%, 66.14% and 73.36% in the fluid of follicle, oviduct, uterine horn and uterine body, respectively. 7. The relative composition of arachidonic acid was higher during the follicular stage than during the luteal phase in the fluid of oviduct and uterine. 8. The long chain fatty acids such as the palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid showed higher relative compositions during the follicular phase(93.18%∼96.83%) than during the luteal phase(82.56%∼88.37%). 9. Caprylic acid, luric acid and palmitoleic acid were undetected in the fluid of all of the reproductive tracts during the follicular phase. Low relative compositions of capric acid, myristic acid andarachidonic acid were found during the follicular phase, while the low relative compositions (<5%)of capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, plamitoleic acid and arachidonic acid were found during the luteal phase.